Java Keywords

Q1) What are different types of access modifiers in Java? Ans) There are four different types of modifiers:
Modifer Private Protected Default Public Accessible in the same package No Yes Yes Yes Accessible in different package No Yes, only if the class extends the main class No Yes

Q2) What is the use of final keyword? Ans) The final keyword can be assigned to 1. Class level variable, 2. method 3. class 4. Objects If a final is assigned to a variable, the variable behaves as a constant. It means that the value of variable once set cannot be changed. final int i=1; i =5; // error If a final is assigned to a method then it cannot be overridden in its child class. class Parent { final void print(){ System.out.println(Inside); } } class Child extends Parent{ public final void print(){ // error cannot override final method System.out.println(Inside); }} If a class is made as final, then no other class can extend it and make it as parent class. E.g. String Class. Final objects are instantiated only once. i.e final Map map = new HashMap(); map.put(key,value); map = new HashMap(); // error Q3) What is use of synchronized keyword? Ans) This keyword is used to prevent concurrency. Synchronized keyword can be applied to static/non-static methods or a block of code. Only one thread at a time can access synchronized methods and if there are multiple threads trying to access the same method then other threads have to wait for the execution of method by one thread. Synchronized keyword provides a lock on the object and thus prevents race condition. E.g. public void synchronized method(){} public void synchronized staticmethod(){} public void myMethod(){ synchronized (this){ // synchronized keyword on block of code }}

Q4) What is volatile keyword? Ans) In general each thread has its own copy of variable, such that one thread is not concerned with the value of same variable in the other thread. But sometime this may not be the case. Consider a scenario in which the count variable is holding the number of times a method is called for a given class irrespective of any thread calling, in this case irrespective of thread access the count has to be increased. In this case the count variable is declared as volatile. The copy of volatile variable is stored in the main memory, so every time a thread access the variable even for reading purpose the local copy is updated each time from the main memory. The volatile variable also have performance issues. Q5) What is a transient variable? Ans) If some of the properties of a class are not required to be serialized then the varaibles are marked as transient. When an object is deserialized the transient variables retains the default value depending on the type of variable declared and hence lost its original value. Q6) What is a strictfp modifier? Ans) Strictfp is used with variable only . It is used to restrict floating point calculations ( fp ) to ensure portability ( platform Independent ). When this modifier is specified, the JVM adheres to the Java specifications ( IEEE-754 floating-point specification ) and returns the consistent value independent of the platform. That is, if you want the answers from your code (which uses floating point values) to be consistent in all platforms, then you need to specify the strictfp modifier. Q7) What is a static variable? Ans) Static keyword can be used with the variables and methods but not with the class but there are static class. Anything declared as static is related to class and not objects. Static variable : Multiples objects of a class shares the same instance of a static variable.Consider the example: public class Counter{ private static int count=0; private int nonStaticcount=0; public void incrementCounter(){ count++; nonStaticcount++; } public int getCount(){ return count; } public int getNonStaticcount(){ return nonStaticcount; } public static void main(String args[]){ Counter countObj1 = new Counter(); Counter countObj2 = new Counter(); countObj1.incrementCounter(); countObj1.incrementCounter(); System.out.println("Static count for Obj1: "+countObj1.getCount()); System.out.println("NonStatic count for Obj1: "+countObj1.getNonStaticcount()); System.out.println("Static count for Obj2: "+countObj2.getCount()) System.out.println("NonStatic count for Obj2: "+countObj2.getNonStaticcount()) }

Output Static count for Obj1: 2 NonStatic count for Obj1: 2 Static count for Obj2: 2 NonStatic count for Obj2: 0 In the above program obj1 and obj2 share the same instance of static variable count hence if the value is incremented by one object , the incremented value will be reflected across the other objects. Q8) What is a static method? Ans)A method defined as static is called static method. A static method can be accessed without creating the objects. Just by using the Class name the method can be accessed. Static method can only access static variables and not local or global non-static variables. For eg: public class Test{ public static void printMe(){ System.out.println("Hello World"); } } public class MainClass{ public static void main(String args[]){ Test.printMe() } } OutPut: Hello World Also static method can call only static methods and not non static methods. But non-static methods can call static mehtods. Q9) Why static methods cannot access non static variables or methods? Ans) A static method cannot access non static variables or methods because static methods doesnt need the object to be accessed. So if a static method has non static variables or non static methods which has instantiated variables they will no be intialized since the object is not created and this could result in an error. Q10) What is static class ? Ans) A class cannot be declared static. But a class can be said a static class if all the variables and methods of the class are static and the constructor is private. Making the constructor private will prevent the class to be instantiated. So the only possibility to access is using Class name only Q9) What is throw keyword? Ans) Throw keyword is used to throw the exception manually. It is mainly used when the program fails to satisfy the given condition and it wants to warn the application.The exception thrown should be subclass of Throwable. public void parent(){ try{ child(); }catch(MyCustomException e){ } } public void child{ String iAmMandatory=null; if(iAmMandatory == null){ throw (new MyCustomException("Throwing exception using throw keyword"); } }

Q10) What is use of throws keyword? Ans) If the function is not capable of handling the exception then it can ask the calling method to handle it by simply putting the throws clause at the function declaration. public void parent(){ try{ child(); }catch(MyCustomException e){ } } public void child throws MyCustomException{ //put some logic so that the exception occurs. }

Key Concepts in Java

Q1) Why is main() method static? Ans) To access the static method the object of the class is not needed. The method can be access directly with the help of ClassName. So when a program is started the jvm search for the class with main method and calls it without creating an object of the class. Q2) What is the difference between static methods and instance methods? Ans) instance method belongs to the instance of a class therefore it requires an instance before it can be invoked, whereas static method belongs to the class itself and not to any class instance so it doesnt need an instance to be invoked. Instance methods use dynamic (late) binding, whereas static methods use static (early) binding. When the JVM invokes a class instance method, it selects the method to invoke based on the type of the object reference, which is always known at run-time. On the other hand, when the JVM invokes a static method, it selects the method to invoke based on the actual class of the object, which may only be known at compile time. Q3) Can static block throw exception? Ans) Yes, static block can throw only Runtime exception or can use a try-catch block to catch checked exception. Typically scenario will be if JDBC connection is created in static block and it fails then exception can be caught, logged and application can exit. If System.exit() is not done, then application may continue and next time if the class is referred JVM will throw NoClassDefFounderror since the class was not loaded by the Classloader. Q4 What is difference between abstract class and interface? Ans) 1) A class is called abstract when it contains at least one abstract method. It can also contain n numbers of concrete method.Interface can contain only abstract( non implemented) methods. 2) The abstract class can have public,private,protect or default variables and also constants. In interface the variable is by default public final. In nutshell the interface doesnt have any variables it only has constants. 3) A class can extend only one abstract class but a class can implement multiple interfaces. 4) If an interface is implemented its compulsory to implement all of its methods but if an

abstract class is extended its not compulsory to implement all methods. 5) The problem with an interface is, if you want to add a new feature (method) in its contract, then you MUST implement those method in all of the classes which implement that interface. However, in the case of an abstract class, the method can be simply implemented in the abstract class and the same can be called by its subclass. Q5) Explain with example to describe when to use abstract class and interface? Ans) Consider a scenario where all Cars will have 4 tyres and other features can be different. In this case any subclass of Car has to have 4 tyres. This is a case where abstract class will be used and a default implementaion for tyres will be provided. public abstract class Car{ public abstract String getCarName(); public final int getNoOfTyres(){ return 4; } } Consider a scenario where Cars can have any number of tyres and other features can also be different. In this case interface will be created. public interface Car{ public abstract String getCarName(); public abstract int getNoOfTyres(); } Q6) Does java support multiple interitance? Why? Ans) Java doesnt support multiple inheritance but it provide a way through which it can enact it. Consider the scenario is C++ Class A{ public void add(){// some text} } Class B{public void add(){ // some text}} Class C extends A,B{ public static void main(String arg[]){ C objC = new C(); objC.add(); // problem, compiler gets confused and cant decide to call Class A or B method. } This problem is called Diamond problem. This problem in java is taken care with the use of interfaces In Java similar problem would look like: interface A{ add(); } interface B{ add(); } class C implements A,B{ add(){ // doesnt matter which interface it belong to

} } Q7) Can this keyword be assigned null value? Ans) No Q8) What are the different types of references in java? Ans) Java has a more expressive system of reference than most other garbage-collected programming languages, which allows for special behavior for garbage collection. A normal reference in Java is known as a strong reference. The java.lang.ref package defines three other types of referencessoft, weak, and phantom references. Each type of reference is designed for a specific use. A SoftReference can be used to implement a cache. An object that is not reachable by a strong reference (that is, not strongly reachable), but is referenced by a soft reference is called softly reachable. A softly reachable object may be garbage collected at the discretion of the garbage collector. This generally means that softly reachable objects will only be garbage collected when free memory is low, but again, it is at the discretion of the garbage collector. Semantically, a soft reference means "keep this object unless the memory is needed." A WeakReference is used to implement weak maps. An object that is not strongly or softly reachable, but is referenced by a weak reference is called weakly reachable. A weakly reachable object will be garbage collected during the next collection cycle. This behavior is used in the class java.util.WeakHashMap. A weak map allows the programmer to put key/value pairs in the map and not worry about the objects taking up memory when the key is no longer reachable anywhere else. Another possible application of weak references is the string intern pool. Semantically, a weak reference means "get rid of this object when nothing else references it." A PhantomReference is used to reference objects that have been marked for garbage collection and have been finalized, but have not yet been reclaimed. An object that is not strongly, softly or weakly reachable, but is referenced by a phantom reference is called phantom reachable. This allows for more flexible cleanup than is possible with the finalization mechanism alone. Semantically, a phantom reference means "this object is no longer needed and has been finalized in preparation for being collected." Q9) How to change the heap size of a JVM? Ans) The old generation's default heap size can be overridden by using the -Xms and -Xmx switches to specify the initial and maximum sizes respectively: java -Xms <initial size> -Xmx <maximum size> program For example: java -Xms64m -Xmx128m program Q10) What is difference between instanceof and isInstance(Object obj)? Ans) Differences are as follows: 1) instanceof is a reserved word of Java, but isInstance(Object obj) is a method of java.lang.Class. if (obj instanceof MyType) { ... }else if (MyType.class.isInstance(obj)) { ... }

2) instanceof is used of identify whether the object is type of a particular class or its subclass but isInstance(obj) is used to identify object of a particular class. Q11) Java supports pass by value or pass by reference? Ans) Java supports only pass by value. The arguments passed as a parameter to a method is mainly primitive data types or objects. For the data type the actual value is passed. Java passes the references by value just like any other parameter. This means the references passed to the method are actually copies of the original references.Java copies and passes the reference by value, not the object. Thus, method manipulation will alter the objects, since the references point to the original objects.Consider the example: public void tricky(Point arg1, Point arg2) { arg1.x = 100; arg1.y = 100; Point temp = arg1; arg1 = arg2; arg2 = temp; } public static void main(String [] args) { Point pnt1 = new Point(0,0); Point pnt2 = new Point(0,0); System.out.println("X: " + pnt1.x + " Y: " +pnt1.y); System.out.println("X: " + pnt2.x + " Y: " +pnt2.y); System.out.println(" "); tricky(pnt1,pnt2); System.out.println("X: " + pnt1.x + " Y:" + pnt1.y); System.out.println("X: " + pnt2.x + " Y: " +pnt2.y); } OutPut: X: 0 Y: 0 X: 0 Y: 0 X: 100 Y: 100 X: 0 Y: 0 The method successfully alters the value of pnt1, even though it is passed by value; however, a swap of pnt1 and pnt2 fails! This is the major source of confusion. In the main() method, pnt1 and pnt2 are nothing more than object references. When you pass pnt1 and pnt2 to the tricky() method, Java passes the references by value just like any other parameter. This means the references passed to the method are actually copies of the original references. Q12) What is memory leak? Ans) A memory leak is where an unreferenced object that will never be used again still hangs around in memory and doesnt get garbage collected. Q13) What is the difference between equals() and ==? Ans) == operator is used to compare the references of the objects. public bollean equals(Object o) is the method provided by the Object class. The default implementation uses == operator to compare two objects.

But since the method can be overriden like for String class. equals() method can be used to compare the values of two objects. String str1 = "MyName"; String str2 = "MyName"; String str3 = str2; if(str1 == str2){ System.out.println("Objects are equal") }else{ System.out.println("Objects are not equal") } if(str1.equals(str2)){ System.out.println("Objects are equal") }else{ System.out.println("Objects are not equal") } Output: Objects are not equal Objects are equal String str2 = "MyName"; String str3 = str2; if(str2 == str3){ System.out.println("Objects are equal") }else{ System.out.println("Objects are not equal") } if(str3.equals(str2)){ System.out.println("Objects are equal") }else{ System.out.println("Objects are not equal") } OutPut: Objects are equal Objects are equal Q14) How to make sure that Childclass method actually overrides the method of the superclass? Ans) The @Override annotation can be added to the javadoc for the new method. If you accidently miss an argument or capitalize the method name wrong, the compiler will generate a compile-time error. Q15) How to find the size of an object?

Ans)The heap size of an object can be found using Runtime.totalMemory()-Runtime.freeMemory() .

OOPS Concept
Q1) What is polymorphism? Ans) Polymorphism gives us the ultimate flexibility in extensibility. The abiltiy to define more than one function with the same name is called Polymorphism. In java,c++ there are two type of polymorphism: compile time polymorphism (overloading) and runtime polymorphism (overriding). When you override methods, JVM determines the proper methods to call at the programs run time, not at the compile time. Overriding occurs when a class method has the same name and signature as a method in parent class. Overloading occurs when several methods have same names with Overloading is determined at the compile time. Different method signature and different number or type of parameters. Same method signature but different number of parameters. Same method signature and same number of parameters but of different type Example of Overloading int add(int a,int b) float add(float a,int b) float add(int a ,float b) void add(float a) int add(int a) void add(int a) //error conflict with the method int add(int a) Example: Overloading Class BookDetails{ String title; String publisher; float price; setBook(String title){ } setBook(String title, String publisher){ } setBook(String title, String publisher,float price){ } } Example: Overriding class BookDetails{ String title; setBook(String title){ } } class ScienceBook extends BookDetails{

setBook(String title){} //overriding setBook(String title, String publisher,float price){ } //overloading } Q2) What is inheritance? Ans) Inheritance is the property which allows a Child class to inherit some properties from its parent class. In Java this is achieved by using extends keyword. Only properties with access modifier public and protected can be accessed in child class. public class Parent{ public String parentName; public int parentage; public String familyName; } public class Child extends Parent{ public String childName; public int childAge; public void printMyName(){ System.out.println( My name is + chidName+ +familyName) } } In above example the child has inherit its family name from the parent class just by inheriting the class. Q3) What is multiple inheritance and does java support? Ans) If a child class inherits the property from multiple classes is known as multiple inheritance. Java does not allow to extend multiple classes but to overcome this problem it allows to implement multiple Interfaces. Q4) What is abstraction? Ans) Abstraction is way of converting real world objects in terms of class. For example creating a class Vehicle and injecting properties into it. E.g public class Vehicle { public String colour; public String model; } Q5) What is encapsulation? Ans) The encapsulation is achieved by combining the methods and attribute into a class. The class acts like a container encapsulating the properties. The users are exposed mainly public methods.The idea behind is to hide how thinigs work and just exposing the requests a user can do. Q6) What is Association? Ans) Association is a relationship between two classes. In this relationship the object of one instance perform an action on behalf of the other class. The typical behaviour can be invoking the method of other class and using the member of the other class. public class MyMainClass{ public void init(){ new OtherClass.init(); } } Q7) What is Aggregation?

Ans) Aggregation has a relationship between two classes. In this relationship the object of one class is a member of the other class. Aggregation always insists for a direction. public class MyMainClass{ OtherClass otherClassObj = new OtherClass(); } Q8) What is Composition? Ans) Composition is a special type of aggregation relationship with a difference that its the compulsion for the OtherClass object (in previous example) to exist for the existence of MyMainClass.

Collections Interview Questions

Q1) What is difference between ArrayList and vector? Ans: ) 1) Synchronization - ArrayList is not thread-safe whereas Vector is thread-safe. In Vector class each method like add(), get(int i) is surrounded with a synchronized block and thus making Vector class thread-safe. 2) Data growth - Internally, both the ArrayList and Vector hold onto their contents using an Array. When an element is inserted into an ArrayList or a Vector, the object will need to expand its internal array if it runs out of room. A Vector defaults to doubling the size of its array, while the ArrayList increases its array size by 50 percent. Q2) How can Arraylist be synchronized without using Vector? Ans) Arraylist can be synchronized using: Collection.synchronizedList(List list) Other collections can be synchronized: Collection.synchronizedMap(Map map) Collection.synchronizedCollection(Collection c) Q3) If an Employee class is present and its objects are added in an arrayList. Now I want the list to be sorted on the basis of the employeeID of Employee class. What are the steps? Ans) 1) Implement Comparable interface for the Employee class and override the compareTo(Object obj) method in which compare the employeeID 2) Now call Collections.sort() method and pass list as an argument. Now consider that Employee class is a jar file. 1) Since Comparable interface cannot be implemented, create Comparator and override the compare(Object obj, Object obj1) method . 2) Call Collections.sort() on the list and pass comparator as an argument. Q4)What is difference between HashMap and HashTable? Ans) Both collections implements Map. Both collections store value as key-value pairs. The key differences between the two are 1. Hashmap is not synchronized in nature but hshtable is. 2. Another difference is that iterator in the HashMap is fail-safe while the enumerator for the Hashtable isn't. Fail-safe - if the Hashtable is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own remove method, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationException? 3. HashMap permits null values and only one null key, while Hashtable doesn't allow key or value as null.

Q5) What are the classes implementing List interface? Ans) There are three classes that implement List interface: 1) ArrayList : It is a resizable array implementation. The size of the ArrayList can be increased dynamically also operations like add,remove and get can be formed once the object is created. It also ensures that the data is retrieved in the manner it was stored. The ArrayList is not thread-safe. 2) Vector: It is thread-safe implementation of ArrayList. The methods are wrapped around a synchronized block. 3) LinkedList: the LinkedList also implements Queue interface and provide FIFO(First In First Out) operation for add operation. It is faster if than ArrayList if it performs insertion and deletion of elements from the middle of a list. Q6) Which all classes implement Set interface? Ans) A Set is a collection that contains no duplicate elements. More formally, sets contain no pair of elements e1 and e2 such that e1.equals(e2), and at most one null element. HashSet,SortedSet and TreeSet are the commnly used class which implements Set interface. SortedSet - It is an interface which extends Set. A the name suggest , the interface allows the data to be iterated in the ascending order or sorted on the basis of Comparator or Comparable interface. All elements inserted into the interface must implement Comparable or Comparator interface. TreeSet - It is the implementation of SortedSet interface.This implementation provides guaranteed log(n) time cost for the basic operations (add, remove and contains). The class is not synchronized. HashSet: This class implements the Set interface, backed by a hash table (actually a HashMap instance). It makes no guarantees as to the iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time. This class permits the null element. This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations (add, remove, contains and size), assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the buckets Q7) What is difference between List and a Set? Ans) 1) List can contain duplicate values but Set doesnt allow. Set allows only to unique elements. 2) List allows retrieval of data to be in same order in the way it is inserted but Set doesnt ensures the sequence in which data can be retrieved.(Except HashSet) Q8) What is difference between Arrays and ArrayList ? Ans) Arrays are created of fix size whereas ArrayList is of not fix size. It means that once array is declared as : 1. int [] intArray= new int[6]; 2. intArray[7] // will give ArraysOutOfBoundException. Also the size of array cannot be incremented or decremented. But with arrayList the size is variable. 2. Once the array is created elements cannot be added or deleted from it. But with ArrayList the elements can be added and deleted at runtime.

List list = new ArrayList(); list.add(1); list.add(3); list.remove(0) // will remove the element from the 1st location. 3. ArrayList is one dimensional but array can be multidimensional. int[][][] intArray= new int[3][2][1]; // 3 dimensional array 4. To create an array the size should be known or initalized to some value. If not initialized carefully there could me memory wastage. But arrayList is all about dynamic creation and there is no wastage of memory. Q9) When to use ArrayList or LinkedList ? Ans) Adding new elements is pretty fast for either type of list. For the ArrayList, doing random lookup using "get" is fast, but for LinkedList, it's slow. It's slow because there's no efficient way to index into the middle of a linked list. When removing elements, using ArrayList is slow. This is because all remaining elements in the underlying array of Object instances must be shifted down for each remove operation. But here LinkedList is fast, because deletion can be done simply by changing a couple of links. So an ArrayList works best for cases where you're doing random access on the list, and a LinkedList works better if you're doing a lot of editing in the middle of the list. Source : Read More - from java.sun Q10) Consider a scenario. If an ArrayList has to be iterate to read data only, what are the possible ways and which is the fastest? Ans) It can be done in two ways, using for loop or using iterator of ArrayList. The first option is faster than using iterator. Because value stored in arraylist is indexed access. So while accessing the value is accessed directly as per the index. Q11) Now another question with respect to above question is if accessing through iterator is slow then why do we need it and when to use it. Ans) For loop does not allow the updation in the array(add or remove operation) inside the loop whereas Iterator does. Also Iterator can be used where there is no clue what type of collections will be used because all collections have iterator. Q12) Which design pattern Iterator follows? Ans) It follows Iterator design pattern. Iterator Pattern is a type of behavioral pattern. The Iterator pattern is one, which allows you to navigate through a collection of data using a common interface without knowing about the underlying implementation. Iterator should be implemented as an interface. This allows the user to implement it anyway its easier for him/her to return data. The benefits of Iterator are about their strength to provide a common interface for iterating through collections without bothering about underlying implementation. Example of Iteration design pattern - Enumeration The class java.util.Enumeration is an example of the Iterator pattern. It represents and abstract means of iterating over a collection of elements in some sequential order without the client having to know the representation of the collection being iterated over. It can be used to provide a uniform interface for traversing collections of all kinds. Q12) Is it better to have a HashMap with large number of records or n number of small hashMaps? Ans) It depends on the different scenario one is working on: 1) If the objects in the hashMap are same then there is no point in having different hashmap as the traverse time in a hashmap is invariant to the size of the Map. 2) If the objects are of different type like one of Person class , other of Animal class etc

then also one can have single hashmap but different hashmap would score over it as it would have better readability. Q13) Why is it preferred to declare: List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(); instead of ArrayList<String> = new ArrayList<String>(); Ans) It is preferred because: 1. If later on code needs to be changed from ArrayList to Vector then only at the declaration place we can do that. 2. The most important one If a function is declared such that it takes list. E.g void showDetails(List list); When the parameter is declared as List to the function it can be called by passing any subclass of List like ArrayList,Vector,LinkedList making the function more flexible Q14) What is difference between iterator access and index access? Ans) Index based access allow access of the element directly on the basis of index. The cursor of the datastructure can directly goto the 'n' location and get the element. It doesnot traverse through n-1 elements. In Iterator based access, the cursor has to traverse through each element to get the desired element.So to reach the 'n'th element it need to traverse through n-1 elements. Insertion,updation or deletion will be faster for iterator based access if the operations are performed on elements present in between the datastructure. Insertion,updation or deletion will be faster for index based access if the operations are performed on elements present at last of the datastructure. Traversal or search in index based datastructure is faster. ArrayList is index access and LinkedList is iterator access. Q15) How to sort list in reverse order? Ans) To sort the elements of the List in the reverse natural order of the strings, get a reverse Comparator from the Collections class with reverseOrder(). Then, pass the reverse Comparator to the sort() method. List list = new ArrayList(); Comparator comp = Collections.reverseOrder(); Collections.sort(list, comp) Q16) Can a null element added to a Treeset or HashSet? Ans) A null element can be added only if the set contains one element because when a second element is added then as per set defination a check is made to check duplicate value and comparison with null element will throw NullPointerException. HashSet is based on hashMap and can contain null element. Q17) How to sort list of strings - case insensitive? Ans) using Collections.sort(list, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); Q18) How to make a List (ArrayList,Vector,LinkedList) read only? Ans) A list implemenation can be made read only using Collections.unmodifiableList(list). This method returns a new list. If a user tries to perform add operation on the new list; UnSupportedOperationException is thrown. Q19) What is ConcurrentHashMap? Ans) A concurrentHashMap is thread-safe implementation of Map interface. In this class put and remove method are synchronized but not get method. This class is different from Hashtable in terms of locking; it means that hashtable use object level lock but this class uses bucket level lock thus having better performance. Q20) Which is faster to iterate LinkedHashSet or LinkedList?

Ans) LinkedList. Q21) Which data structure HashSet implements Ans) HashSet implements hashmap internally to store the data. The data passed to hashset is stored as key in hashmap with null as value. Q22) Arrange in the order of speed - HashMap,HashTable, Collections.synchronizedMap,concurrentHashmap Ans) HashMap is fastest, ConcurrentHashMap,Collections.synchronizedMap,HashTable. Q23) What is identityHashMap? Ans) The IdentityHashMap uses == for equality checking instead of equals(). This can be used for both performance reasons, if you know that two different elements will never be equals and for preventing spoofing, where an object tries to imitate another. Q24) What is WeakHashMap? Ans) A hashtable-based Map implementation with weak keys. An entry in a WeakHashMap will automatically be removed when its key is no longer in ordinary use. More precisely, the presence of a mapping for a given key will not prevent the key from being discarded by the garbage collector, that is, made finalizable, finalized, and then reclaimed. When a key has been discarded its entry is effectively removed from the map, so this class behaves somewhat differently than other Map implementations.

Exception Interview Question and Answer

Q1) What is an Exception? Ans) The exception is said to be thrown whenever an exceptional event occurs in java which signals that something is not correct with the code written and may give unexpected result. An exceptional event is a occurrence of condition which alters the normal program flow. Exceptional handler is the code that does something about the exception. Q2) Exceptions are defined in which java package? Ans)All the exceptions are subclasses of java.lang.Exception Q3) How are the exceptions handled in java? Ans)When an exception occurs the execution of the program is transferred to an appropriate exception handler.The try-catch-finally block is used to handle the exception. The code in which the exception may occur is enclosed in a try block, also called as a guarded region. The catch clause matches a specific exception to a block of code which handles that exception. And the clean up code which needs to be executed no matter the exception occurs or not is put inside the finally block Q4) Explain the exception hierarchy in java. Ans) The hierarchy is as follows: Throwable is a parent class off all Exception classes. They are two types of Exceptions: Checked exceptions and UncheckedExceptions. Both type of exceptions extends Exception class. Q5) What is Runtime Exception or unchecked exception? Ans) Runtime exceptions represent problems that are the result of a programming problem. Such problems include arithmetic exceptions, such as dividing by zero; pointer exceptions, such as trying to access an object through a null reference; and indexing exceptions, such as attempting to access an array element through an index that is too

large or too small. Runtime exceptions need not be explicitly caught in try catch block as it can occur anywhere in a program, and in a typical one they can be very numerous. Having to add runtime exceptions in every method declaration would reduce a program's clarity. Thus, the compiler does not require that you catch or specify runtime exceptions (although you can). The solution to rectify is to correct the programming logic where the exception has occurred or provide a check. Q6) What is checked exception? Ans) Checked exception are the exceptions which forces the programmer to catch them explicitly in try-catch block. It is a subClass of Exception. Example: IOException. Q7) What is difference between Error and Exception? Ans) An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory error. These JVM errors and you can not repair them at runtime.Though error can be caught in catch block but the execution of application will come to a halt and is not recoverable. While exceptions are conditions that occur because of bad input etc. e.g. FileNotFoundException will be thrown if the specified file does not exist. Or a NullPointerException will take place if you try using a null reference. In most of the cases it is possible to recover from an exception (probably by giving user a feedback for entering proper values etc.) Q8) What is difference between ClassNotFoundException and NoClassDefFoundError? Ans) A ClassNotFoundException is thrown when the reported class is not found by the ClassLoader in the CLASSPATH. It could also mean that the class in question is trying to be loaded from another class which was loaded in a parent classloader and hence the class from the child classloader is not visible. Consider if NoClassDefFoundError occurs which is something like java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError src/com/TestClass does not mean that the TestClass class is not in the CLASSPATH. It means that the class TestClass was found by the ClassLoader however when trying to load the class, it ran into an error reading the class definition. This typically happens when the class in question has static blocks or members which use a Class that's not found by the ClassLoader. So to find the culprit, view the source of the class in question (TestClass in this case) and look for code using static blocks or static members. Q9) What is throw keyword? Ans) Throw keyword is used to throw the exception manually. It is mainly used when the program fails to satisfy the given condition and it wants to warn the application.The exception thrown should be subclass of Throwable. public void parent(){ try{ child(); }catch(MyCustomException e){ } } public void child{ String iAmMandatory=null; if(iAmMandatory == null){ throw (new MyCustomException("Throwing exception using throw keyword"); } }

Q10) What is use of throws keyword? Ans) If the function is not capable of handling the exception then it can ask the calling method to handle it by simply putting the throws clause at the function declaration. public void parent(){ try{ child(); }catch(MyCustomException e){ } } public void child throws MyCustomException{ //put some logic so that the exception occurs. } Q11) What are the possible combination to write try, catch finally block? 1) try{ //lines of code that may throw an exception }catch(Exception e){ //lines of code to handle the exception thrown in try block }finally{ the clean code which is executed always no matter the exception occurs or not.} 2 try{}finally{} 3 try{}catch(Exception e){//lines of code to handle the exception thrown in try block} The catch blocks must always follow the try block. If there are more than one catch blocks they all must follow each other without any block in between. The finally block must follow the catch block if one is present or if the catch block is absent the finally block must follow the try block. Q12) How to create custom Exception? Ans) To create you own exception extend the Exception class or any of its subclasses. e.g. 1 class New1Exception extends Exception { } // this will create Checked Exception 2 class NewException extends IOExcpetion { } // this will create Checked exception 3 class NewException extends NullPonterExcpetion { } // this will create UnChecked exception Q13) When to make a custom checked Exception or custom unchecked Exception? Ans) If an application can reasonably be expected to recover from an exception, make it a checked exception. If an application cannot do anything to recover from the exception, make it an unchecked exception. Q14)What is StackOverflowError? Ans) The StackOverFlowError is an Error Object thorwn by the Runtime System when it Encounters that your application/code has ran out of the memory. It may occur in case of recursive methods or a large amount of data is fetched from the server and stored in some object. This error is generated by JVM. e.g. void swap(){ swap(); } Q15) Why did the designers decide to force a method to specify all uncaught checked exceptions that can be thrown within its scope? Ans) Any Exception that can be thrown by a method is part of the method's public programming interface. Those who call a method must know about the exceptions that a method can throw so that they can decide what to do about them. These exceptions are as much a part of that method's programming interface as its parameters and return value. Q16) Once the control switches to the catch block does it return back to the try block to execute the balance code?

Ans) No. Once the control jumps to the catch block it never returns to the try block but it goes to finally block(if present). Q17) Where is the clean up code like release of resources is put in try-catch-finally block and why? Ans) The code is put in a finally block because irrespective of try or catch block execution the control will flow to finally block. Typically finally block contains release of connections, closing of result set etc. Q18) Is it valid to have a try block without catch or finally? Ans) NO. This will result in a compilation error. The try block must be followed by a catch or a finally block. It is legal to omit the either catch or the finally block but not both. e.g. The following code is illegal. try{ int i =0; } int a = 2; System.out.println(a = +a); Q19) Is it valid to place some code in between try the catch/finally block that follows it? Ans) No. There should not be any line of code present between the try and the catch/finally block. e.g. The following code is wrong. try{} String str = ABC; System.out.println(str = +str); catch(Exception e){} Q20) What happens if the exception is never caught and throws down the method stack? Ans) If the exception is not caught by any of the method in the methods stack till you get to the main() method, the main method throws that exception and the JVM halts its execution. Q21) How do you get the descriptive information about the Exception occurred during the program execution? Ans) All the exceptions inherit a method printStackTrace() from the Throwable class. This method prints the stack trace from where the exception occurred. It prints the most recently entered method first and continues down, printing the name of each method as it works its way down the call stack from the top. Q22) Can you catch more than one exceptions in a single catch block? Ans)Yes. If the exception class specified in the catch clause has subclasses, any exception object that is a subclass of the specified Exception class will be caught by that single catch block. E.g.. try { // Some code here that can throw an IOException } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }

The catch block above will catch IOException and all its subclasses e.g. FileNotFoundException etc. Q23)Why is not considered as a good practice to write a single catchall handler to catch all the exceptions? Ans) You can write a single catch block to handle all the exceptions thrown during the program execution as follows : try { // code that can throw exception of any possible type }catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } If you use the Superclass Exception in the catch block then you will not get the valuable information about each of the exception thrown during the execution, though you can find out the class of the exception occurred. Also it will reduce the readability of the code as the programmer will not understand what is the exact reason for putting the try-catch block. Q24) What is exception matching? Ans) Exception matching is the process by which the the jvm finds out the matching catch block for the exception thrown from the list of catch blocks. When an exception is thrown, Java will try to find by looking at the available catch clauses in the top down manner. If it doesn't find one, it will search for a handler for a supertype of the exception. If it does not find a catch clause that matches a supertype for the exception, then the exception is propagated down the call stack. This process is called exception matching. Q25) What happens if the handlers for the most specific exceptions is placed above the more general exceptions handler? Ans) Compilation fails. The catch block for handling the most specific exceptions must always be placed above the catch block written to handle the more general exceptions. e.g. The code below will not compile. 1 try { // code that can throw IOException or its subtypes } catch (IOException e) { // handles IOExceptions and its subtypes } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) { // handle FileNotFoundException only } The code below will compile successfully :try { // code that can throw IOException or its subtypes } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) { // handles IOExceptions and its subtypes } catch (IOException e){ // handle FileNotFoundException only } Q26) Does the order of the catch blocks matter if the Exceptions caught by them are not subtype or supertype of each other? Ans) No. If the exceptions are siblings in the Exception classs hierarchy i.e. If one Exception class is not a subtype or supertype of the other, then the order in which their handlers(catch clauses) are placed does not matter.

Q27) What happens if a method does not throw an checked Exception directly but calls a method that does? What does 'Ducking' the exception mean? Ans) If a method does not throw an checked Exception directly but calls a method that throws an exception then the calling method must handle the throw exception or declare the exception in its throws clause. If the calling method does not handle and declares the exception, the exceptions is passed to the next method in the method stack. This is called as ducking the exception down the method stack. e.g. The code below will not compile as the getCar() method has not declared the CarNotFoundException which is thrown by the getColor () method. void getCar() { getColor(); } void getColor () { throw new CarNotFoundException(); } Fix for the above code is void getCar() throws CarNotFoundException { getColor(); } void getColor () { throw new CarNotFoundException(); } Q28) Is an empty catch block legal? Ans) Yes you can leave the catch block without writing any actual code to handle the exception caught. e.g. The code below is legal but not appropriate, as in this case you will nt get any information about the exception thrown. try{ //code that may throw the FileNotFoundException }catch(FileNotFound eFnf){ //no code to handle the FileNotFound exception } Q29)Can a catch block throw the exception caught by itself? Ans) Yes. This is called rethrowing of the exception by catch block. e.g. the catch block below catches the FileNotFound exception and rethrows it again. void checkEx() throws FileNotFoundException { try{ //code that may throw the FileNotFoundException }catch(FileNotFound eFnf){ throw FileNotFound(); }}

Threads Interview Questions

Q1) What is a Thread? Ans) In Java, "thread" means two different things: An instance of class java.lang.Thread.

A thread of execution. An instance of Thread is justan object. Like any other object in Java, it has variables and methods, and lives and dies on the heap. But a thread of execution is an individual process (a "lightweight" process) that has its own call stack. In Java, there is one thread per call stackor, to think of it in reverse, one call stack per thread. Even if you don't create any new threads in your program, threads are back there running. The main() method, that starts the whole ball rolling, runs in one thread, called (surprisingly) the main thread. If you looked at the main call stack (and you can, any time you get a stack trace from something that happens after main begins, but not within another thread), you'd see that main() is the first method on the stack the method at the bottom. But as soon as you create a new thread, a new stack materializes and methods called from that thread run in a call stack that's separate from the main() call stack. Q2) What is difference between thread and process? Ans) Differences between threads and processes are:1. Threads share the address space of the process that created it; processes have their own address. 2. Threads have direct access to the data segment of its process; processes have their own copy of the data segment of the parent process. 3. Threads can directly communicate with other threads of its process; processes must use interprocess communication to communicate with sibling processes. 4. Threads have almost no overhead; processes have considerable overhead. 5. New threads are easily created; new processes require duplication of the parent process. 6. Threads can exercise considerable control over threads of the same process; processes can only exercise control over child processes. 7. Changes to the main thread (cancellation, priority change, etc.) may affect the behavior of the other threads of the process; changes to the parent process do not affect child processes. Q3) What are the advantages or usage of threads? Ans) Threads support concurrent operations. For example, Multiple requests by a client on a server can be handled as an individual client thread. Long computations or high-latency disk and network operations can be handled in the background without disturbing foreground computations or screen updates.

Threads often result in simpler programs. In sequential programming, updating multiple displays normally requires a big whileloop that performs small parts of each display update. Unfortunately, this loop basically simulates an operating system scheduler. In Java, each view can be assigned a thread to provide continuous updates. Programs that need to respond to user-initiated events can set up service routines to handle the events without having to insert code in the main routine to look for these events. Threads provide a high degree of control. Imagine launching a complex computation that occasionally takes longer than is satisfactory. A "watchdog" thread can be activated that will "kill" the computation if it becomes costly, perhaps in favor of an alternate, approximate solution. Note that

sequential programs must muddy the computation with termination code, whereas, a Java program can use thread control to non-intrusively supervise any operation. Threaded applications exploit parallelism. A computer with multiple CPUs can literally execute multiple threads on different functional units without having to simulating multi-tasking ("time sharing"). On some computers, one CPU handles the display while another handles computations or database accesses, thus, providing extremely fast user interface response times. Q4)What are the two ways of creating thread? Ans) There are two ways to create a new thread. 1)Extend the Thread class and override the run() method in your class. Create an instance of the subclass and invoke the start() method on it, which will create a new thread of execution. e.g. public class NewThread extends Thread{ public void run(){ // the code that has to be executed in a separate new thread goes here } public static void main(String [] args){ NewThread c = new NewThread(); c.start(); } } 2)Implements the Runnable interface.The class will have to implement the run() method in the Runnable interface. Create an instance of this class. Pass the reference of this instance to the Thread constructor a new thread of execution will be created. e.g. class public class NewThread implements Runnable{ public void run(){ // the code that has to be executed in a separate new thread goes here } public static void main(String [] args){ NewThread c = new NewThread(); Thread t = new Thread(c); t.start(); } } Q5) What are the different states of a thread's lifecycle? Ans) The different states of threads are as follows: 1) New When a thread is instantiated it is in New state until the start() method is called on the thread instance. In this state the thread is not considered to be alive. 2) Runnable The thread enters into this state after the start method is called in the thread instance. The thread may enter into the Runnable state from Running state. In this state the thread is considered to be alive. 3) Running When the thread scheduler picks up the thread from the Runnable threads pool, the thread starts running and the thread is said to be in Running state. 4) Waiting/Blocked/Sleeping In these states the thread is said to be alive but not runnable. The thread switches to this state because of reasons like wait method called or sleep method has been called on the running thread or thread might be waiting for some

i/o resource so blocked. 5) Dead When the thread finishes its execution i.e. the run() method execution completes, it is said to be in dead state. A dead state can not be started again. If a start() method is invoked on a dead thread a runtime exception will occur. Q6) What is use of synchronized keyword? Ans) synchronized keyword can be applied to static/non-static methods or a block of code. Only one thread at a time can access synchronized methods and if there are multiple threads trying to access the same method then other threads have to wait for the execution of method by one thread. Synchronized keyword provides a lock on the object and thus prevents race condition. E.g. public void synchronized method(){} public void synchronized staticmethod(){} public void myMethod(){ synchronized (this){ // synchronized keyword on block of code } } Q7) What is the difference when the synchronized keyword is applied to a static method or to a non static method? Ans) When a synch non static method is called a lock is obtained on the object. When a synch static method is called a lock is obtained on the class and not on the object. The lock on the object and the lock on the class dont interfere with each other. It means, a thread accessing a synch non static method, then the other thread can access the synch static method at the same time but cant access the synch non static method. Q8) What is a volatile keyword? Ans) In general each thread has its own copy of variable, such that one thread is not concerned with the value of same variable in the other thread. But sometime this may not be the case. Consider a scenario in which the count variable is holding the number of times a method is called for a given class irrespective of any thread calling, in this case irrespective of thread access the count has to be increased so the count variable is declared as volatile. The copy of volatile variable is stored in the main memory, so every time a thread access the variable even for reading purpose the local copy is updated each time from the main memory. The volatile variable also have performance issues. Q9) What is the difference between yield() and sleep()? Ans) yield() allows the current the thread to release its lock from the object and scheduler gives the lock of the object to the other thread with same priority. sleep() allows the thread to go to sleep state for x milliseconds. When a thread goes into sleep state it doesnt release the lock. Q10) What is the difference between wait() and sleep()? Ans) 1) wait() is a method of Object class. sleep() is a method of Object class. 2) sleep() allows the thread to go to sleep state for x milliseconds. When a thread goes into sleep state it doesnt release the lock. wait() allows thread to release the lock and goes to suspended state. The thread is only active when a notify() or notifAll() method is called for the same object. Q11) What is difference between notify() and notfiyAll()? Ans) notify( ) wakes up the first thread that called wait( ) on the same object. notifyAll( ) wakes up all the threads that called wait( ) on the same object. The highest priority thread will run first.

Q12) What happens if a start method is not invoked and the run method is directly invoked? Ans) If a thread has been instantiated but not started its is said to be in new state. Unless until a start() method is invoked on the instance of the thread, it will not said to be alive. If you do not call a start() method on the newly created thread instance thread is not considered to be alive. If the start() method is not invoked and the run() method is directly called on the Thread instance, the code inside the run() method will not run in a separate new thread but it will start running in the existing thread. Q13) What happens when start() is called? Ans) A new thread of execution with a new call stack starts. The state of thread changes from new to runnable. When the thread gets chance to execute its target run() method starts to run. Q14) If code running is a thread creates a new thread what will be the initial priority of the newly created thread? Ans) When a code running in a thread creates a new thread object , the priority of the new thread is set equal to the priority of the thread which has created it. Q15) When jvm starts up, which thread will be started up first? Ans) When jvm starts up the thread executing main method is started. Q16) What are the daemon threads? Ans) Daemon thread are service provider threads run in the background,these not used to run the application code generally.When all user threads(non-daemon threads) complete their execution the jvm exit the application whatever may be the state of the daemon threads. Jvm does not wait for the daemon threads to complete their execution if all user threads have completed their execution. To create Daemon thread set the daemon value of Thread using setDaemon(boolean value) method. By default all the threads created by user are user thread. To check whether a thread is a Daemon thread or a user thread use isDaemon() method. Example of the Daemon thread is the Garbage Collector run by jvm to reclaim the unused memory by the application. The Garbage collector code runs in a Daemon thread which terminates as all the user threads are done with their execution. Q17) What all constructors are present in the Thread class? Ans) Thread() Thread(Runnable target) Thread(Runnable target, String name) Thread(String name) Q18) Can the variables or classes be Synchronized? Ans) No. Only methods can be synchronized. Q19) How many locks does an object have? Ans) Each object has only one lock. Q20) Can a class have both Synchronized and non-synchronized methods? Ans) Yes a class can have both synchronized and non-synchronized methods. Q21) If a class has a synchronised method and non-synchronised method, can multiple threads execute the non-synchronised methods? Ans) Yes. If a class has a synchronised and non-synchronised methods, multiple threads can access the non-synchronised methods. Q22) If a thread goes to sleep does it hold the lock? Ans) Yes when a thread goes to sleep it does not release the lock. Q23)Can a thread hold multiple locks at the same time?

Ans) Yes. A thread can hold multiple locks at the same time. Once a thread acquires a lock and enters into the synchronized method / block, it may call another synchronized method and acquire a lock on another object. Q24) Can a thread call multiple synchronized methods on the object of which it hold the lock? Ans) Yes. Once a thread acquires a lock in some object, it may call any other synchronized method of that same object using the lock that it already holds. Q25) Can static methods be synchronized? Ans) Yes. As static methods are class methods and have only one copy of static data for the class, only one lock for the entire class is required. Every class in java is represented by java.lang.Class instance. The lock on this instance is used to synchronize the static methods. Q26) Can two threads call two different static synchronized methods of the same class? Ans) No. The static synchronized methods of the same class always block each other as only one lock per class exists. So no two static synchronized methods can execute at the same time. Q27)Does a static synchronized method block a non-static synchronized method? Ans)No As the thread executing the static synchronized method holds a lock on the class and the thread executing the non-satic synchronized method holds the lock on the object on which the method has been called, these two locks are different and these threads do not block each other. Q28) Once a thread has been started can it be started again? Ans) No. Only a thread can be started only once in its lifetime. If you try starting a thread which has been already started once an IllegalThreadStateException is thrown, which is a runtime exception. A thread in runnable state or a dead thread can not be restarted. Q29) When does deadlock occur and how to avoid it? Ans) When a locked object tries to access a locked object which is trying to access the first locked object. When the threads are waiting for each other to release the lock on a particular object, deadlock occurs . Q30) What is a better way of creating multithreaded application? Extending Thread class or implementing Runnable? Ans) If a class is made to extend the thread class to have a multithreaded application then this subclass of Thread can not extend any other class and the required application will have to be added to this class as it can not be inherited from any other class. If a class is made to implement Runnable interface, then the class can extend other class or implement other interface. Q31) Can the start() method of the Thread class be overridden? If yes should it be overridden? Ans) Yes the start() method can be overridden. But it should not be overridden as its implementation in thread class has the code to create a new executable thread and is specialised. Q32) What are the methods of the thread class used to schedule the threads? Ans) The methods are as follows: public static void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException public static void yield() public final void join() throws InterruptedException public final void setPriority(int priority)

public final void wait() throws InterruptedException public final void notify() public final void notifyAll() Q33) Which thread related methods are available in Object class? Ans) The methods are: public final void wait() throws Interrupted exception public final void notify() public final void notifyAll() Q34) Which thread related methods are available in Thread class? Ans) Methods which are mainly used : public static void sleep(long millis) throws Interrupted exception public static void yield() public final void join() throws Interrupted exception public final void setPriority(int priority) public void start() public void interrupt() public final void join() public void run() public void resume() Q35) List the methods which when called the thread does not release the locks held? Ans) Following are the methods. notify() join() sleep() yield() Q36) List the methods which when called on the object the thread releases the locks held on that object? Ans) wait() Q37) Does each thread has its own thread stack? Ans) Yes each thread has its own call stack. For eg Thread t1 = new Thread(); Thread t2 = new Thread(); Thread t3 = t1; In the above example t1 and t3 will have the same stack and t2 will have its own independent stack. Q38) What is thread starvation? Ans) In a multi-threaded environment thread starvation occurs if a low priority thread is not able to run or get a lock on the resoruce because of presence of many high priority threads. This is mainly possible by setting thread priorities inappropriately. Q39) What is threadLocal variable? Ans) ThreadLocal is a class. If a variable is declared as threadLocal then each thread will have a its own copy of variable and would not interfere with the other's thread copy. Typical scenario to use this would be giving JDBc connection to each thread so that there is no conflict. ThreadLocal class by JAVA API public class ThreadLocal { public Object get(); public void set(Object newValue);

public Object initialValue(); } Implementation of ThreadLocal public class ConnectionDispenser { private static class ThreadLocalConnection extends ThreadLocal { public Object initialValue() { return DriverManager.getConnection(ConfigurationSingleton.getDbUrl()); } } private static ThreadLocalConnection conn = new ThreadLocalConnection(); public static Connection getConnection() { return (Connection) conn.get(); } }

Serialization Interview Questions

Q1) What is Serialization? Ans) Serializable is a marker interface. When an object has to be transferred over a network ( typically through rmi or EJB) or persist the state of an object to a file, the object Class needs to implement Serializable interface. Implementing this interface will allow the object converted into bytestream and transfer over a network. Q2) What is use of serialVersionUID? Ans) During object serialization, the default Java serialization mechanism writes the metadata about the object, which includes the class name, field names and types, and superclass. This class definition is stored as a part of the serialized object. This stored metadata enables the deserialization process to reconstitute the objects and map the stream data into the class attributes with the appropriate type Everytime an object is serialized the java serialization mechanism automatically computes a hash value. ObjectStreamClass's computeSerialVersionUID() method passes the class name, sorted member names, modifiers, and interfaces to the secure hash algorithm (SHA), which returns a hash value.The serialVersionUID is also called suid. So when the serilaize object is retrieved , the JVM first evaluates the suid of the serialized class and compares the suid value with the one of the object. If the suid values match then the object is said to be compatible with the class and hence it is de-serialized. If not InvalidClassException exception is thrown. Changes to a serializable class can be compatible or incompatible. Following is the list of changes which are compatible: Add fields Change a field from static to non-static

Change a field from transient to non-transient Add classes to the object tree List of incompatible changes: Delete fields Change class hierarchy Change non-static to static Change non-transient to transient Change type of a primitive field So, if no suid is present , inspite of making compatible changes, jvm generates new suid thus resulting in an exception if prior release version object is used . The only way to get rid of the exception is to recompile and deploy the application again.

If we explicitly metion the suid using the statement:

private final static long serialVersionUID = <integer value>

then if any of the metioned compatible changes are made the class need not to be recompiled. But for incompatible changes there is no other way than to compile again. Q3) What is the need of Serialization? Ans) The serialization is used : To send state of one or more objects state over the network through a socket. To save the state of an object in a file. An objects state needs to be manipulated as a stream of bytes. Q4) Other than Serialization what are the different approach to make object Serializable? Ans) Besides the Serializable interface, at least three alternate approaches can serialize Java objects: 1)For object serialization, instead of implementing the Serializable interface, a developer can implement the Externalizable interface, which extends Serializable. By implementing Externalizable, a developer is responsible for implementing the writeExternal() and readExternal() methods. As a result, a developer has sole control over reading and writing the serialized objects. 2)XML serialization is an often-used approach for data interchange. This approach lags runtime performance when compared with Java serialization, both in terms of the size of the object and the processing time. With a speedier XML parser, the performance gap with respect to the processing time narrows. Nonetheless, XML serialization provides a more malleable solution when faced with changes in the serializable object. 3)Finally, consider a "roll-your-own" serialization approach. You can write an object's content directly via either the ObjectOutputStream or the DataOutputStream. While this approach is more involved in its initial implementation, it offers the greatest flexibility and extensibility. In addition, this approach provides a performance advantage over Java serialization. Q5) Do we need to implement any method of Serializable interface to make an object serializable? Ans) No. Serializable is a Marker Interface. It does not have any methods. Q6) What happens if the object to be serialized includes the references to other serializable objects?

Ans) If the object to be serialized includes the references to other objects whose class implements serializable then all those objects state also will be saved as the part of the serialized state of the object in question. The whole object graph of the object to be serialized will be saved during serialization automatically provided all the objects included in the objects graph are serializable. Q7) What happens if an object is serializable but it includes a reference to a nonserializable object? Ans- If you try to serialize an object of a class which implements serializable, but the object includes a reference to an non-serializable class then a NotSerializableException will be thrown at runtime. e.g. public class NonSerial { //This is a non-serializable class } public class MyClass implements Serializable{ private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private NonSerial nonSerial; MyClass(NonSerial nonSerial){ this.nonSerial = nonSerial; } public static void main(String [] args) { NonSerial nonSer = new NonSerial(); MyClass c = new MyClass(nonSer); try { FileOutputStream fs = new FileOutputStream("test1.ser"); ObjectOutputStream os = new ObjectOutputStream(fs); os.writeObject(c); os.close(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } try { FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("test1.ser"); ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis); c = (MyClass) ois.readObject(); ois.close(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } On execution of above code following exception will be thrown java.io.NotSerializableException: NonSerial at java.io.ObjectOutputStream.writeObject0(ObjectOutputStream.java) Q8) Are the static variables saved as the part of serialization? Ans) No. The static variables belong to the class and not to an object they are not the part of the state of the object so they are not saved as the part of serialized object. Q9) What is a transient variable?

Ans) These variables are not included in the process of serialization and are not the part of the objects serialized state. Q10) What will be the value of transient variable after de-serialization? Ans) Its default value. e.g. if the transient variable in question is an int, its value after deserialization will be zero. public class TestTransientVal implements Serializable{ private static final long serialVersionUID = -22L; private String name; transient private int age; TestTransientVal(int age, String name) { this.age = age; this.name = name; } public static void main(String [] args) { TestTransientVal c = new TestTransientVal(1,"ONE"); System.out.println("Before serialization: - " + c.name + " "+ c.age); try { FileOutputStream fs = new FileOutputStream("testTransients.ser"); ObjectOutputStream os = new ObjectOutputStream(fs); os.writeObject(c); os.close(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } try { FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("testTransients.ser"); ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis); c = (TestTransientVal) ois.readObject(); ois.close(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("After de-serialization:- " + c.name + " "+ c.age); } } Result of executing above piece of code Before serialization: - Value of non-transient variable ONE Value of transient variable 1 After de-serialization:- Value of non-transient variable ONE Value of transient variable 0 Explanation The transient variable is not saved as the part of the state of the serailized variable, its value after de-serialization is its default value. Q11) Does the order in which the value of the transient variables and the state of the object using the defaultWriteObject() method are saved during serialization matter? Ans) Yes. As while restoring the objects state the transient variables and the serializable variables that are stored must be restored in the same order in which they were saved.

Q12) How can one customize the Serialization process? or What is the purpose of implementing the writeObject() and readObject() method? Ans) When you want to store the transient variables state as a part of the serialized object at the time of serialization the class must implement the following methods private void wrtiteObject(ObjectOutputStream outStream) { //code to save the transient variables state as a part of serialized object } private void readObject(ObjectInputStream inStream) { //code to read the transient variables state and assign it to the de-serialized object } e.g. public class TestCustomizedSerialization implements Serializable{ private static final long serialVersionUID =-22L; private String noOfSerVar; transient private int noOfTranVar; TestCustomizedSerialization(int noOfTranVar, String noOfSerVar) { this.noOfTranVar = noOfTranVar; this.noOfSerVar = noOfSerVar; } private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream os) { try { os.defaultWriteObject(); os.writeInt(noOfTranVar); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } private void readObject(ObjectInputStream is) { try { is.defaultReadObject(); int noOfTransients = (is.readInt()); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } public int getNoOfTranVar() { return noOfTranVar; } } The value of transient variable noOfTranVar is saved as part of the serialized object manually by implementing writeObject() and restored by implementing readObject(). The normal serializable variables are saved and restored by calling defaultWriteObject()

and defaultReadObject()respectively. These methods perform the normal serialization and de-sirialization process for the object to be saved or restored respectively. Q13) If a class is serializable but its superclass in not , what will be the state of the instance variables inherited from super class after deserialization? Ans) The values of the instance variables inherited from superclass will be reset to the values they were given during the original construction of the object as the nonserializable super-class constructor will run. E.g. public class ParentNonSerializable { int noOfWheels; ParentNonSerializable(){ this.noOfWheels = 4; } } public class ChildSerializable extends ParentNonSerializable implements Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; String color; ChildSerializable() { this.noOfWheels = 8; this.color = "blue"; } } public class SubSerialSuperNotSerial { public static void main(String [] args) { ChildSerializable c = new ChildSerializable(); System.out.println("Before : - " + c.noOfWheels + " "+ c.color); try { FileOutputStream fs = new FileOutputStream("superNotSerail.ser"); ObjectOutputStream os = new ObjectOutputStream(fs); os.writeObject(c); os.close(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } try { FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("superNotSerail.ser"); ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis); c = (ChildSerializable) ois.readObject(); ois.close(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }

System.out.println("After :- " + c.noOfWheels + " "+ c.color); } } Result on executing above code Before : - 8 blue After :- 4 blue The instance variable noOfWheels is inherited from superclass which is not serializable. Therefore while restoring it the non-serializable superclass constructor runs and its value is set to 8 and is not same as the value saved during serialization which is 4. Q14) To serialize an array or a collection all the members of it must be serializable. True /False? Ans) true.

Inner Class Interview Questions

Q1) What is an inner class? Ans) Inner class is a class defined inside other class and act like a member of the enclosing class. Q2) What are the different types of inner classes? Ans) There are two main types of inner classes Static member class Inner class o Member class o Anonymous class o Local class Q3) What is static member class? Ans) A static member class behaves much like an ordinary top-level class, except that it can access the static members of the class that contains it. The static nested class can be accessed as the other static members of the enclosing class without having an instance of the outer class. The static class can contain non-static and static members and methods. public class InnerClass { static class StaticInner { static int i = 9; int no = 6; private void method() {} public void method1() {} static void method2() {} final void method3() {} } } The static inner class can be accessed from Outer Class in the following manner: InnerClass.StaticInner staticObj= new InnerClass. StaticInner (); No outer class instance is required to instantiate the nested static class because the static class is a static member of the enclosing class. Q4) What are non static inner classes? Ans) The different type of static inner classes are: Non - static inner classes classes associated with the object of the enclosing class. Member class - Classes declared outside a function (hence a "member") and not declared "static". The member class can be declared as public, private, protected, final and abstract. E.g.

public class InnerClass { class MemberClass { public void method1() { } } } Method local class The inner class declared inside the method is called method local inner class. Method local inner class can only be declared as final or abstract. Method local class can only access global variables or method local variables if declared as final public class InnerClass { int i = 9; public void method1() { final int k = 6; class MethodLocal { MethodLocal() { System.out.println(k + i); } } } } Anonymous inner class - These are local classes which are automatically declared and instantiated in the middle of an expression. Also, like local classes, anonymous classes cannot be public, private, protected, or static. They can specify arguments to the constructor of the superclass, but cannot otherwise have a constructor. They can implement only one interface or extend a class. Anonymous class cannot define any static fields, methods, or classes, except for static final constants. Also, like local classes, anonymous classes cannot be public, private, protected, or static Some examples: public class MyFrame extends JFrame { JButton btn = new JButton(); MyFrame() { btn.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { } }); } } Anonymous class used with comparator List<Parent> l = new ArrayList<Parent>(); l.add(new Parent(2)); l.add(new Parent(3)); Collections.sort(l, new Comparator() { public int compare(Object o1, Object o2) { Parent prt1 = (Parent) o1; Parent prt2 = (Parent) o2; if (prt1.getAge() > prt2.getAge()) { return -1; }else if(prt1.getAge()<prt2.getAge()) {

return 1; } else { return 0; } } }); Q5) Does a static nested class have access to the enclosing class' non-static methods or instance variables? Ans) No . Q6)What are the advantages of Inner classes? Ans) The embedding of inner class into the outer class in the case when the inner class is to be used only by one class i.e. the outer class makes the package more streamlined. Nesting the inner class code where it is used (inside the outer class) makes the code more readable and maintainable. The inner class shares a special relationship with the outer class i.e. the inner class has access to all members of the outer class and still have its own type is the main advantages of Inner class. Advantage of inner class is that they can be hidden from the other classes in the same package and still have the access to all the members (private also) of the enclosing class. So the outer class members which are going to be used by the inner class can be made private and the inner class members can be hidden from the classes in the same package. This increases the level of encapsulation. If a class A is written requires another class B for its own use, there are two ways to do this. One way is to write a separate class B or to write an inner class B inside class A. Advantage of writing the inner class B in the class A is you can avoid having a separate class. Inner classes are best used in the event handling mechanism and to implement the helper classes. The advantage of using inner class for event handling mechanism is that the use of if/else to select the component to be handled can be avoided. If inner classes are used each component gets its own event handler and each event handler implicitly knows the component it is working for. e.g. Button btn1 = new Button("Submit"); Btn.addActionListener(new ActionListener(){/br> Public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae){ submitClicked(); } } ); The advantage of using static nested class is that to instantiate a static nested class you need not create an instance of the enclosing class which reduces the number of objects the application creates at runtime. Q7)What are disadvantages of using inner classes? Ans) 1. Using inner class increases the total number of classes being used by the application. For all the classes created by JVM and loaded in the memory, jvm has to perform some tasks like creating the object of type class. Jvm may have to perform some routine tasks for these extra classes created which may result slower performance if the application is using more number of inner classes. 2. Inner classes get limited support of ide/tools as compared to the top level classes, so working with the inner classes is sometimes annoying for the developer. Q8) What are different types of anonymous classes?

Ans 1) Plain old anonymous class type one e.g. class superClass{ void doSomething() { System.out.println(Doing something in the Super class); } } class hasAnonymous{ superClass anon = new superClass(){ void doSomething() { System.out.println(Doing something in the Anonymous class); } }; Here anon is the reference which is of type superClass which is the class extended by the anonymous class i.e. superclass of the anonymous class. The method doSomething() is the super class method overridden by the anonymous class. 2) Plain old anonymous class type two interface Eatable{ public void prepareSweets(); } class serveMeal{ Eatable food = new Eatable(){ public void prepareSweets(){ //come implementation code goes here } }; } food is reference variable of type Eatable interface which refers to the anonymous class which is the implementer of the interface Eatable. The anonymous implementer class of the interface Eatable implements its method prepareSweets() inside it. 3) Argument defined anonymous class e.g. interface Vehicle { void getNoOfWheels(); } class Car { void getType(Vehical v) { } } class BeautifulCars { void getTheBeautifilCar() { Car c = new Car (); c.getType (new Vehicle () { public void getNoOfWheels () { System.out.println("It has four wheels"); } }); } }

Anonymous class is defined as the argument of the method getTheBeautifilCar(), this anonymous class is the implementer of the interface Vehicle. The method of class Car getTheBeautifilCar() expects the argument as an object of type Vehicle. So first we create an object of Car referenced by the variable c. On this object of Car we call the method getTheBeautifilCar() and in the argument we create an anonymous class in place which is the implementer of interface Vehicle hence of type Vehicle. Q9) If you compile a file containing inner class how many .class files are created and what are all of them accessible in usual way? Ans) If a inner class enclosed with an outer class is compiled then one .class file for each inner class an a .class file for the outer class is created. e.g. class EnclosingOuter { class Inner{ } } If you compile the above code with command % javac EnclosingOuter.java Two files EnclosingOuter.class EnclosingOuter$Inner.class will be created. Though a separate inner class file is generated, the inner class file is not accessible in the usual way like, % java EnclosingOuter$Inner Q10) How to access the inner class from code within the outer class? Ans) The inner class is instantiated only through the outer class instance. class EnclosingOuter { private int noInnerClass = 1; public void getNoOfInnerClasses(){ Inner in = new Inner(); System.out.println(No Of Inner classes is : + in.getNoOfClassesFromOuter()); } class Inner{ public int getNoOfClassesFromOuter(){ return noInnerClass; } } Here the method getNoOfInnerClasses() is called on the outer classs instance through this outer class instance the inner class instance in is created. Q11) How to create an inner class instance from outside the outer class instance code? Ans) To create an instance of the inner class you must have the instance of its enclosing class. e.g. class EnclosingOuter { class Inner{ } } To create the instance of inner class from class other than the enclosing class. 1) class OtherThanOuter{ EnclosingOuter out = new EnclosingOuter(); EnclosingOuter.Inner in = out.new Inner(); }

2) class OtherThanOuter{ EnclosingOuter.Inner out = new EnclosingOuter.Inner (); } Q12) How to refer to the outer this i.e. outer classs current instance from inside the inner class? Ans) The outer this reference i.e. the outer class current instance reference can be refered using OuterClassName.this. E.g class EnclosingOuter { class Inner{ System.out.println(Inner class reference is + this); // inner class instance System.out.println(Outer class reference is + EnclosingOuter.this); //outer class instance } } To refer the inner class reference from within the inner class use this. Q13) Which modifiers can be applied to the inner class? Ans) Following are modifiers that can be applied to the inner: public private abstract final protected strictfp static turns the inner class into static nested class. Q14) Can the method local inner class object access methods local variables? Ans) No, a method local inner class object can not access the method local variable. Reason: The local variables are not guaranteed to live as long as the local inner class object. The method local variable live on stack and exist only till the method lives, their scope is limited only code inside the method they are declared in. But the local inner class object created within the method lives on heap and it may exist even after the method ends if in case the reference of this local inner class is passed into some other code and is stored in an instance variable. So we can not be sure that the local variables will live till the method local inner class object lives, therefore the method local inner class object can not access the method local variable. To access the method local variables, the variable has to be declared as final. Q15) Can a method local inner class access the local final variables?Why? Ans) Yes. Because the final variables are stored on heap and they live as long as the method local inner class object may live. Q16) Which modifiers can be applied to the method local inner class? Ans) Only abstract or final keyword isallowed. Q17) Can a local class declared inside a static method have access to the instance members of the outer class? Ans) No. There is no this reference available in the static method .The static method class can not have access to any members of the outer class other than static members. Q18) Can a method which is not in the definition of the superclass of an anonymous class be invoked on that anonymous class reference?

Ans) No. Compilation will fail.As the reference variable type of the anonymous class will be of superclass which will not know of any method defined inside the anonymous class the compilation will fail. e.g. class SuperClass{ void doSomething() { System.out.println("In the Super class"); } } class hasAnonymous{ SuperClass anon = new SuperClass(){ void doSomething() { System.out.println("In the Anonymous class"); } void doStuff() { System.out.println("An Anonymous class method not present in superClass"); } }; public void doIt(){ anon.doSomething(); // legal superClass has this method anon.doStuff(); // Not legal } } The above code does not compile as the superClass does not know about the anonymous class method doStuff(). Q19) Can an anonymous class define method of its own? Ans) Yes. But there will be no way by which the methods defined in the anonymous class which are not present in its superclass be invoked. As only those methods which are defined in the suprclass which the anonymous class extends be invoked defining the methods in the anonymous class will be of no use. Q20) Can an anonymous class implement multiple interfaces directly? Ans) No. An anonymous class can implement only one interface. If the anonymous class is extending a class then it becomes the implementer of all the interfaces implemented by its superclass automatically. Q21) Can an anonymous class implement an interface and also extend a class at the same time? Ans) No. An anonymous class can either extend a class or implement a single interface. If the anonymous class is extending a class then it becomes the implementer of all the interfaces implemented by its superclass automatically.

Immutable Class Interview Questions

Q1) What is an immutable class? Ans) Immutable class is a class which once created, its contents can not be changed. Immutable objects are the objects whose state can not be changed once constructed. e.g. String class Q2) How to create an immutable class?

Ans) To create an immutable class following steps should be followed: 1. Create a final class. 2. Set the values of properties using constructor only. 3. Make the properties of the class final and private 4. Do not provide any setters for these properties. 5. If the instance fields include references to mutable objects, don't allow those objects to be changed: 1. Don't provide methods that modify the mutable objects. 2. Don't share references to the mutable objects. Never store references to external, mutable objects passed to the constructor; if necessary, create copies, and store references to the copies. Similarly, create copies of your internal mutable objects when necessary to avoid returning the originals in your methods. E.g. public final class FinalPersonClass { private final String name; private final int age; public FinalPersonClass(final String name, final int age) { super(); this.name = name; this.age = age; } public int getAge() { return age; } public String getName() { return name; } } Q3) Immutable objects are automatically thread-safe true/false? Ans) True. Since the state of the immutable objects can not be changed once they are created they are automatically synchronized/thread-safe. Q4) Which classes in java are immutable? Ans) All wrapper classes in java.lang are immutable String, Integer, Boolean, Character, Byte, Short, Long, Float, Double, BigDecimal, BigInteger Q5) What are the advantages of immutability? Ans) The advantages are: 1) Immutable objects are automatically thread-safe, the overhead caused due to use of synchronisation is avoided. 2) Once created the state of the immutable object can not be changed so there is no possibility of them getting into an inconsistent state. 3) The references to the immutable objects can be easily shared or cached without having to copy or clone them as there state can not be changed ever after construction. 4) The best use of the immutable objects is as the keys of a map.

Cloning Interview questions

Q1) What are different types of cloning in Java? Ans) Java supports two type of cloning: - Deep and shallow cloning. By default shallow copy is used in Java. Object class has a method clone() which does shallow cloning. Q2) What is Shallow copy? Ans) In shallow copy the object is copied without its contained objects. Shallow clone only copies the top level structure of the object not the lower levels. It is an exact bit copy of all the attributes.

Figure 1: Original java object obj The shallow copy is done for obj and new object obj1 is created but contained objects of obj are not copied.

Figure 2: Shallow copy object obj1 It can be seen that no new objects are created for obj1 and it is referring to the same old contained objects. If either of the containedObj contain any other object no new reference is created Q3) What is deep copy and how it can be acheived? Ans) In deep copy the object is copied along with the objects it refers to. Deep clone copies all the levels of the object from top to the bottom recursively.

Figure 3 : Original Object obj When a deep copy of the object is done new references are created.

Figure 4: obj2 is deep copy of obj1 One solution is to simply implement your own custom method (e.g., deepCopy()) that returns a deep copy of an instance of one of your classes. This may be the best solution if you need a complex mixture of deep and shallow copies for different fields, but has a few significant drawbacks: You must be able to modify the class (i.e., have the source code) or implement a subclass. If you have a third-party class for which you do not have the source and which is marked final, you are out of luck. You must be able to access all of the fields of the classs superclasses. If significant parts of the objects state are contained in private fields of a superclass, you will not be able to access them. You must have a way to make copies of instances of all of the other kinds of objects that the object references. This is particularly problematic if the exact classes of referenced objects cannot be known until runtime. Custom deep copy methods are tedious to implement, easy to get wrong, and difficult to maintain. The method must be revisited any time a change is made to the class or to any of its superclasses. Other common solution to the deep copy problem is to use Java Object Serialization (JOS). The idea is simple: Write the object to an array using JOSs ObjectOutputStream and then use ObjectInputStream to reconsistute a copy of the object. The result will be a completely distinct object, with completely distinct referenced objects. JOS takes care of all of the details: superclass fields, following object graphs, and handling repeated references to the same object within the graph. It will only work when the object being copied, as well as all of the other objects references directly or indirectly by the object, are serializable. (In other words, they must implement java.io.Serializable.) Fortunately it is often sufficient to simply declare that a given class implements java.io.Serializable and let Javas default serialization mechanisms do their thing. Java Object Serialization is slow, and using it to make a deep copy requires both serializing and deserializing. There are ways to speed it up (e.g., by pre-computing serial version ids and defining custom readObject() and writeObject() methods), but this will usually be the primary bottleneck. The byte array stream implementations included in the java.io package are designed to be general enough to perform reasonable well for data of different sizes and to be safe to use in a multi-threaded environment. These characteristics, however, slow down ByteArrayOutputStream and (to a lesser extent) ByteArrayInputStream . Q4) What is difference between deep and shallow cloning? Ans) The differences are as follows: Consider the class:

public class MyData{ String id; Map myData; } The shallow copying of this object will have new id object and values as but will point to the myData of the original object. So a change in myData by either original or cloned object will be reflected in other also. But in deep copying there will be new id object and also new myData object and independent of original object but with same values. Shallow copying is default cloning in Java which can be achieved using clone() method of Object class. For deep copying some extra logic need to be provided. Q5) What are the characteristics of a shallow clone? Ans) If we do a = clone(b) 1) Then b.equals(a) 2) No method of a can modify the value of b. Q6) What are the disadvantages of deep cloning? Ans) Disadvantages of using Serialization to achieve deep cloning Serialization is more expensive than using object.clone(). Not all objects are serializable. Serialization is not simple to implement for deep cloned object..

Garbage Collections Interview Questions

Q1) Which part of the memory is involved in Garbage Collection? Stack or Heap? Ans) Heap Q2)What is responsiblity of Garbage Collector? Ans) Garbage collector frees the memory occupied by the unreachable objects during the java program by deleting these unreachable objects. It ensures that the available memory will be used efficiently, but does not guarantee that there will be sufficient memory for the program to run. Q3) Is garbage collector a dameon thread? Ans) Yes GC is a dameon thread. A dameon thread runs behind the application. It is started by JVM. The thread stops when all non-dameon threads stop. Q4)Garbage Collector is controlled by whom? Ans) The JVM controls the Garbage Collector; it decides when to run the Garbage Collector. JVM runs the Garbage Collector when it realizes that the memory is running low, but this behavior of jvm can not be guaranteed. One can request the Garbage Collection to happen from within the java program but there is no guarantee that this request will be taken care of by jvm. Q5) When does an object become eligible for garbage collection? Ans) An object becomes eligible for Garbage Collection when no live thread can access it. Q6) What are the different ways to make an object eligible for Garbage Collection when it is no longer needed? Ans) 1. Set all available object references to null once the purpose of creating the object is served : public class GarbageCollnTest1 {

public static void main (String [] args){ String str = "Set the object ref to null"; //String object referenced by variable str is not eligible for GC yet str = null; /*String object referenced by variable str becomes eligible for GC */ } } 2. Make the reference variable to refer to another object : Decouple the reference variable from the object and set it refer to another object, so the object which it was referring to before reassigning is eligible for Garbage Collection. publc class GarbageCollnTest2 { public static void main(String [] args){ String str1 = "Garbage collected after use"; String str2 = "Another String"; System.out.println(str1); //String object referred by str1 is not eligible for GC yet str1 = str2; /* Now the str1 variable referes to the String object "Another String" and the object "Garbage collected after use" is not referred by any variable and hence is eligible for GC */ } } 3) Creating Islands of Isolation : If you have two instance reference variables which are referring to the instances of the same class, and these two reference variables refer to each other and the objects referred by these reference variables do not have any other valid reference then these two objects are said to form an Island of Isolation and are eligible for Garbage Collection. public class GCTest3 { GCTest3 g; public static void main(String [] str){ GCTest3 gc1 = new GCTest3(); GCTest3 gc2 = new GCTest3(); gc1.g = gc2; //gc1 refers to gc2 gc2.g = gc1; //gc2 refers to gc1 gc1 = null; gc2 = null; //gc1 and gc2 refer to each other and have no other valid //references

//gc1 and gc2 form Island of Isolation //gc1 and gc2 are eligible for Garbage collection here } } Q7) Can the Garbage Collection be forced by any means? Ans) No. The Garbage Collection can not be forced, though there are few ways by which it can be requested there is no guarantee that these requests will be taken care of by JVM. Q8) How can the Garbage Collection be requested? Ans) There are two ways in which we can request the jvm to execute the Garbage Collection. 1) The methods to perform the garbage collections are present in the Runtime class provided by java. The Runtime class is a Singleton for each java main program. The method getRuntime() returns a singleton instance of the Runtime class. The method gc() can be invoked using this instance of Runtime to request the garbage collection. 2) Call the System class System.gc() method which will request the jvm to perform GC. Q9) What is the purpose of overriding finalize() method? Ans) The finalize() method should be overridden for an object to include the clean up code or to dispose of the system resources that should to be done before the object is garbage collected. Q10) If an object becomes eligible for Garbage Collection and its finalize() method has been called and inside this method the object becomes accessible by a live thread of execution and is not garbage collected. Later at some point the same object becomes eligible for Garbage collection, will the finalize() method be called again? Ans) No Q11) How many times does the garbage collector calls the finalize() method for an object? Ans) Only once. Q12) What happens if an uncaught exception is thrown from during the execution of the finalize() method of an object? Ans) The exception will be ignored and the garbage collection (finalization) of that object terminates. Q13) What are different ways to call garbage collector? Ans) Garbage collection can be invoked using System.gc() or Runtime.getRuntime().gc(). Q14) How to enable/disable call of finalize() method of exit of the application Ans) Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalizersOnExit(boolean value) . Passing the boolean value will either disable or enable the finalize() call.