Investigating Centaurea napifolia Extracts for Zinc

Electroplating E ciency and Corrosion Prevention:

Experimental and Surface Analysis
Habiba Soltani
Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University
Karima Hanini

Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University

Merzoug Benahmed
Larbi Ben M’hidi University
Sameh Boudiba
Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University
Louiza Boudiba
Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University
Alfred Ngenge Tamfu
University of Ngaoundere
Amar Zellagui
Larbi Ben M’hidi University
Salah Akkal
Mentouri University

Research Article

Keywords: Centaurea napifolia, additives, corrosion inhibitor, electroplating, surface morphology

Posted Date: April 11th, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4232896/v1

License:   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Additional Declarations: No competing interests reported.

 Investigating Centaurea napifolia Extracts for Zinc Electroplating Efficiency and Corrosion
Prevention: Experimental and Surface Analysis

Habiba Soltani1,2, Karima Hanini2, 3*, Merzoug Benahmed3, 5, Sameh Boudiba2, Louiza Boudiba2,
Alfred Ngenge Tamfu4, Amar Zellagui5, Salah Akkal6

1
Laboratory of Organic Materials and Heterochemistry (LOMH), Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi
University, Constantine Road, 12002, Tebessa-Algeria.
2
Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Renewable Energies (LACRE), Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi
University, Constantine Road, 12002, Tebessa-Algeria.
3
Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Applications (LBMA), Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi
University, Constantine Road, 12002, Tebessa-Algeria.
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries,
University of Ngaoundere, 454 Ngaoundere-Cameroon.
5
Laboratory of Biomolecules and Plant Breeding (LBPB), Larbi Ben M’hidi University, 04000 Oum
El Bouaghi-Algeria.
6
Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Physicochemical and Biological Analyzes (LPPBA), Mentouri
University, Ain el bey road, 25000 Constantine-Algeria.
*e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
The ability of Centaurea napifolia extracts, hydro-methanolic (HME), methylene dichloride (MDE),
ethyl acetate (EAE), and n-butanol (BE), to inhibit carbon steel (CS) corrosion in acidic
environments and to function as additives in mild steel (MS) electroplating baths with pure zinc is
assessed in this study. Potentiodynamic polarization, gravimetric method, scanning electron
microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), profilometer, and electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used in this investigation to evaluate the corrosion behavior.
Brightness, thickness, and adhesion strength served as indicators of the zinc's quality when deposited
on the various substrates. The findings demonstrated that the addition of plant extracts enhanced the
coating's quality, resulting in less porous plates with improved adhesion, increased brightness, and
more corrosion resistance. The optimal corrosion rate is 0.038 mm/y obtained in the presence of 3.2
g/l of BE in the electroplating bath, compared to 1.137 mm/y without the additive and 3.783 mm/y
for unplated MS. Moreover, the current density decreased from 0.3235 mA/cm² for unplated MS to
0.0972 mA/cm² and 0.0033 mA/cm² for plated without additive and when adding 3.2 g/l of the BE,
respectively. The extracts were also evaluated as CS corrosion inhibitors in a 1M HCl solution. The
results show that the inhibitor's ability to stop the corrosion reaction increased as the concentration
went up but decreased as the temperature went up, with a maximum efficiency of 700 ppm (81%),
800 ppm (73%), 700 ppm (82%), and 700 ppm (78%), for HME, MDE, EAE, and BE, respectively.
The adsorption process of all the extracts on the metallic surface obeys the Langmuir isotherm. The
thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were calculated and discussed, and the results indicated
that the adsorption was physical, spontaneous, and exothermic.

Keys words: Centaurea napifolia; additives; corrosion inhibitor; electroplating; surface morphology.

1
1. Introduction
[1]
Metals have accompanied mankind since ancient times , due to their use in almost every
aspect of our lives. Among these metals, steel stands out as an ever-evolving material, offering a
wide range of properties such as durability and strength that can meet ever-changing requirements,
making it a popular choice for many various applications, especially in industry and engineering
[2]
construction . However, steel possesses a drawback: it is prone to rusting upon exposure to its
[3]
surroundings . This inevitable and undesirable phenomenon not only has economic implications
[4-6]
but also jeopardizes our health and environment . For these reasons and to mitigate or avoid the
corrosion of metallic materials, many techniques are employed, such as electroplating and corrosion
inhibitors [7].
For a better understanding, electroplating is a process where a direct current is used to reduce
the cations of a desired material in an electrolytic solution, resulting in a thin metallic coating on the
[8-10]
substrate surface . Among different electroplating methods, zinc plating is the most commonly
[11-13]
employed technique , particularly for the protection of steel against corrosion. This method
possesses sacrificial properties that protect the coated metal, even if the deposit is porous. Zinc
[14-16]
plating is also preferred due to its low cost and the simplicity of the implementation process .
On the other hand, corrosion inhibitors are chemicals that have heteroatoms (S, O, N…),multiple
[17, 18]
bonds, and aromatic rings in their structures . They slow down corrosion when added in small
amounts to a corrosive environment, like that found in pickling [19] or other acidic processes [20, 21].
With the increasing awareness of environmental and human health concerns, researchers are
placing greater emphasis on green chemistry. This approach encourages the utilization of natural
products, particularly plants, as a valuable resource due to their availability, biodegradability, and
abundance of secondary metabolites like polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, and so forth. These
valuable compounds can be easily and affordably extracted using straightforward methods [22-24]. The
[25-27]
utilization of plant extracts extended beyond the realm of medicine , encompassing various
[28]
domains such as the protection of metals and alloys against corrosion . In this context, plant
[18, 29-33]
extracts have shown very good performance as additives in electroplating baths in terms of
[8]
enhancing the quality of plating (roughness, porosity, brightness, and corrosion resistance) .
Furthermore, they have proven to be valuable inhibitors in acidic solutions, effectively reducing the
corrosion rate [17, 34, 35].
[36] [37]
Due to its richness in polyphenols , sesquiterpene lactones, and other constituents ,
coupled with its unexplored potential to inhibit corrosion, Centaurea napifolia, which is an annual
[38]
plant with numerous flower heads and purple flowers , was targeted for this investigation to

2
evaluate the effect of its extracts as green additives in electroplating baths and as corrosion inhibitors
in hydrochloride acid.

2. Experimental

2.1. Plant extracts

Aerial parts of Centaurea napifolia were collected over its flowering period in Grarem, Mila,
Algeria, on May 5, 2020. Dr. ZELLAGUI Amar from the Biology Department of Larbi Ben M’hidi
University in Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria identified specimens. A voucher specimen was deposited in
the Laboratory of Biomolecules and Plant Breeding, University of Larbi Ben M'hidi (Oum El
Bouaghi, Algeria, voucher number ZA 66). The dried aerial parts were cut into small pieces, and
then immersed in a hydromethanolic mixture (7/3) for 24 hours. The mixture was filtered, and the
filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The operation was repeated three times. The residue was
dissolved in boiling water and kept overnight at room temperature, allowing the elimination of
chlorophyll and other impurities. The filtered mixture was split into two parts. To get HME, the first
part is evaporated in a vacuum. The second part is then extracted with three organic solvents of
increasing polarity, starting with methylene dichloride, then ethyl acetate, and ending with n-
butanol.The obtained organic phases were then concentrated to dryness to get MDE, EAE, and BE,
respectively [24, 39].

2.2. Electrodeposition additives

2.2.1 Electrodeposition bath

The electrodeposition bath consists of boric acid H3BO3(20 g/L), which is used as a buffer and
a fluxing agent to avoid the formation of zinc hydroxide. Zinc dichloride, ZnCl2 (65 g/l), was used to
maintain the Zn level in the bath steady by dissolving Zn anodes, which substitute the ZnCl2
contained in the solution. Potassium chloride KCl (200 g/l) provides the chloride content, which
helps to enhance the conductivity of the solution. Different concentrations of Centaureanapifolia
extracts were tested as additives [30, 33].

2.2.2. Materials
Flat mild steel (MS) (E24-2), with a composition of (wt%): 0.17 % C, 0.6 % Mn, 0.035 % P,
0.035 % S, 0.04 % Si, 0.02-0.05 % Al, 0.01 % N, and the remainder Fe, are supplied from the
production unit of the «ANABIB» gas pipes of Tebessa-Algeria. Specimens were coated with epoxy
resin, leaving an exposed surface of 2 cm x 4 cm. The substrates were abraded using different grades

3
of emery paper, cleaned with acetone, rinsed with distilled water, and air-dried before being used for
further experiments.

2.2.3. Experimental conditions

The zinc electroplating of the steel surface (SS) was performed by immersing in electroplating
baths the substrate, which represents the cathodic part of the DC supply, and the pure zinc plate
(99.91 %), forms the anodic part, leaving a distance of 1 cm between them. After several tests, the
best experimental conditions were obtained for a current value of 0.04 A, a pH= 5, and a plating time
[40, 41]
of 30 min . After each plating experiment, the coated plates were taken off, cleaned with
distilled water, air-dried, and weighed before and after the electroplating process to determine the
weight of the zinc deposit.

2.2.4. Adhesion test

The adhesion of the zinc coating to the steel substrate was tested using adhesive tape attached
to the surface after an ‘X’ letter engraving on the film, which was then strongly removed. Any zinc
stripping from the plated steel surface will be visually seen [42].

2.2.5. Surface brightness

To measure the gloss of the samples, a Poly Gloss device was used; the angles of measurement
were 20°, 60°, and 85°; and an average value was obtained from three measurements for each
coating.

2.2.6. Electrochemical measurements

All electrochemical experiments were realized at room temperature with apotentiostat-
galvanostat PGZ 301 radiometer related to the software "Voltamaster 4". A platinum wire was
usedas a counter electrode, a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as a reference electrode, and the
coated samples as the working electrode. Before each measurement, the coated samples were
immersed in seawater, at open circuit potential (OCP) to ensure its steady state.Electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out on each coated sample over a frequency range of
100KHz-10mHz with a signal amplitude perturbation of 10 mV.
The potentiodynamic polarization measurements were made in the potential range of ±250 mV
at a sweep rate of 1mV/s.

2.2.7. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS)

The surface morphology and chemical composition of the deposited layers were studied using
a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy.

4
2.2.8. Profilometer analysis
To evaluate the surface roughness of deposited layers, an optical profilometer (AltiSurf 520)
was used. The instrument is non-contact and does not damage the surface offer high-resolution
surface analysis, providing 3D surface morphology and its amplitude parameters.

2. 3. Corrosion inhibitors

2.3.1. Electrolytic solution and materials

The aggressive solution consists of 1M HCl (prepared by dilution of an analytical-grade HCl
with distilled water), with the addition of different concentrations of HME, MDE, EAE, and BE. All
experiments were performed on CS specimens with composition in weight percentage as follows: C,
0.26; Mn, 1.35; P, 0.03; S, 0.03; and the balance Fe.

2.3.2. Electrochemical measurements

The electrochemical experiments were conducted at room temperature, using an Origaflex 500
potentiostat-galvanostat monitored by Origamaster 5. A platinum wire was used as a counter
electrode, a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as a reference electrode, and API 5L-X 60
steel with a surface area of 1 cm2 was used as the working electrode. Before each measurement, the
working electrode was immersed for 30 minutes at OCP. The EIS experiments were carried out over
a frequency range of 100 KHz to 100mHzwith a signal amplitude perturbation of 10 mV. The
inhibition efficiency ղR (%) was calculated using Eq. 2 [43]:

R ct − R°ct
ղR (%) = . 100 (2)
R ct

Where R°ct and R ct are charge transfer resistance in the absence and presence of the inhibitor,
respectively.
The potentiodynamic polarization measurements were made in the potential range of
±250 mV at a sweep rate of 1 mV/s. The inhibition efficiency ղP (%) was calculated using the
following equation[44]:

i°corr −icorr
ղP (%) = . 100 (3)
i°corr

Wherei°corr and icorr are the corrosion current densities values in the absence and presence of the
inhibitor, respectively.

2.3.4. Weight loss studies

5
 Weight loss allows us to estimate the corrosion rate and deduce the inhibitory efficiency for
each tested extract concentration. The clean samples were weighed before and after being suspended
in an aerated stagnant electrolytic solution for two hours at different temperatures, and the difference
in weights was determined and used to calculate the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency (ղw (%))
using Eq. 4 and Eq. 5, respectively [4, 45]:

w
CR = (4)
At

CR° − CR
ղw (%) = 100 (5)
CR°

Where w is the average weight loss, A is the total area of one carbon steel specimen, andt is the
immersion time, CR° and CR are the corrosion rate in the absence and presence of inhibitors,
respectively.

2.3.5. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS)

The surface analysis of the CS specimens was performed using SEM combined with EDS after
immersion in 1M HCl solution without and with the addition of optimal concentrations of HME,
MDE, EAE, and BE at 293K for 2 h.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Electrodeposition additives

3.1.1. Electrochemical measurements

3.1.1.1 Potentiodynamic polarization measurements

Fig. 1 represents the potentiodynamic polarization curves of samples coated in the absence and
presence of different concentrations of HME, EAE, and BE.

Figure 1: Potentiodynamic polarization curves for unplated and zinc-plated substrates withoutand
with different concentrations of additives.

6
 As can be seen in Fig. 1, the samples that were plated in the presence of HME, EAE, and BE
had more cathodic abandonment potentials, generating lower current densities [18].
The corrosion potential Ecorr, corrosion current density icorr , anodic Tafel slope βa , cathodic
Tafel slope βc , the resistance of polarization R p , corrosion rate CR, the porosity P , which is
calculated according to Eq. (6) and the ղP (%)calculated according to Eq. (7) [46]
are illustrated in
Table 1.
R ps −(∆E /β )
P= 10 corr a (6)
Rp

Where: R ps and R 𝑝 are the polarization resistances of unplated and coated substrates,
respectively. ∆𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 is the potential difference between the unplated substrate and the coated
substrate.
i°corr − icorr
ղP (%) = 100 (7)
i°corr
Where i°corr and icorr are the current densities for the samples plated without and with the addition of
different concentrations of additives, respectively.

Table 1: Potentiodynamic polarization parameters for unplated and zinc-plated substrates without
and with different concentrations of additives.

C -𝑬𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓 𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓 𝜷𝒂 -𝜷𝒄 𝑹𝒑 (Ω CR

Extract 𝑷 (%) ղ𝑷 (%)
(g/l) (V/SCE) (mA/cm²) (mV/Dec1) (mV/Dec1) cm²) (mm/y)
MS 1015.5 0.3235 95.4 264.8 62.2 3.78300 / /
Without
1090.5 0.0972 86.9 264.4 148.82 1.13700 0.05728 /
extract
HME 0.2 1157.1 0.0297 69.0 191.9 581.27 0.34698 0.00094 69.44
0.8 1186.3 0.0141 76.9 159.5 673.89 0.16549 0.00055 85.49
1.4 1177.2 0.0132 70.4 122.5 1300.00 0.15410 0.00024 86.41
1.8 1176.9 0.0134 72.5 136.3 657.65 0,15660 0.00056 86,21
2 1174.8 0.0055 70.1 151.4 1420.00 0.06395 0.00023 94.34
2.6 1169.1 0.0125 72.3 121.2 917.34 0.14590 0.00051 87.14
3.2 1176.3 0.0129 70.4 125.0 759.55 0.15030 0.00042 86.73
EAE 0.2 1133.6 0.0127 59.4 129.6 841.87 0.14810 0.00076 86.93
0.4 1144.7 0.0187 68.4 173.2 758.27 0.21920 0.00106 80.76
0.8 1148.5 0.0283 63.7 150.9 557.34 0.32740 0.00091 70.88
1.2 1150.5 0.0219 68.0 169.3 606.84 0.25590 0.00106 77.47
1.6 1149.3 0.0078 68.0 131.1 1850.00 0.09110 0.00036 91.97
2 1078.8 0.0163 60.3 306.6 2190.00 0.18845 0.00253 83.23
BE 0.2 1169.2 0.0212 79.3 139.7 709.99 0.24510 0.00101 78.18
0.6 1159.0 0.0163 74.7 164.2 942.63 0.19100 0.00079 83.23
0.8 1165.3 0.0145 75.0 203.9 934.16 0.16960 0.00067 85.08
1.4 1143.4 0.0240 68.2 150.3 668.22 0.28030 0.00124 75.31
2 1096.9 0.0073 53.1 173.5 1560.00 0.08486 0.00116 92.48
2.6 1147.6 0.0122 58.7 72.8 722.99 0.14300 0.00048 87.45
3.2 1075.9 0.0033 50.6 132.5 2100.00 0.03829 0.00189 96.60
3.8 1109.1 0.0178 71.1 158.0 476.66 0.20800 0.00629 81.69

7
 From the results illustrated in Table 1, it is noticed that the values of icorr , 𝐶𝑅, and 𝑃 for plated
samples in the presence of additives, compared to those obtained in their absence, are lower,
indicating that the presence of extracts in the electroplating bath modified and improved the quality
of the deposit [33], exceptionallywith 3.2 g/l of BE reaching an inhibition efficiency of 96.60 % .
3.1.1.2. EIS measurements
It is to highlight that the EIS is a powerful and non-destructive technique that may provide
information on the effects of additives [47, 48].
Fig. 2 provides Nyquist plots of coated specimens.

Figure 2: Electrochemical impedance plots of coated steels without and with the addition of
different concentrations of additives.

As illustrated in Fig. 2, the addition of all investigated extracts used as additives increases the
capacitive loop diameter, indicating that the substrates coated in the presence of these additives were
more resistant to corrosion.
From the Nyquist plots, two cases can be distinguished: for the samples plated in the presence
of all EAE concentrations (0.2, 2 g/l) of the HME and all BE concentrations with the exception of
0.8 g/l, the impedance spectra consist of one capacitive loop at high frequencies followed by one
inductive loop at low frequencies. According to the reported literature [49], the inductive loop may be
linked to the stability of the intermediate layer by dissolution reaction products adsorbed on the

8
surface electrode. On the other hand, the first loop is usually attributed to the charge transfer through
the double layer for the corrosion reaction. For samples that were plated without and in the presence
of additives, the impedance diagram shows a capacitive loop for high frequencies, which is related to
charging transfer, followed by a straight line for low frequencies due to the Warburg impedance,
indicating that the coating is corroding significantly due to the diffusion effect [50].
Table 2 summarizes the EIS parameters of coated steels without and with varied additive
concentrations, and the ղR (%) values were determined using Eq. 8 [18]:

R°ct − R ct
ղR (%) = 100 (8)
R°ct
Where R°ct and R ct are the charge transfer resistances for samples plated in the absence and presence
of different concentrations of the studied extracts, respectively.

Table 2: Electrochemical impedance parameters of coated steels without and with varying additive
concentrations.
C (g/l) 𝐑𝐭𝐜 (Ω.cm²) 𝐂𝐝𝐥 (μF.cm-²) ղ𝐑 (%)
Without extract 0 39.76 179.300 /
HME 0.2 134.45 53.030 70.42
0.8 327.99 172.740 87.87
1 .4 255.50 87.206 84.43
1.8 296.21 120.350 86.58
2 576.44 43.623 93.10
2.6 278.16 101.840 85.70
3.2 238.04 133.710 83.29
EAE 0.2 387.93 12.964 89.75
0.4 293.34 19.315 86.44
0.8 137.23 57.987 71.02
1.2 193.71 25.962 79.47
1.6 695.46 11.442 94.28
2 228.47 13.931 82.59
BE 0.2 225.98 25.071 82.40
0.6 293.01 24.330 86.43
0.8 379.55 41.932 89.52
1.4 180.31 17.652 77.94
2 423.34 16.842 90.60
2.6 461.84 12.268 91.39
3.2 627.37 7.103 93.66
3.8 341.57 16.587 88.35

The values of R ct for the samples coated in the presence of various amounts of extracts were
higher compared to the sample coated in their absence, indicating a decrease in the corrosion rate, as
can be seen in Table 2. Moreover, a decrease in Cdl values for the coated specimens in the presence
of additives compared to that obtained without them were noticed. The highest inhibition efficiency
noted for the concentration of 1.6 g/l of EAE was 94.28 %, which fits well with the values obtained
from potentiodynamic polarization parameters.

9
3.1.2. Quality of electrodeposited zinc
Brightness, adhesion strength, and thickness were utilized to assess the quality of the plated
samples. The thickness was determined using Faraday's law according to Eq. (9).

𝑚
𝑇= . 10000 (9)
𝜌. 𝑆

Where: T is the thickness, m is the deposited mass, ρ the zinc density, and S is the deposit area. The
constant 10000 is used to convert the unit cm to μm.
Table 3 displays the acquired results, which show that all tested thickness values were within
the standard norms established by ASTM rules A879 and B633 [51, 52].

Table 3: Deposited zinc layer's mass, thickness, adhesion strength, and brightness when various
concentrations of HME, EAE, and BE are used as additives.

Extract C(g/l) Depositedmass (g) Thickness (μm) Adhesion Brightness (GU)

Without extract / 0.0217 11.26 + 18.2 Matte
HME 0.2 0.0318 13.29 +++ 49.8 Semi bright
0.8 0.0326 13.76 ++ 88 Bright
1.4 0.0327 14.18 +++ 82.5 Bright
1.8 0.0291 12.28 +++ 94.7 Bright
2 0.0289 12.49 +++ 37.5 Semi bright
2.6 0.0334 14.07 +++ 34.8 Semi bright
3.2 0.0271 11.41 +++ 76.9 Bright
EAE 0.2 0.0371 15.65 ++ 69.5 bright
0.4 0.0356 15.21 +++ 40.2 Semi bright
0.8 0.0304 13.05 ++ 21.1 Matte
1.2 0.0368 15.45 +++ 13.2 Matte
1.6 0.0339 14.51 +++ 16.4 Matte
2 0.0388 16.79 +++ 12.5 Matte
BE 0.2 0.0324 14.21 ++ 49.4Semi bright
0.6 0.0395 17.45 ++ 50.9 Semi bright
0.8 0.0325 14.24 +++ 27.9Matte
1.4 0.0369 16.82 +++ 37.2Semi bright
2 0.0235 10.57 +++ 18.8 Matte
2.6 0.0358 15.95 +++ 36.4 Semi bright
3.2 0.0329 14.53 ++ 19.5 Matte
3.8 0.0299 12.98 ++ 16.1 Matte

According to the obtained results, the mass of zinc deposited in the presence of the
additive was greater than in its absence. Furthermore, the deposited zinc has very strong adherence,
without regularity for all evaluated concentrations. We can also see that samples plated without and
with (0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2 g/l) of EAE, and (0.8, 2, 3.2, and 3.8 g/l) of BE were matte. The semi-
gloss appearance was seen in samples coated with (0.2, 2, and 2.6 g/l) HME, (0.4 g/l) EAE, and
(0.2, 0.6, 1.4, and 2.6 g/l) BE. Ultimately, in the presence of (0.8, 1.4, 1.8 , and 3.2 g/l) HME, (0.2
g/l) EAE the brightness appeared [53, 54].

10
3.1.3. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS)
SEM and EDS were used to analyze the surface morphology and weight percentage (wt%) of
Zn electrodeposited MS samples with and without plant extract additives. Results are presented in
Fig. 3 and Table 4.

Figure 3: SEM/EDS images of: MS surface-plated a) without additive; b) in the presence of 1.8 g/l
of HME; c) 0.2 g/l of EAE; and d) 0.6 g/l of BE.

Table 4: Chemical composition of MS plated in the absence and in the presence of HME, EAE, and
BE.

Zn C O Cl
Without additive wt% 61.49 17.41 18.14 2.96

11
 Atom % 26.07 40.18 31.44 2.31
wt% 93.84 4.38 1.66 0.12
1.8 g/l HME
Atom % 75.25 19.13 5.44 0.18
wt% 90.37 6.53 3.10 0.00
0.2 g/l EAE
Atom % 65.21 25.65 9.13 0.01
wt% 85.16 8.11 6.53 0.20
0.6 g/l BE
Atom % 54.45 28.24 17.07 0.23

Fig. 3 shows the SEM image of the plated MS surfaces without and with the addition of HME,
EAE, and BE in the chloride bath. The obtained results revealed uneven dendritic crystal growth
with low microscopic porosity in some places. Furthermore, there was a mixture of coarse and fine
particles. In addition, it is noticed that in the presence of additives, the porosity defect is minimal in
addition to the tightly packed crystals. The fact that these clearly defined crystals are mostly round
and are separated from one another by crystals with a rod-like shape also indicates that the
electrodeposited zinc microstructure is of high quality and provides effective corrosion protection [33].
Table 4 shows that the wt% of Zn electrodeposited on MS increased from 61.49% for the
sample plated in the absence of additive to 93.84 %, 90.37%, and 85.16% for samples plated in the
presence of HME, EAE, and BE, respectively, implying that the presence of extracts as additives in
the acid chloride bath significantly improves the Zn electrodeposition on MS [30].

3.1.4. Profilometer analysis

Surface profilometry utilizes interference patterns generated by white light to enable exact and
non-destructive measurements of surface profiles. Figs. 4 and 5 show the 3D and 2D surface
morphologies of substrates with and without plant extracts, respectively. The color scale can be
found on the right side of the surface profile, where the black-to-white color gradient represents the
gradual increase in height of the worn track profile. The black color indicates the lowest point of the
valley, while the white color indicates the highest point of the peak. It has been seen that the sample
plated in the absence of plant extract exhibits more prominent surface features or irregularities, with
more height variations than the sample plated in its presence, suggesting that it may have more
significant surface roughness. This suggests that the plant extracts may play a role in smoothing or
modifying the surface characteristics of the samples [33].

12
Figure 4: Profilometer 3D images of plated MS a) without extract addition, b) in the presence of 1.8
g/l of HME, c) in the presence of 0.2 g/l of EAE, and d) in the presence of 0.6 g/l of BE.

Figure 5: Profilometer 2D images of plated MS a) without extract addition, b) in the presence of 1.8
g/l of HME, c) in the presence of 0.2 g/l of EAE, and d) in the presence of 0.6 g/l of BE.

13
3.1.4. Area Roughness Parameters
According to ISO 25178 standards, Table 5 provides information related to the area roughness
parameters. Table 5 shows that the presence of HME, EAE, and BE results in a reduction in Sa,
which stands for the arithmetical mean height of a surface ( 5.03 μm , 7.07 μm , and 8.77 μm
respectively), compared to when it is plated without these substances (8.89 μm). This suggests that
the surface becomes smoother when these substances are added. Furthermore, it has been observed
that the use of extracts as an additive leads to a decrease in the root mean square height of a surface,
represented by Sq. This indicates that the height deviations within the defined area are decreasing,
resulting in a smoother and more uniform surface with lower roughness levels. The parameter Sz is
determined by adding the highest peak height value and the largest pit depth value within the
specified area, which means Sz = Sp + Sv (where Sp is the height of the highest peak and Sv is the
absolute value of the height of the largest pit within the specified area). It is evident that there is a
decrease in these parameters for samples plated in the presence of different plant extracts compared
to the sample plated in their absence, indicating a smoother surface. The Ssk parameters refer to the
degree of bias of the roughness shape (asperity). When Ssk is less than0, it means that the height
distribution is skewed above the mean plane. A value of Ssk equal to 0 indicates that the height
distribution (peaks and pits) is symmetrical around the mean plane. If Ssk is greater than 0, it
signifies that the height distribution is skewed below the mean plane. Based on the values in Table 6,
samples plated in the presence of plant extracts promote a more symmetrical distribution of surface
roughness features, as indicated by skewness values close to 0. The Sku value, also known as
Kurtosis, is a measure of the sharpness of a roughness profile. A value less than 3 suggests that the
height distribution is skewed above the mean plane. When Sku equals 3, it implies that the height
distribution is normal, with both sharp and indented portions co-existing. However, if Sku exceeds 3,
it indicates that the height distribution is spiked. Sku values from the table indicate that the samples
plated in the presence of extracts have Sku values less than 3. This implies that adding extracts leads
to a less sharp or spiked surface profile.

Table 5: Area roughness parameters

ISO 25178
Without extract HME EAE BE
Sq (μm) 11.30 5.98 8.27 10.60
Ssk -0.28600 -0.02230 0.00519 -0.01400
Sku 3.00 2.19 2.09 2.33
Sp (μm) 31.2 14.2 19.5 23.7
Sv (μm) 30.5 16.2 21.8 25.6
Sz (μm) 61.7 30.4 41.3 49.2
Sa (μm) 8.89 5.03 7.07 8.77

14
3.2. Corrosion inhibitors

3.2.1. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements

Fig.6 shows the potentiodynamic polarization curves of the CS in 1M HCl solution
without and with the addition of different concentrations of HME, MDE, EAE, and BE.

Figure 6: Potentiodynamic polarization curves of CS in 1M HCl without and with various

amounts of HME, MDE, EAE, and BE.

The analysis of Fig. 6 shows that adding different concentrations of HME, MDE, EAE,
and BE to 1 M HCl changes both cathodic and anodic parts of the curves, which leads to
lower current densities. That means that inhibitor adsorption on the SS could affect the
cathodic and anodic reactions [18, 55].

Table 6: Polarization parameters for corrosion of CS in 1M HCl in the absence and presence
of various concentrations of plant extracts.

−𝐄𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫 𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫
Extract C (ppm) 𝛃𝐚 (mV Dec-1) −𝛃𝐜 (mV Dec-1) ղ𝐏 (%)
(mV/SCE (mA/cm²)
0 472.5 0.1430 75.9 101.0 /
HME 200 473.8 0.0422 54.9 137.6 70.48
400 476.8 0.0360 57.1 123.0 74.82
600 484.4 0.0329 66.7 129.1 76.99
700 483.8 0.0269 82.6 125.6 81.18
MDE 200 476.8 0.0628 98.7 110.5 56.08
400 474.8 0.0498 100.3 127.3 65.17
600 472.4 0.0413 90.1 128.8 71.11

15
 800 485.3 0.0374 114.0 142.5 73.84
EAE 200 480.6 0.0505 106.5 122.6 64.68
400 474.4 0.0376 53.2 108.0 73.70
600 472.5 0.0332 96.9 139.1 76.78
700 485.8 0.0257 93.8 110.4 82.02
BE 200 470.0 0.0413 60.2 160.6 71.11
400 477.9 0.0411 56.4 145.3 71.25
600 479.1 0.0375 104.8 137.3 73.77
700 480.0 0.0313 98.2 135.8 78.11

It can be seen from Table 6 that the inhibitory efficiency increases with inhibitor
concentration and reaches a maximum at 700 ppm (81.18 %), 800 ppm (73.84 %), 700 ppm
(82.02 %), and 700 ppm (78.11 %), for HME, MDE, EAE, and BE, respectively. This
increase is accompanied by a decrease in the current density, indicating that the addition of
inhibitors reduces the anodic dissolution of steel and delays the evolution of hydrogen by
simply adhering to the metal surface and blocking the active sites [56].
[57-59]
According to the literature , if the difference between the values of corrosion
potential Ecorr in the presence and absence of an inhibitor is greater than 85 mV/SCE, the
inhibitor can be classified as cathodic or anodic. On the other hand, if this difference is less
than 85 mV/SCE the inhibitor is of mixed type. In the present work, the maximum potential
value shift is in the order of 13.3mV/SCE, suggesting that all the extracts tested are mixed-
type inhibitors.

3.2.2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

Fig.7 shows the Nyquist diagrams for the CS in 1M HCl solution without and with the
addition of different concentrations of HME, MDE, EAE, and BE.

16
 Figure 7: Nyquist diagrams for the CS in 1M HCl solution in the absence and presence of
HME, MDE, EAE, and BE at various concentrations.

As observed, these diagrams have a similar shape, which are semi-circles for all the
tested specimens, indicating that the corrosion and its inhibition are controlled by the charge-
transfer mechanism and that the reaction mechanism did not change after adding the inhibitor
[60, 61]
.Because the frequencies are spread out and regarding the roughness and the non-
uniformity of the electrode surface, these capacitive loops are not perfect [17, 65].
Furthermore, research reveals that the capacitive loop's diameter is bigger when the
inhibitor is present compared to the blank solution, and gets bigger as the inhibitor's
concentration rises, indicating an increase in charge transfer resistance [17, 62].
The Nyquist representation was fitted to the electrical equivalent circuit model (EEC)
(Fig. 8). Both solution resistance (R s ) and charge transfer resistance (R ct ) are identified by
the circuit. It is worth noting that surface imperfections affect the double-layer capacitance
[55]
(Cdl ) value, which is simulated using a constant-phase element (CPE) . The double-layer
capacitance (Cdl ) values are calculated using the given equation [18, 35]:

1−𝑛 1
𝐶𝑑𝑙 = 𝑅𝑐𝑡𝑛 × 𝑄 𝑛 (10)

Where n is the deviation parameter of the CPE: 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 1, and Q is the magnitude of CPE
identified with the capacity.

Figure 8: Equivalent circuit used to fit the capacitive loop.

17
 The electrochemical parameters and inhibitory efficacy ղ (%) obtained by
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using the equivalent circuitry for various
concentrations of extracts are given in Table 7.

Table 7: Impedance parameters for corrosion of CS in 1M HCl in the absence and presence
of various concentrations of plant extracts.

Extract C (ppm) 𝐑𝐜𝐭 (𝛀. 𝐜𝐦𝟐 ) 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐐 (𝐒 𝐧 𝛀−𝟏 𝐜𝐦−𝟐 ) 𝐧 𝐂𝐝𝐜 (𝛍𝐅𝐜𝐦−𝟐 ) ղ𝐑 (%)
0 119.2 77.8 0.572 132.30 /
HME 200 428.0 39.5 0.507 70.62 72.15
400 492.8 24.8 0.605 63.57 75.81
600 535.8 18.4 0.623 45.68 77.75
700 640.5 17.9 0.609 45.00 81.39
MDE 200 304.6 31.3 0.634 80.69 60.86
400 468.6 23.7 0.656 75.33 74.56
600 576.7 21.9 0.618 61.59 79.33
800 660.7 19.4 0.547 35.66 81.96
EAE 200 299.0 48.8 0.536 92.53 60.13
400 477.5 27.0 0.641 86.36 75.03
600 510.5 18.7 0.653 54.27 76.65
700 554.7 18.4 0.638 51.05 78.51
BE 200 440.3 38.3 0.526 77.62 72.93
400 459.9 34.3 0.501 54.82 74.08
600 544.3 21.5 0.551 37.59 78.10
700 597.2 16.8 0.587 33.69 80.04

From the results illustrated in Table 7, it is clear that an increase in the concentration of
the inhibitor leads to a decrease in the values of the Cdl , while the reverse is the case for the
charge transfer resistance, which increases. These results may be attributed to the thickening
of the electric double layer as well as a decrease in the dielectric constant and an increase in
surface coverage, respectively [63]. The highest levels of inhibition efficiency were obtained at
concentrations of 700 ppm (80.33%), 800 ppm (80.81%), 700 ppm (76.74%), and 700 ppm
(77.86%), respectively, for HME, MDE, EAE, and BE.

3.2.3. Weight loss studies

Table 8 provides the summarized inhibition efficiency ղw (%) and corrosion rate CR
values acquired using the weight loss method at various inhibitor concentrations and
temperatures.
Table 8: Corrosion parameters were obtained from weight loss measurements of CS in a 1M
HCl solution containing various concentrations of HME, MDE, EAE, and BE at different
temperatures.
C Temperature
(ppm) 293K 303K 313K 323K
CR(mg ϴ ղw CR(mg ϴ ղw CR ϴ ղw CR ϴ ղw
cm-2 h- (%) cm-2 h- (%) (mg (%) (mg (%)

18
 1 1
) ) cm-2 cm-2
h-1) h-1)
blank 0.1376 - - 0.2049 - - 0.2530 - - 0.3793 - -
HME 200 0.0334 0.7573 75.73 0.0866 0.5774 57.74 0.1210 0.5217 52.17 0.2637 0.3048 30.48
400 0.0297 0.7842 78.42 0.0712 0.6525 65.25 0.1014 0.5992 59.92 0.2468 0.3493 34.93
600 0.0286 0.7922 79.22 0.0659 0.6784 67.84 0.0946 0.6261 62.61 0.2134 0.4374 43.74
700 0.0213 0.8452 84.52 0.0591 0.7116 71.16 0.0752 0.7028 70.28 0.1941 0.4883 48.83
MDE 200 0.0589 0.5719 57.19 0.1090 0.4680 46.80 0.1479 0.4154 41.54 0.2334 0.3846 38.46
400 0.0524 0.6191 61.91 0.0923 0.5495 54.95 0.1159 0.5418 54.18 0.1979 0.4782 47.82
600 0.0409 0.7027 70.27 0.0747 0.6354 63.54 0.1017 0.5980 59.80 0.1713 0.5483 54.83
700 0.0379 0.7245 72.45 0.0654 0.6808 68.08 0.0929 0.6328 63.28 0.1496 0.6055 60.55
800 0.0349 0.7463 74.63 0.0604 0.7052 70.52 0.0814 0.6782 67.82 0.1432 0.6224 62.24
EAE 200 0.0596 0.5669 56.69 0.0990 0.5168 51.68 0.1349 0.4668 46.68 0.2157 0.4313 43.13
400 0.0393 0.7143 71.43 0.0832 0.5939 59.39 0.1170 0.5375 53.75 0.1931 0.4909 49.09
600 0.0327 0.7623 76.23 0.0704 0.6564 65.64 0.1001 0.6043 60.43 0.1653 0.5642 56.42
700 0.0223 0.8379 83.79 0.0578 0.7179 71.79 0.0839 0.6684 66.84 0.1421 0.6254 62.54
BE 200 0.0487 0.6461 64.61 0.0901 0.5603 56.03 0.1328 0.4751 47.51 0.2151 0.4329 43.29
400 0.0331 0.7594 75.94 0.0698 0.6593 65.93 0.1174 0.5359 53.59 0.1994 0.4743 47.43
600 0.0318 0.7689 76.89 0.0679 0.6686 66.86 0.1134 0.5518 55.18 0.1783 0.5299 52.99
700 0.0302 0.7805 78.05 0.0603 0.7057 70.57 0.1026 0.5945 59.45 0.1596 0.5792 57.92
Table 8, Figs.9 and 10 show that increasing the concentration of the inhibitor leads to a
drop in CR and an increase inղw (%). The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency (84.52 %)
was found for HME at 700 ppm, while it reached 78.27 %, 83.79 %and 78.05 % for MDE,
EAE, and BE at 800 ppm, 700 ppm, and 700 ppm, respectively. The effectiveness of stopping
corrosion, which goes up as the concentration of inhibitors increase is attributed to the
adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the metallic surface, which slows down the dissolution
process [64]. However, the increase in CR with increasing temperature is typically attributed to
the higher dissolution of the metal and may also be attributed to the rise in the solubility of the
metal's protective films [65-67].

19
 Figure 9: Variation of the corrosion rate as a function of various concentrations of HME,
MDE, EAE, and BE in a 1M HCl solution at different temperatures.

Figure10: Temperature and concentration effects on HME, MDE, EAE, and BE inhibition
efficiency in a 1M HCl solution.
3.2.4. Adsorption isotherm
It is widely understood that corrosion is inhibited by the adsorption of the inhibitor’s
[68]
molecules . After investigating the Langmuir, Temkin, and Freundlich isotherms to see
which one fit the current study the best, and it was found that Langmuir provided the best
graphical fit (Eq. 11). It is important to underline that the fitted model isotherm assumes
monolayer adsorption of the inhibitor on the metal surface without interactions between the
adsorbed species [69].

20
 C 1
= +C (11)
θ K ads

Where θ is the surface coverage, C is the inhibitor concentration, and K ads is the equilibrium
constant of the adsorption process.
The plot of the Langmuir isotherm (Fig. 11) allows the determination of the equilibrium
constant of the adsorption process (K ads ) from the intercept. Table 9 shows that the 𝐾𝑎𝑑𝑠
values for all of the tested extracts decrease as the temperature rises, which may be a sign that
the adsorbed inhibitors from the SS are desorbing [18].

Table 9: Linear regression parameters.

Extract Temperature (K) 𝒓𝟐 𝑲𝒂𝒅𝒔 (l.mg-1)

HME 293 0.99155 0.02378
303 0.99704 0.01076
313 0.97254 0.00691
323 0.91165 0.00239
MDE 293 0.99178 0.00729
303 0.98581 0.00441
313 0.99055 0.00388
323 0.98304 0.00331
EAE 293 0.98602 0.00627
303 0.98004 0.00594
313 0.97089 0.00490
323 0.96200 0.00428
BE 293 0.99833 0.01520
303 0.99554 0.01042
313 0.99053 0.00831
323 0.97358 0.00518

21
 Figure 11: The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of HME, MDE, EAE, and BE on CS in a
solution of 1M HCl at different temperatures.
3.2.5. Thermodynamic parameters
Based on the relationship shown in the equation below, the standard Gibbs free energy
of the adsorption process can be determined [70]:

∆G°ads = −RT ln(CH2O . K ads ) (12)

Where R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature (K), and CH2 O is the concentration
of water expressed in mg. l−1 with an approximate value of 106 [71] .
The standard adsorption enthalpy ( ∆H°ads ) can be calculated using the Van't Hoff
equation, as shown below [66]:

𝑑 ln 𝐾𝑎𝑑𝑠 ∆𝐻°𝑎𝑑𝑠
= (13)
𝑑𝑇 𝑅𝑇 2

Eq. 13 can be rewritten as follows [72]:

∆H°ads
ln K ads = − +I (14)
RT

Where I is a constant of integration.

The variation of ln K ads as a function of the inverse of the temperature Fig 12 is a
∆H°ads
straight line with a slope − from which we can derive the value of (∆H°ads ).
R

The values of standard adsorption entropy ∆S°ads are calculatedfrom the Gibbs
Helmholtz equation [39].

∆H°ads − ∆G°ads
∆S°ads = (15)
T

22
 The standard thermodynamic parameters of HME, DME, EAE, and BE adsorption in
1M HCl solution are summarized in Table 10.

Table 10: Standard thermodynamic parameters.

Extract Temperature (K) ∆𝑮°𝒂𝒅𝒔 (KJ.mol-1) ∆𝑯°𝒂𝒅𝒔 (KJ.mol-1) ∆𝑺°𝒂𝒅𝒔 (J.mol-1K-1)

HME 293 -24.54 -57.55 -112.66
303 -23.38 -112.77
313 -23.01 -110.35
323 -20.89 -113.49
MDE 293 -21.66 6.31
303 -21.14 -19,81 4.38
313 -21.50 5.39
323 -21.77 6.06
EAE 293 -21.30 36.96
303 -21.89 37.68
-10,47
313 -22.11 37.18
323 -22.45 37.08
BE 293 -23.46 -12.49
303 -23.31 -12.57
-27,12
313 -23.49 -11.59
323 -22.97 -12.84

Figure 12: Variation of ln K ads as a function of the inverse of the temperature.

Table 10 shows that all ∆G°ads values were negative, which demonstrates the
spontaneity of the adsorption process on the surface of CS [73]. Generally, the values of ∆G°ads
neighboring −20 KJ.mol-1 or less negative are linked to electrostatic interactions between
charged molecules and charged metals [67]. In this study, the calculated values of ∆𝐺°𝑎𝑑𝑠 varied
between −24.54 KJ.mol-1 and −20.89 KJ.mol-1, which suggests that the adsorption of all
extracts on the metallic surface is of the physical type at different temperatures [74].
The values of the thermodynamic adsorption parameters can provide information on the
inhibition of corrosion. An endothermic adsorption process (∆H°ads > 0) can be attributed to
chemisorption, whereas an exothermic adsorption process (∆H°ads < 0) can involve
physisorption and/or chemisorption . In our case, the ∆H°ads values are −57.55 KJ.mol-
[74, 75]

23
1
, −19.81KJ.mol-1, −10.47 KJ.mol-1, and −27.12 KJ.mol-1 for HME, MDE, EAE, and BE,
respectively. These results suggest an exothermic character. This confirms the previous result
of the physical adsorption of all extracts on the SS. The entropy of the HME and BE has a
negative sign, indicating that it goes down during the adsorption process, which can be
explained as the degree of disorder in the extract's molecules is significant prior to adsorption
on the SS, but they become less disorganized after their adsorption on the steel surface [55, 76].
The MDE and EAE, on the other hand, have a positive adsorption entropy sign. This is
because inhibitors stick to the SS through a process of quasi-substitution between the inhibitor
molecules and water molecules on the electrode's surface. It can also be attributed to an
increase in the disorder that occurs during the formation of reactants at the metal/solution
interface, which is the driving force for the adsorption of inhibitor compounds to the metal
surface [77, 78].

3.2.6. Activation parameters of the corrosion process

The activation energy is calculated using Arrhenius Eq. 16 [79].

Ea
ln CR = − + ln D (16)
RT

Where, Ea is the apparent activation energy, and D is the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor.
The variation of the logarithm of the corrosion rate lnCR as a function of the inverse of
the temperature of the 1M HCl solution without and with extract is shown in Fig. 13. The
Ea
slopes of the straight lines − for varied inhibitor doses are used to calculate the apparent
R

activation energies.
In this research, the activation energies that were found when HME, MDE, EAE, and
BE were present at different concentrations ranging from 32.79 KJ mol-1to54.06 KJ mol-1
were higher than the value (25.57 KJ mol-1) obtained in the absence of an inhibitor. Many
authors [80-82] attribute this rise in activation energy is because the inhibitors physically adsorb
on the SS and their adsorption a decreases as the temperature rises due to the increased
inhibitor desorption at higher temperatures.
An alternative formula for Arrhenius allows the determination of the activation
enthalpy ∆𝐻°𝑎 and the activationentropy ∆Sa of the corrosion process of steel in the acid
medium. These parameters are provided by Eq. 17 [83]:

RT ∆S°a ∆H°a
CR = exp exp (− ) (17)
Na h R RT

24
Where h is the Planck constant and Na isthe Avogadro number.
CR 1
The variation of the ln as a function of the inverse of the temperature is a straight
T T
∆H°a R ∆S°a
line (Fig. 14) with a slope of − and ordinate at the origin equalsln + .
R Na h R

The positive signs of the activation enthalpies ∆H°arepresent the endothermic nature of
[84]
the CS dissolution process .Activation enthalpies and activation entropies are listed in
Table 11. Concerning the entropy of activation ∆S°a, the positive values obtained for the 1M
HCl solutions containing different concentrations of HME are due to the water molecules
[85]
being replaced during the adsorption of inhibitors on the metallic surface . On the other
hand, the negative values of the MDE, EAE, and BE showed that the active rate-determining
step represents an association rather than a dissociation, demonstrating that a reduction in the
disorder takes place [18].

Table 11: Activation parameters for CS in 1M HCl with different concentrations of HME,
DME, EAE, and BE and in their absence.

Extract C (ppm) 𝑬𝒂 (KJ mol-1) ∆𝑯𝒂 (KJ mol-1) 10-1∆𝑺𝒂 (J mol. -1 K-1)
Blank 0 25.57 23.02 -18.26
HME 200 51.47 48.91 27.19
400 52.73 50.17 27.49
600 50.27 47.71 26.62
700 54.06 51.51 27.71
MDE 200 34.96 32.40 -15.73
400 33.15 30.60 -16.46
600 36.25 33.70 -15.60
700 35.18 32.63 -16.04
800 35.64 33.08 -15.96
EAE 200 32.79 30.24 -16.49
400 40.36 37.81 -14.20
600 41.13 38.57 -14.09
700 46.84 44.28 -12.42
BE 200 38.16 35.60 -14.81
400 46.56 44.01 -12.25
600 44.85 42.30 -12.85
700 43.58 41.02 -13.34

25
 1
Figure 13: Arrhenius plots of LnCR versus for CS corrosion in 1M HCl of HME, MDE,
𝑇

EAE, and BE.

26
 CR 1
Figure 14:Arrhenius plots of ln versus T for CS corrosion in 1 M HCl of HME, MDE,
T

EAE, and BE

3.3.7. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS)

SEM and EDS analyses were used to examine the surface morphology of CS specimens
and identify the elements present in corroded and inhibited metal surfaces. Fig.15 and Table
12 show the resulting morphologies, spectra, and chemical composition before and after 2
hours of immersion in uninhibited and inhibited HCl solutions, respectively.

27
 Figure 15: SEM/EDS images of CS immersed in: a) 1 M HCl solution; and in 1 M HCl
containing: b) 700 ppm HME, c) 800 ppm MDE, d) 700 ppm EAE, and e) 700 ppm BE.

Table 12: Chemical composition of CS immersed in 1 M HCl solution without and with the
addition of 700 ppm HME, 800 ppm MDE, 700 ppm EAE, and 700 ppm BE.
Fe C O Cl
wt% 94.37 2.20 3.37 0.06
HCl 1M
Atom % 81.05 8.77 10.10 0.08
wt% 98.35 1.65 0.00 0.00
HME
Atom % 92.75 7.25 0.00 0.00
wt% 99.42 0.58 0.00 0.00
MDE
Atom % 97.38 2.62 0.00 0.00
wt% 99.31 0.69 0.00 0.00
EAE
Atom % 96.89 3.11 0.00 0.00
wt% 98.91 1.05 0.00 0.04
BE
Atom % 95.23 4.71 0.00 0.06

Fig. 15 clearly illustrates that by subjecting the specimen to 1 M HCl (blank), the
surface morphology was severely damaged due to the acid corrosion attack. The appearance
of the O signal in the EDS spectrum serves as evidence for the formation of iron oxides,
[56, 86]
which confirms the extent of the damage caused by acid corrosion . However, after
being submerged in an acidic solution containing 700, 800, 700, and 700 ppm of HME, MDE,
EAE, and BE, respectively, the specimen's surface was smoother with few cracks and pits;
this can be explained by the formation of a barrier film due to the inhibitor molecules
adsorption [87].
The corresponding EDS spectra and element percentages (Table 12) revealed that the O
peak was absent in the EDS spectrum for all tested extracts, indicating that the inhibitors were
highly effective in slowing corrosion [86].

Conclusion

28
The performance of Centaurea napifoliaextracts working as additives in a zinc-electroplating
bath and as corrosion inhibitors in an acidic medium was studied and discussed, leading to the
following conclusions. All of the plant extracts exhibited good corrosion inhibition efficiency,
particularly in an acidic environment via a physical adsorption obeying the Langmuir model,
and they are mixed-type inhibitors. Centaurea napifolia extract effectively prevents mild steel
corrosion in acidic environments regarding weight loss and electrochemical measurements,
which agree well together. The SEM and EDS spectra, which demonstrate that the inhibition
occurred after the adsorption mechanism, support these findings. Plant extracts, excluding
MDE, had a significant impact on the morphology of the electroplated coating, potentially
improving corrosion resistance properties and leading to brighter, smoother, and more
adherent electroplated coatings. The morphology and the roughness of coatings evaluated
using SEM/EDS and the profilometer indicates a uniform and smooth coating for the samples
plated in the presence of HME, EAE, and BE.

Credit authorship contribution statement

Habiba Soltani, Karima Hanini, Merzoug Benahmed, Sameh Boudiba, Louiza Boudiba,
Alfred Ngenge Tamfu, Amar Zellagui and Salah Akkal: the conception and design of the
study, the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, writing & editing. Habiba Soltani,
Merzoug Benahmed, Sameh Boudiba, Alfred Ngenge Tamfu: Writing – review, Resources.
Merzoug Benahmed, Amar Zellagui and Salah Akkal: supervision, administration and
material support. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal
relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Compliance and ethics statement

Review and approval by an ethics committee as well as informed consent were not needed for
this study.

Funding statement
No funding was received for this work.

Additional information
No additional information is available for this paper.

Acknowledgement

29
The authors are grateful to Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University for providing facilities
for the realization of this work. We also appreciate the research facilities provided by the
ANABIB gas pipes unit in Tebessa (Algeria) and the laboratory of Fat Factory ENAP Soug-
Ahras (Algeria).

Data availability statement

All data supporting the results and conclusions of this study were included in the article.

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