EDC ACTIVITY

FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION

AIM: - To Design and Simulate Full Wave Rectifier circuit.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: - Function generator, CRO, Regulated
Power supply, resistor, diode, connecting wires.

THEORY: -
Rectification

A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current

(DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers are essentially of two types
– a half wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier.

Full Wave Rectifier

A full-wave rectifier is exactly the same as the half-wave, but allows
unidirectional current through the load during the entire sinusoidal cycle (as
opposed to only half the cycle in the half-wave). A full-wave rectifier
converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity
(positive or negative) at its output. Let us see our half wave rectifier example
and deduce the circuit.
For a half wave Rectifier this is what we have observed

If we change the phase of the input waveform by 180 degrees

Now if we add these two circuits, we would get

Full Wave Rectifier - Circuit

So, we have seen that this rectifier circuit consists of two sources which have
a phase difference along with two diodes. When V1 is positive, V2 is
negative. Hence the top diode(D1) will be a short and the bottom diode(D2)
will be an open. On the other hand, when V1 is negative, V2 is positive.
Hence the bottom diode(D2) will be on and the top diode(D1) will be an
open circuit.
Full Wave Rectifier – Waveforms
The resulting waveform of the schematic is shown above. This configuration
is rarely used because sometimes it may be impractical to obtain two voltage
sources and it is difficult to SYNC the sources. Let us see how a single
source can be used.

Full Wave Rectifier – Centre Tapped Transformer

A Full-Wave Rectifier can be constructed using Centre-Tapped transformer –
which give us two shifted sinusoids so that exactly one of the waveforms is
positive at one time and two diodes. As compared to the half wave rectifier
we use two diodes instead of one, one of the two diodes remains in
conduction in both of the half cycles. At any point in time, only one of the
diodes is forward biased. This allows for continuous conduction through
load.
 Np Vp 1
= =
Ns V s 2

V S =2 V I

Centre Tapped Transformer – Positive cycle

For Positive Cycle D1 is Forward Biased and D2 is Reverse Biased

V I −V O =0

⇒ V O =V I

Centre Tapped Transformer– Negative cycle

For Negative Cycle D1 is Reversed Biased and D2 is Forward Biased

 V I −V O =0

⇒ V O =V I

Bridge Rectifier
Bridge rectifier uses 4 rectifying diodes connected in a "bridged"
configuration to produce the desired output but does not require a special
centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single
secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and
the load to the other side as shown below.

Bridge Rectifier – Positive Half Cycle

During the positive half cycle of the supply diodes D1 and D2 conduct in
series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased (ideally, they can be
replaced with open circuits) and the current flows through the load as shown
below.
For Positive Half Cycle D1 and D2 is Forward Biased and D3 and D4 is
Reverse Biased.
V I −V O =0

⇒ V O =V I

V O =V I −2× V b

V O =V I −2× V b−2 × I rd

where,
VI is the input voltage,
Vb is barrier potential,
rd is diode resistance

Bridge Rectifier – Negative Half Cycle

During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in
series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch of as they are now reverse biased. The
current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.
For Negative Half Cycle D1 and D2 is Reverse Biased and D3 and D4 is
Forward Biased.

V I −V O =0

⇒ V O =V I

Average DC Load Voltage

V O =V m × sinwt

For

0 ≤ wt ≤ π

2V m
V av =V dc =
π

Average Load Current

V av 2× V m
I av = =
R π ×R

2× Im
I av =
R
RMS Load Current

I =I m × sinwt

For

0 ≤ wt ≤ π

Im
I rms =
√2

RMS Load Voltage

Im
V rms =I rms × R= ×R
√2
Vm
V rms =
√2
Form factor: It is defined as the ratio of rms load voltage and average load
voltage.

V rms
F . F=
V av

Vm

F . F= √
2 π
= =1.11
( 2 ×V m ) 2 √2
π

F. F≥1

Ripple Factor
γ = √ (¿ F . F 2−1)× 100 % ¿

γ = √ (¿ 1.112−1)× 100 %=48.1 % ¿

Efficiency: It is defined as ratio of dc power available at the load to the input

ac power.

Pload
n %= ×100 %
P¿
 ( I 2dc × R )
n %= 2 × 100 %
( I rms × R )
2
4× Im
2
π 8
n %= ×100 %= ×100 %=81.13
I 2m π2
2

Peak Inverse Voltage

For rectifier applications, peak inverse voltage (PIV) or peak reverse voltage
(PRV) is the maximum value of reverse voltage which occurs at the peak of
the input cycle when the diode is reverse-biased. The portion of the
sinusoidal waveform which repeats or duplicates itself is known as the cycle.
The part of the cycle above the horizontal axis is called the positive half-
cycle, the part of the cycle below the horizontal axis is called the negative
half cycle. With reference to the amplitude of the cycle, the peak inverse
voltage is specified as the maximum negative value of the sine-wave within a
cycle's negative half cycle.
For Bridge Rectifier, D1 and D2 is Forward Biased D3 and D4 is Reverse
Biased
V m −V O=0

⇒ V O =V m

V O + PIV =0

PIV =V m

PIV ≥V m

For Centre Tapped Rectifier, D2 is Forward Biased, PIV at D1,

V m −V O=0

⇒ V O =V m

V O −PIV +V m

⇒ PIV =2V m

PIV ≥2 Vm

Note
An alternative representation of full-wave bridge rectifier circuit is easier
both to remember and to comprehend. It's the exact same circuit, except all
diodes are drawn in a horizontal attitude, all “pointing” the same direction.

PROCEDURE: -
1. Set the resistor RL.
2. Click on 'ON' button to start the experiment.
3. Click on 'Sine Wave' button to generate input waveform
4. Click on 'Oscilloscope' button to get the rectified output.
5. Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.
6. Click on "Dual" button to observe both the waveform.
7. Channel 1 shows the input sine waveform, Channel 2 shows the output
rectified waveform.
8. Calculate the Ripple Factor. Theoretical Ripple Factor= 0.483.
CALCULATION: -
Measure the V m
Vm
V rms =
√2
2V m
V dc =
π

Ripple Factor=
V ac
V dc

Since,
V ac =√ (V 2rms−V 2dc )

 Peak current= mA.

RESULT: -
Input Wave Form
Output Wave Form
Dual Wave Form

Controls

RESULT: - Peak Current=0.4999999982115235mA.