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PRIMARY 6

Back to: Animal Husbandry SS 1

FULL SUBJECT SYLLABUS
Kidney
 FIRST TERM

The Structure of the Kidney: The kidneys are two reddish-brown, bean shaped structures that lie
 SECOND TERM
asymmetrically on the posterior dorsal body wall of the lumber-upper region of the abdomen
below the adrenal gland. At the concave edge is a depression called the helium. Arising from the  THIRD TERM
helium is a small tube called the ureter. 
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The helium also serves as the point of entry of the renal artery and leaving of the renal vein. The

ureter connects the kidney to the urinary bladder and from the bladder to the urethra. The
EXCRETORY SYSTEM CONTS.
urethra opens through the penis in male and separately in female as the urinary tract.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The kidney is made up of two distinct regions: the outer cortex and inner medulla. This contains
thousands of urinary tubules. Each malpighian tubule consists of malpighian body situated in the 
cortex and convoluted tube. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CONTS.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CONTS.

COLOSTRUM FLUSHING

COLOSTRUM FLUSHING CONTS.

THE PECTORAL GIRDLE

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Each malpighian body, consists of a cup like chamber, the Bowman’s capsule, into which a knot
of blood capillaries, the glomerus, fit. Beyond the malpighian body, each tubule makes a U-
shaped loop into the medulla, re-enters into the cortex and bends again into the medulla where
its course is completed.

The U-shaped loop is the Henle’s loop. The tubule transverses both regions and opens at the
tips ( papillae) of triangular shaped masses called pyramids, which open into the pelvis.

Functions of the Kidney

The functions of the kidney include:

(1) Excretion: The kidney helps to remove unwanted nitrogenous wastes like urea, ammonium
compounds, water and salts from the body.

(2) Detoxication: The kidney also helps to eliminate poisonous substances from the body, e.g
toxins, drugs and alcohol.

(3) Removal of Excess Glucose: The kidney also aids the removal of excess glucose from the body.

(4) Maintenance of Acid/Base Balance: The kidney helps to maintain the blood pH and osmotic
pressure. Normal urine is slightly acidic.

(5) Osmo-regulation of the Body: The Kidney also functions in the osmo-regulation of the body,
i.e keeps the concentration of the blood plasma and conditions of the body cells fairly constant.

(6) Conservation: The kidney aids the DRE conservation of some useful materials by Pre-
absorbing them from the glomerula filtrate which is the first step in urine formation. Materials
conserved include water, glucose, sodium ions, chlorine ions and Vitamin C.

Liver

The Structure of the Liver: The liver is usually regarded as the most powerful organ in the body
because it is constantly at work, controlling major activities going on in the body. It is located on
the right side of the upper abdomen and partly overlaps the stomach. It is basically divided into
lobes.

Functions of the Liver

The liver performs a number of functions which nclude:

1) Digestion: The liver produces bile vhich is secreted into the duodenum through he bile duct.
The functions in digestion include:

a) It adds water to chyme (less watery form of food undergoing digestion), because of its high
percentage of water.

(b) Its alkaline (sodium) salts neutralise hydrochloric acid of the chyme, thereby providing a right
medium for the action of pancreatic juice enzymes.

(c) It reduces the surface tension of fats and emulsifies them, i.e, it splits them into minute
droplets.

(2) Deamination: Proteins are not stored

in the body and so excess amino acids must be eliminated. Amino acids which are not built up
into proteins and used for growth and replacement of cells are broken down (deaminated) by
the liver into carhohydrate and urea by the removal of the amino group. The urea is secreted
through the kidney while the carbohydrate can be converted into glycogen to be stored or
oxidised to release energy.

(3) Storage of Iron: Iron derived from the broken down red blood cells (erythrocytes) is
completed and stored in the liver.

(4) Regulation of Blood Sugar: The liver has the role in carbohydrate metabolism and so is able
to convert glucose, amino acid and other substances to an insoluble carbohydrate called
glycogen. Some of the glucose may be taken from the hepatic portal vein carrying blood which
is rich in digested food from the small intestine to the liver. Their reserve of glycogen is
converted to glucose so as to maintain the level of glucose circulating in the blood.

(5) Regulation of Body Temperature: Many chemical activities taking place in the liver release
energy in the form of heat which is distributed round the body by the circulatory system.

(6) Fat Metabolism: The liver contains about 6% stored lipid and when required for use in
providing energy and in starvations, it travels in the blood stream from the fat deposits, leading
to a fall in fat content of the liver. This happens after exhaustion of all other body fats. Some are
used directly or changed to other substances that can be oxidised for energy.

(7) Detoxication: Poisonous compounds and other chemical substances transported in the blood
to the liver are converted to harmless substances and later excreted in the urine.

(8) Manufacture of Plasma Proteins: The liver produces most of the protein found in blood
plasma, including fibrinogen which forms an important part in the clotting action of blood.T

(9) Storage of Vitamins: Vitamins A and D are stored in the liver. (Livers of fish are richer in
vitamins, especially vitamin D, than the livers of mammals). The liver also stores vitamin B 12, an
antianaemic factor which is necessary for the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

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