Chapter 4

Implementation/Programming
Outline
 Design and implementation
 Types of Programming Methodologies
 Programming Language
 Programming style
 Implementation issues
 Open-source development
Design and implementation
 Software design and implementation is the stage in the
software engineering process at which an executable
software system is developed.
 Software design and implementation activities are
invariably inter-leaved.
 Software design is a creative activity in which you identify
software components and their relationships, based on a
customer’s requirements.
 Implementation is the process of realizing the design as a
program.
Build or buy
 In a wide range of domains, it is now possible to buy off-
the-shelf systems (COTS) that can be adapted and tailored
to the users’ requirements.
 For example, if you want to implement a medical records
system, you can buy a package that is already used in
hospitals. It can be cheaper and faster to use this approach
rather than developing a system in a conventional
programming language.
 When you develop an application in this way, the design
process becomes concerned with how to use the
configuration features of that system to deliver the system
requirements.
Goals of Implementation
 Implementation is done by the coder or programmers who
are independent people than the designer.
 Goals:
 To translate the design of system into a computer language
format
 To reduce the cost of later phases: The cost of testing and
maintenance can be significantly reduced with efficient
coding.
 Making the program more readable → producing more
maintainable software
Types of Programming Methodologies
 Procedural Programming
 Problem is broken down into procedures
 Example: For a calculator program that does addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, square root and
comparison, each of these operations can be developed as
separate procedures.
 Object-oriented Programming
 The solution revolves around entities or objects that are part
of problem.
 Example: To develop a payroll management system, we
will have entities like employees, salary structure, leave
rules, etc. around which the solution must be built.
Types of Programming Methodologies
 Functional Programming
 the problem, or the desired solution, is broken down into
functional units. Each unit performs its own task
 Example: A payroll processing can have functional units
like employee data maintenance, basic salary calculation,
gross salary calculation, leave processing, loan repayment
processing, etc.
 Logical Programming
 The Computer Programming Paradigm, in which the
program statements express the facts and rules about
different problems within a system of formal logic.
 The rules are written in the form of logical clauses
 canfly(X) :- bird(X), not abnormal(X).
Programming Language (PL)
 Characteristics of programming language
 Application domain of programming language
 Choice of programming language
Characteristics of PL
 Capabilities
 Simple, concise, and intuitive syntax
 Support multiple data types
 Support pointer, recursion
 Support object oriented programming
 Rich library
 Portability
 Programs can be compiled and run on multiple machines
without the source program have to be re-written
Characteristics of PL
 Support of tools
 Efficient compiler
 High speed translation
 High optimization ability
 Other tools:
 Editor, debugger, linker, …
 IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
Application domain of PL
 Systems programming applications
 fast execution, low-level featurs to access external devices
 popular language: C (almost the whole of UNIX is written
in C)
 Real-time systems: C, C++, Ada, Assembler
 Embedded software applications: C++, Java
 Scientific applications:
 typically require simple data structures but a large number
of flating-point operations
 Fortran,Matlab,…
 Artificial intelligence applications
 LISP, PROLOG, PYTHON,…
Application domain of PL
 Web Programming/CGI:
 Perl, ASP, PHP, Java, JavaScript, Python..
 Mobile Programming:
 Java/Kotlin (Android), Object-C/Swift (iOS),
Javascript/React Native, Dart/Flutter (Cross Platforms)
Choice of programming language
 The factors we consider when determining the
programming language for each project:
 Characteristics of programming language
 Application domain of programming language
 Work environment
 Speed of development or speed of execution
 Expertise of the programmer
 Complexity of the application
…
Programming style
 Programming style is set of coding rules followed by all
the programmers to write the code.
 Good programming style: to make programs more
comfortable to read and maintain
1. Naming conventions
 global variable names always begin with a capital letter
 local variable names are made of small letters
 constant names are always capital letters
2. Comment
 Inline comments promote readability
3. Indent
 This is the space left at the beginning of line, usually 2-8
whitespace or single tab.
Programming style
Good programming style
4. Structured Programming
 "GOTO" statements shall not be used as they lead to
"spaghetti" code, which is hard to read and maintain
5. Line Length: length of source code lines at or below 80
characters.
6. Error handling
 A mechanism to handle runtime errors

 The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the

normal flow of the application
 Separation of Error Handling code from Normal Code
Programming style
Throw the exception
double MyDivide(double num, double denom) {
if (denom == 0.0) {
throw invalid_argument(”The denom cannot be 0.”);
}
else {
return num / denom;
}
}
Programming style
Catch the exception
try {
result = MyDivide(x, y);
}
catch (invalid_argument& e) {
cerr << e.what() << endl;
... // mã xử lý với ngoại lệ
};
Efficient Programming
 Efficiency of the algorithm is determined in the detailed
design. The two factors of Algorithm Complexity
 Time: the amount of time that is required by the algorithm
to execute and get the result (operations, conditional if-else
statements, loop statements)
 Space: the amount of memory required by the algorithm to
store the variables and get the result (inputs, temporary
operations, or outputs)
 Programming style can impact execution speed and
memory requirements.
Efficient Programming
 Guidelines
 Simplify arithmetic and logical expressions.
 Carefully calculate each nested cycle to determine whether
statements or expressions can be moved outside
 Avoid using multi-dimensional arrays, pointers, recursion,…
Efficient Programming
Example 1: Find 1!,2!,3!...n!
 Solution 1:
Step 1: Write a function float factorial(int k)
Step 2:
for i=1,...,n
print factorial(i)
Time Complexity: O(n2)
Efficient Programming
 Solution 2:
Using formula k!=(k-1)!*k.
GT = 1
for i=1,…,n
GT=GT*i
print GT
Time Complexity: O(n)
Efficient Programming
Example 2: Find C0n, C1n,.., Cnn
 Solution 1:
- Write a function to find k!
- Calculate: Ckn=n!/(k!*(n-k)!)
Time Complexity O(n2)
Efficient Programming
 Solution 2
 Using array with n+1 elements
a[0],a[1],..,a[n]
a[i]=i!
Using loop to calculate Ckn
Time Complexity: O(n)
Efficient Programming
 Solution 3
Ckn=n!/(k!*(n-k)!)
Ck+1n=n!/((k+1)!*(n-k-1)!)=n!/(k!*(k+1)*(n-k-1)!)
Ck+1n/Ckn= (n-k)/(k+1) Ck+1n=((n-k)/(k+1))*Ckn
C0n=1
Time Complexity: O(n)
Not use memory to store the array
Implementation issues
 Focus here is not on programming, although this is obviously
important, but on other implementation issues that are often not
covered in programming texts:
 Reuse: Most modern software is constructed by reusing existing
components or systems. When you are developing software, you should
make as much use as possible of existing code.
 Configuration management: During the development process, you have
to keep track of the many different versions of each software component
in a configuration management system.
 Host-target development: Production software does not usually execute
on the same computer as the software development environment. Rather,
you develop it on one computer (the host system) and execute it on a
separate computer (the target system).
Reuse
 From the 1960s to the 1990s, most new software was
developed from scratch, by writing all code in a high-level
programming language.
 The only significant reuse or software was the reuse of
functions and objects in programming language libraries.
 Costs and schedule pressure mean that this approach
became increasingly unviable, especially for commercial
and Internet-based systems.
 An approach to development based around the reuse of
existing software emerged and is now generally used for
business and scientific software.
Reuse levels
 The abstraction level
 At this level, you don’t reuse software directly but use
knowledge of successful abstractions in the design of your
software.
 The object level
 At this level, you directly reuse objects from a library rather
than writing the code yourself.
 The component level
 Components are collections of objects and object classes
that you reuse in application systems. (framework)
 The system level
 At this level, you reuse entire application systems.
Software reuse
Reuse costs
 The costs of the time spent in looking for software to
reuse and assessing whether or not it meets your needs.
 Where applicable, the costs of buying the reusable
software. For large off-the-shelf systems, these costs can
be very high.
 The costs of adapting and configuring the reusable
software components or systems to reflect the
requirements of the system that you are developing.
 The costs of integrating reusable software elements with
each other (if you are using software from different
sources) and with the new code that you have developed.
Configuration management
 Configuration management is the name given to the
general process of managing a changing software
system.
 The aim of configuration management is to support
the system integration process so that all developers
can access the project code and documents in a
controlled way, find out what changes have been
made, and compile and link components to create a
system.
Configuration management tools
Configuration management activities
 Version management: keep track of the different versions of
software components. Version management systems include
facilities to coordinate development by several programmers.
 System integration: help developers define what versions of
components are used to create each version of a system. This
description is then used to build a system automatically by
compiling and linking the required components.
 Problem tracking: allow users to report bugs and other
problems, and to allow all developers to see who is working on
these problems and when they are fixed.
Configuration management tool
interaction
Host-target development
 Most software is developed on one computer (the host),
but runs on a separate machine (the target).
 More generally, we can talk about a development platform
and an execution platform.
 A platform is more than just hardware.
 It includes the installed operating system plus other
supporting software such as a database management system
or, for development platforms, an interactive development
environment.
 Development platform usually has different installed
software than execution platform; these platforms may
have different architectures.
Host-target development
Development platform tools
 An integrated compiler and syntax-directed editing
system that allows you to create, edit and compile
code.
 A language debugging system.
 Graphical editing tools, such as tools to edit UML
models.
 Testing tools, such as Junit that can automatically run
a set of tests on a new version of a program.
 Project support tools that help you organize the code
for different development projects.
Integrated development
environments (IDEs)
 Software development tools are often grouped to
create an integrated development environment (IDE).
 An IDE is a set of software tools that supports
different aspects of software development, within
some common framework and user interface.
 IDEs are created to support development in a specific
programming language such as Java. The language
IDE may be developed specially, or may be an
instantiation of a general-purpose IDE, with specific
language-support tools.
Open source development
Open source development
 Open source development is an approach to software
development in which the source code of a software
system is published and volunteers are invited to
participate in the development process
 Its roots are in the Free Software Foundation
(www.fsf.org), which advocates that source code should
not be proprietary but rather should always be available
for users to examine and modify as they wish.
 Open source software extended this idea by using the
Internet to recruit a much larger population of volunteer
developers. Many of them are also users of the code.
Open source systems
 The most famous open source product is the Linux
operating system, which is widely used as a server
system (CentOS, ...) and also for desktop computers
(Ubuntu, ...)
 Other important open source products are Apache
(Web Server) and MySQL (MariaDB), and many open
source applications are currently in common use such
as: WordPress (CMS), Magento (E-commerce), ...
Open source issues
 Should the product that is being developed make use
of open source components?
 Should an open source approach be used for the
software’s development?
Open source business
 More and more product companies are using an open
source approach to development.
 Their business model is not reliant on selling a software
product but on selling support for that product.
 They believe that involving the open source community
will allow software to be developed more cheaply, more
quickly and will create a community of users for the
software.
Open source licensing
 A fundamental principle of open-source development is
that source code should be freely available, this does not
mean that anyone can do as they wish with that code.
 Legally, the developer of the code (either a company or an
individual) still owns the code. They can place restrictions
on how it is used by including legally binding conditions in
an open source software license.
 Some open source developers believe that if an open source
component is used to develop a new system, then that
system should also be open source.
 Others are willing to allow their code to be used without this
restriction. The developed systems may be proprietary and
sold as closed source systems.
License models
 The GNU General Public License (GPL). This is a so-called
‘reciprocal’ license that means that if you use open source software
that is licensed under the GPL license, then you must make that
software open source.
 The GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) is a variant of
the GPL license where you can write components that link to open
source code without having to publish the source of these
components.
 The Berkley Standard Distribution (BSD) License. This is a non-
reciprocal license, which means you are not obliged to re-publish any
changes or modifications made to open source code. You can include
the code in proprietary systems that are sold.
License management
 Establish a system for maintaining information about
open-source components that are downloaded and used.
 Be aware of the different types of licenses and understand
how a component is licensed before it is used.
 Be aware of evolution pathways for components.
 Educate people about open source.
 Have auditing systems in place.
 Participate in the open source community.
Key points
 Software design and implementation are inter-
leaved activities. The level of detail in the
design depends on the type of system and
whether you are using a plan-driven or agile
approach.
 When developing software, you should always
consider the possibility of reusing existing
software, either as components, services or
complete systems.
Key points
 Configuration management is the process of managing
changes to an evolving software system. It is essential
when a team of people are cooperating to develop
software.
 Most software development is host-target
development. You use an IDE on a host machine to
develop the software, which is transferred to a target
machine for execution.
 Open source development involves making the source
code of a system publicly available. This means that
many people can propose changes and improvements
to the software.