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Mi L T Ici It Microelectronic Circuits: Amplifier

- Ideal frequency response has gain that does not change with frequency, but practical responses do change. Characterization involves transfer functions using poles and zeros. - Bode plots are commonly used to analyze the frequency response. They involve plotting magnitude in dB and phase in degrees versus frequency on log-linear axes. Common plots include those for gain, poles, and zeros. - Matlab can be used to model transfer functions and generate Bode plots by specifying the numerator and denominator polynomials. This allows evaluating the actual frequency response characteristics. - Single time constant circuits have responses that can be modeled as first-order transfer functions involving a single pole. Their Bode plots exhibit a 20dB/decade slope

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Vishal Johri
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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66 views19 pages

Mi L T Ici It Microelectronic Circuits: Amplifier

- Ideal frequency response has gain that does not change with frequency, but practical responses do change. Characterization involves transfer functions using poles and zeros. - Bode plots are commonly used to analyze the frequency response. They involve plotting magnitude in dB and phase in degrees versus frequency on log-linear axes. Common plots include those for gain, poles, and zeros. - Matlab can be used to model transfer functions and generate Bode plots by specifying the numerator and denominator polynomials. This allows evaluating the actual frequency response characteristics. - Single time constant circuits have responses that can be modeled as first-order transfer functions involving a single pole. Their Bode plots exhibit a 20dB/decade slope

Uploaded by

Vishal Johri
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mi l t i Ci it Microelectronic Circuits

Amplifier
Bits, pilani
Frequency response-
b d idth bandwidth
Ideal frequency response gain does not Ideal frequency response---gain does not
change with frequency
Practical frequency response
Bits, pilani
Poles, Zeros and Bode Plots
Characterization:
) ( . . . ) )( (
) (
2 1
+ + + z s z s z s K
G
m
) 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 (
) ( . . . ) )( (
) ( ) )( (
) (
2 1
2 1
+ + +
+ + +
=
s s s
p s p s p s s
s G
n
m
( )
( )
) 1 ( . . . ) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 ( . . . ) 1 )( 1 (
) (
2 1
2 1
2 1
+ + +
+ + +
=
s s s
s
z z z
p p p
z z z K
s G
m
n
m
( )
( )
) 1 ( . . . ) 1 )( 1 (
2 1
2 1
=
+ + +
z z z K
K
p p p
s
m
B
n
( )
) 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 ( . . . ) 1 )( 1 (
) (
2 1
2 1
+ + +
=
s s s
K s G
p p p
zm z z
B
n
B
t t t
) 1 ( . . . ) 1 )( 1 (
) (
2 1
+ + + s s s s
pn p p
B
t t t
(Time Constant Form.)
Ch i i Characterization:
Considering the transfer function in the time constant form.
we have 4 different types of terms in the time constant form, yp ,
these are:
) 1 / ( ,
1
,
1
, + z s K
B
) 1 / ( ,
) 1 / (
, , +
+
z s
p s s
K
B
Expressing the transfer function dB:
j
) 1 )( (
) 1 (
) (
+
+
=
j
j
z
j
K
jw G
B
e
e
e
) 1 )( ( +
p
je
| ) ( | log 20 j G e
| 1 | log 20 | | log 20 | ) 1 ( | log 20 log 20 + + + =
p
j
j
z
j
K
B
e
e
e
Mechanics:
We have 4 distinct terms to consider:
20logK
B
----- ( constant gain in time constant format)
20log|j e/ | (Pole at origin) -20log|j e/
0
| ----- (Pole at origin)
-20log|(j e /p + 1)| ------ (Pole at e
0
= p )
20log|(je/z +1)| ----- (zero at e
0
= z )
wlg
1 1 1 1 1 1
This is a sheet of 5 cycle semi log paper This is a sheet of 5 cycle, semi-log paper.
This is the type of paper usually used for
preparing Bode plots.
dB Mag
Phase
(deg)
e (rad/sec)
wlg
F l t Frequency response plots
Different types of transfer functions Different types of transfer functions---
K
w
j
1 jw
+ 1
1
wo
j
wo
w
j
wo
+ 1
wo
jw
+ 1
Bits, pilani
K t t K constant
Gain in dB
Log w

= 0
Log w Log w
j / jw/w
o
Gain in dB
20 dB/ dec
Log w

w
o
= 90
Log w Log w
-j w/w
o
= 1/ [jw/w
o
]-- pole at the origin, j
o
[j
o
] p g ,
jw/w
o
Gain in dB
20 dB/ dec
Log w
w
o
rad./ sec

For a pole at the origin draw a line with a slope of -20


dB/decade that goes through 0 dB at 1 rad/sec
Log w
= -90
1+ j ( / ) 1+ j (w/w
o
)
Gain in dB
20 dB/ dec
Corner plot
Log w

w
o
90
Corner frequency
= tan
-1
(w/w
o
)
Log w
0 1 w
45
90
Log w
0.1 w
o
~10 w
o
M it d d h Magnitude and phase
wo
jw
+ 1
Bits, pilani
1 / [1+ j ( / )] 1 / [1+ j (w/w
o
)]
Gain in dB
Log w
w
o
= -tan
-1
(w/w
o
)

20 dB/ dec
(
o
)
Log w ~0.1 w
o
-45
~10 w
o
-90
Using Matlab For Frequency Response
Instruction:
We can use Matlab to run the frequency response for the
Instruction:
We can use Matlab to run the frequency response for the
previous example. We place the transfer function in the
form:
] 500 501 [
] 50000 5000 [
) 500 ( ) 1 (
) 10 ( 5000
2
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
s s
s
s s
s
The Matlab Program
num = [5000 50000];
den = [1 501 500];
Bode (n m den) Bode (num,den)
Using Matlab For Freq Response
Instruction:
We can use Matlab to run the frequency response for the
Using Matlab For Freq. Response
We can use Matlab to run the frequency response for the
previous example. We place the transfer function in the
form:
] 500 501 [
] 50000 5000 [
) 500 ( ) 1 (
) 10 ( 5000
2
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
s s
s
s s
s
The Matlab Program
num = [5000 50000];
den = [1 501 500];
Bode (num den) Bode (num,den)
Bode Diagrams
40
From: U(1)
)
20
30
40
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
-10
0
10
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
)
;

M
a -10
-20
0
1 10 100 500
P
h
a
-80
-60
-40
T
o
:

Y
(
1
)
) 500 / 1 )( 1 (
) 10 / 1 ( 100
) (
jw jw
jw
jw G
+ +
+
=
Bode for:
Frequency (rad/sec)
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
-100
) 500 / 1 )( 1 ( jw jw + +
q y ( )
) 500 / ( tan ) 1 / ( tan ) 10 / ( tan ) (
1 1 1
e e e e

= Z j G
Initial angle=0
0
and final angle -90
0
Evaluating the frequency
response
Single time constant circuits Single time constant circuits
Vo (s) = 1/ [1+sCR] v
i
(s)
[v
o
./ vi]= K / [1+{s/w
o
}]
Vo (s) = sCR/ [1+sCR] v
i
(s)
[v
o
./ v
i
]= K s / [1+{s/w
o
}]
Bits, pilani
[
o i
] [ {
o
}]
Bits, pilani
Bits, pilani

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