Linear Transformations

Maths-2

Karthik Thiagarajan
n-dimensional vector spaces
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional
𝛽 = { v 1, ⋯ , vn }
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional
𝛽 = { v 1, ⋯ , vn }

T V Rn
: →

T vi ei
( ) =
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional
𝛽 = { v 1, ⋯ , vn }

T V Rn
: →

T vi ei
( ) =
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional v =

𝛽 = { v 1, ⋯ , vn }

T V Rn
: →

T vi ei
( ) =
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional v av
= 1 1 + ⋯ + an vn

𝛽 = { v 1, ⋯ , vn }

T V Rn
: →

T vi ei
( ) =
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional v av
= 1 1 + ⋯ + an vn
Tv Tav
( ) = ( + ⋯ + an vn )

v vn
1 1

𝛽 = { 1, ⋯ , }

T V Rn
: →

T vi ei
( ) =
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional v av
= 1 1 + ⋯ + an vn
Tv Tav
( ) = ( + ⋯ + an vn )

v vn
1 1

Tav T an vn
𝛽 = { 1, ⋯ , }
= ( 1 1) + ⋯ + ( )

T V Rn
: →

T vi ei
( ) =
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional v av
= 1 1 + ⋯ + an vn
Tv Tav
( ) = ( + ⋯ + an vn )

v vn
1 1

Tav T an vn
𝛽 = { 1, ⋯ , }
= ( 1 1) + ⋯ + ( )

=aTv 1 ( 1) + ⋯ + an T vn
( )

T V Rn
: →

T vi ei
( ) =
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional v av
= 1 1 + ⋯ + an vn
Tv Tav
( ) = ( + ⋯ + an vn )

v vn
1 1

Tav T an vn
𝛽 = { 1, ⋯ , }
= ( 1 1) + ⋯ + ( )

=aTv 1 ( 1) + ⋯ + an T vn
( )

T V Rn
: → =ae 1 1 + ⋯ + an en
T vi ei
( ) =
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional v av
= 1 1 + ⋯ + an vn
Tv Tav
( ) = ( + ⋯ + an vn )

v vn
1 1

Tav T an vn
𝛽 = { 1, ⋯ , }
= ( 1 1) + ⋯ + ( )

=aTv 1 ( 1) + ⋯ + an T vn
( )

T V Rn
: → =ae 1 1 + ⋯ + an en
a
T vi ei
( ) =
1

an
= ⋮
n-dimensional vector spaces
V is n dimensional v av an vn
T is injective
= 1 1 + ⋯ +

Tv Tav
( ) = ( + ⋯ + an vn )

v vn
1 1

Tav T an vn
𝛽 = { 1, ⋯ , }
= ( 1 1) + ⋯ + ( )

=aTv 1 ( 1) + ⋯ + an T vn
( )

T V Rn
: → =ae 1 1 + ⋯ + an en
a T is surjective
T vi ei
( ) =
1

an
= ⋮
n-dimensional vector spaces
Tv
( ) = 0 ⟹ ai = 0 ⟹ v = 0

V is n dimensional v av an vn
T is injective
= 1 1 + ⋯ +

Tv Tav
( ) = ( + ⋯ + an vn )

v vn
1 1

Tav T an vn
𝛽 = { 1, ⋯ , }
= ( 1 1) + ⋯ + ( )

=aTv 1 ( 1) + ⋯ + an T vn
( )

T V Rn
: → =ae 1 1 + ⋯ + an en
a T is surjective
T vi ei
( ) =
1

an
= ⋮
n-dimensional vector spaces
Tv
( ) = 0 ⟹ ai = 0 ⟹ v = 0

V is n dimensional v av an vn
T is injective
= 1 1 + ⋯ +

Tv Tav
( ) = ( + ⋯ + an vn )

v vn
1 1

𝛽 = { 1, ⋯ , }
Tav T an vn a a
R Tv
n
= ( 1 1
1 1) + ⋯ + ( )

an an
⋮ ∈ ⟹ ( ) = ⋮

=aTv 1 ( 1) + ⋯ + an T vn
( )

T V Rn
: → =ae + ⋯ + an en for v a v
= 1 1 an vn
+ ⋯ +
1 1

a T is surjective
T vi ei
( ) =
1

an
= ⋮
n-dimensional vector spaces
Tv
( ) = 0 ⟹ ai = 0 ⟹ v = 0

V is n dimensional v av an vn
T is injective
= 1 1 + ⋯ +

Tv Tav
( ) = ( + ⋯ + an vn )

v vn
1 1

𝛽 = { 1, ⋯ , }
Tav T an vn a a
R Tv
n
= ( 1 1
1 1) + ⋯ + ( )

an an
⋮ ∈ ⟹ ( ) = ⋮

=aTv 1 ( 1) + ⋯ + an T vn
( )

T V Rn
: → =ae + ⋯ + an en for v a v
= 1 1 an vn
+ ⋯ +
1 1

a T is surjective
T vi ei
( ) =
1

an
= ⋮

• T is an isomorphism
• V and R n are isomorphic
Matrix Vector Product
Matrix Vector Product

x y z
1 4 7 1 4 7

2 , 5 , 8 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9 3 6 9
Matrix Vector Product

x y z
1 4 7 1 4 7

2 , 5 , 8 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9 3 6 9

x
y
1 4 7

z
2 5 8

3 6 9
Matrix Vector Product

x y z
1 4 7 1 4 7

2 , 5 , 8 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9 3 6 9

x x y z
y x y z
1 4 7 +4 +7

z x y z
2 5 8 = 2 +5 +8

3 6 9 3 +6 +9
Matrix Vector Product

x y z
1 4 7 1 4 7

2 , 5 , 8 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9 3 6 9

x x y z
y x y z
1 4 7 +4 +7

z x y z
2 5 8 = 2 +5 +8

3 6 9 3 +6 +9

x y z
1 4 7

= 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9
Matrix Vector Product

x y z
1 4 7 1 4 7

2 , 5 , 8 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9 3 6 9

x x y z
y x y z
1 4 7 +4 +7

z x y z
2 5 8 = 2 +5 +8

3 6 9 3 +6 +9

x y z
1 4 7

= 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9
Matrix Vector Product

xi R ci R m
∈ ∈

x y z
1 4 7 1 4 7

2 , 5 , 8 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9 3 6 9

x x y z
y x y z
1 4 7 +4 +7

z x y z
2 5 8 = 2 +5 +8

3 6 9 3 +6 +9

x y z
1 4 7

= 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9
Matrix Vector Product

xi R ci R m
∈ ∈

x y z
1 4 7 1 4 7

2 , 5 , 8 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9 3 6 9

x
xc xn cn c cn
| | 1

xn
1 1 + ⋯ + = 1 ⋯ ⋮

| |

x x y z
y x y z
1 4 7 +4 +7

z x y z
2 5 8 = 2 +5 +8

3 6 9 3 +6 +9

x y z
1 4 7

= 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9
Matrix Vector Product

xi R ci R m
∈ ∈

x y z
1 4 7 1 4 7

2 , 5 , 8 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9 3 6 9

x
xc xn cn c cn
| | 1

xn
1 1 + ⋯ + = 1 ⋯ ⋮

| |

x x y z
y x y z
1 4 7 +4 +7

z x y z
2 5 8 = 2 +5 +8

3 6 9 3 +6 +9
Every linear combination can be written
as a matrix-vector product
x y z
1 4 7

= 2 + 5 + 8

3 6 9
Ordered Basis

0 1 0

-
𝛾 = 1 , 0 , 0

1 1 1
Ordered Basis

0 1 0

-
𝛾 = 1 , 0 , 0

1 1 1

0
Ordered Basis

0 1 0

-
𝛾 = 1 , 0 , 0

1 1 1

x y z
1 0 1 0

-
0 = 1 + 0 + 0

0 1 1 1
Ordered Basis

0 1 0

-
𝛾 = 1 , 0 , 0

1 1 1

x y z
1 0 1 0

-
0 = 1 + 0 + 0

0 1 1 1

x
y
0 1 0

- z
= 1 0 0

1 1 1
Ordered Basis
x
y
0 1 0 1

- z
1 0 0 = 0

1 1 1 0
0 1 0

-
𝛾 = 1 , 0 , 0

1 1 1

x y z
1 0 1 0

-
0 = 1 + 0 + 0

0 1 1 1

x
y
0 1 0

- z
= 1 0 0

1 1 1
Ordered Basis
x
y
0 1 0 1

- z
1 0 0 = 0

1 1 1 0
0 1 0

𝛾 =

-
1 , 0 , 0
x
y
0
1 1 1

z -
⟹ = 1

x y z
1 0 1 0

-
0 = 1 + 0 + 0

0 1 1 1

x
y
0 1 0

- z
= 1 0 0

1 1 1
Ordered Basis
x
y
0 1 0 1

- z
1 0 0 = 0

1 1 1 0
0 1 0

𝛾 =

-
1 , 0 , 0
x
y
0
1 1 1

z -
⟹ = 1

x y z
1 0 1 0

- -
0 = 1 + 0 + 0 1 0 1 0

-
0 1 1 1 0 = 0⋅ 1 +1⋅ 0 +( 1) ⋅ 0

x
0 1 1 1

y
0 1 0

- z
= 1 0 0

1 1 1
Ordered Basis
x
y
0 1 0 1

- z
1 0 0 = 0

1 1 1 0
0 1 0

𝛾 =

-
1 , 0 , 0
x
y
0
1 1 1

z -
⟹ = 1

x y z
1 0 1 0

- -
0 = 1 + 0 + 0 1 0 1 0

-
0 1 1 1 0 = 0⋅ 1 +1⋅ 0 +( 1) ⋅ 0

x
0 1 1 1

y
0 1 0

- z
= 1 0 0
𝛾
1 1 1 1 0

-
0 = 1

0 1
Ordered Basis

𝛾 = v 1, ⋯ , vn

v
Ordered Basis
v av
= 1 1 + ⋯ + an vn
V

𝛾 = v 1, ⋯ , vn

v
Ordered Basis
v av
= 1 1 + ⋯ + an vn
V

a
v vn v
1
𝛾
𝛾 = 1, ⋯ ,

an
[ ] = ⋮

v
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V n-dimensional
𝛽 = v vn
1, ⋯ ,

W m-dimensional
w wm
𝛾 = 1, ⋯ ,
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V n-dimensional
𝛽 = v vn1, ⋯ ,

W m-dimensional
𝛾 = w wm 1, ⋯ ,

TV W: →

Tu v Tu Tv
T cu c T u
( + ) = ( )+ ( )

( ) = ⋅ ( )
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V n-dimensional
𝛽 = v vn1, ⋯ ,

W m-dimensional
𝛾 = w wm 1, ⋯ ,

TV W: →

Tu v Tu Tv
T cu c T u
( + ) = ( )+ ( )

( ) = ⋅ ( )
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V n-dimensional
v vn a
v v av an vn
1
𝛽 = 1, ⋯ , 𝛽

an
[ ] = ⋮ ⟹ = 1 1 + ⋯ +

W m-dimensional
𝛾 = w wm 1, ⋯ ,

TV W: →

Tu v Tu Tv
T cu c T u
( + ) = ( )+ ( )

( ) = ⋅ ( )
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V n-dimensional
v vn a
v v av an vn
1
𝛽 = 1, ⋯ , 𝛽

an
[ ] = ⋮ ⟹ = 1 1 + ⋯ +

W m-dimensional
𝛾 = w wm 1, ⋯ ,
Tv Tav
( ) = ( 1 1 + ⋯ + an vn )

TV W: →
Tav = ( 1 1) + ⋯ + T an vn
( )

aTv = ( 1) + ⋯ + an T vn ( )

Tu v Tu Tv
1

T cu c T u
( + ) = ( )+ ( )

( ) = ⋅ ( )
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

Tv
( 1)
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

Tv
( 1) = aw
11 1 + ⋯ + am wm
1
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

a
Tv aw am wm Tv
11
𝛾

am
( 1) = 11 1 + ⋯ + 1 ⟹ [ ( 1 )] = ⋮

1
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

a
Tv aw am wm Tv
11
𝛾

am
( 1) = 11 1 + ⋯ + 1 ⟹ [ ( 1 )] = ⋮

ai
⋮

T vi a i w amiwm T vi
1
𝛾

ami
( ) = 1 1 + ⋯ + ⟹ [ ( )] = ⋮

an
⋮

T vn a n w amnwm T vn
1
𝛾

amn
( ) = 1 1 + ⋯ + ⟹ [ ( )] = ⋮
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

a
Tv aw am wm Tv
11
𝛾

am
( 1) = 11 1 + ⋯ + 1 ⟹ [ ( 1 )] = ⋮

Tv T vn
| |
1 𝛾 𝛾
[ ( 1 )] ⋯ [ ( )]

ai
⋮
| |

T vi a i w amiwm T vi
1
𝛾

ami
( ) = 1 1 + ⋯ + ⟹ [ ( )] = ⋮

an
⋮

T vn a n w amnwm T vn
1
𝛾

amn
( ) = 1 1 + ⋯ + ⟹ [ ( )] = ⋮
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

a
Tv aw am wm Tv
11
𝛾

am
( 1) = 11 1 + ⋯ + 1 ⟹ [ ( 1 )] = ⋮

T Tv T vn
| |
𝛾
1 𝛾 𝛾
[ ]𝛽 = [ ( 1 )] ⋯ [ ( )]

ai
⋮
| |

T vi a i w amiwm T vi
1
𝛾

ami
( ) = 1 1 + ⋯ + ⟹ [ ( )] = ⋮

an
⋮

T vn a n w amnwm T vn
1
𝛾

amn
( ) = 1 1 + ⋯ + ⟹ [ ( )] = ⋮
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

a
Tv aw am wm Tv
11
𝛾

am
( 1) = 11 1 + ⋯ + 1 ⟹ [ ( 1 )] = ⋮

T Tv T vn
| |
𝛾
1 𝛾 𝛾
[ ]𝛽 = [ ( 1 )] ⋯ [ ( )]

ai
⋮
| |

T vi a i w amiwm T vi
1

( ) = 1 1 + ⋯ + ⟹ [ ( )]
𝛾
=

ami
⋮
m n ×

an
⋮

T vn a n w amnwm T vn
1
𝛾

amn
( ) = 1 1 + ⋯ + ⟹ [ ( )] = ⋮
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

a
Tv aw am wm Tv
11
𝛾

am
( 1) = 11 1 + ⋯ + 1 ⟹ [ ( 1 )] = ⋮

T Tv T vn
| |
𝛾
1 𝛾 𝛾
[ ]𝛽 = [ ( 1 )] ⋯ [ ( )]

ai
⋮
| |

T vi a i w amiwm T vi
1

( ) = 1 1 + ⋯ + ⟹ [ ( )]
𝛾
=

ami
⋮
m n ×

an
⋮

T vn a n w amnwm T vn
1

Tv T v
𝛾

amn
( ) = 1 1 + ⋯ + ⟹ [ ( )] = ⋮
𝛾 𝛾 𝛽
[ ( )] = [ ] [ ]
𝛽
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V , 𝛽 = v v 1, 2

W , 𝛾 = w w w1, 2, 3

T V W
: →

Tv w
T v w -w
( 1) = 1

( 2) = 2 3
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V , 𝛽 = v v 1,

w
2

𝛾
[ 1] =

W , 𝛾 = w w w1, 2, 3

[ w 2]
𝛾
=

T V W
w
: →
𝛾
[ 3] =

Tv w
T v w -w
( 1) = 1

( 2) = 2 3
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V , 𝛽 = v v 1,

w
2
1
𝛾
[ 1] = 0

W , 𝛾 = w w w1, 2, 3

w
0
𝛾
[ 2] = 1

T V W
w
: → 0
𝛾
[ 3] =

Tv w
0

T v w -w
( 1) = 1

( 2) = 2 3
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V , 𝛽 = v v 1,

w
2
1
𝛾
[ 1] = 0

0
T 𝛾

W w w w
[ ]𝛽 =
, 𝛾 = 1, 2, 3

w
0
𝛾
[ 2] = 1

T V W
w
: → 0
𝛾
[ 3] =

Tv w
0

T v w -w
( 1) = 1

( 2) = 2 3
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V , 𝛽 = v v 1,

w
2
1
𝛾
[ 1] = 0

T Tv Tv
| |
0 𝛾

W w w w
𝛾 𝛾
[ ]𝛽 = [ ( 1 )] [ ( 2 )]

, 𝛾 = 1, 2, 3 | |

w
0
𝛾
[ 2] = 1

T V W
w
: → 0
𝛾
[ 3] =

Tv w
0

T v w -w
( 1) = 1

( 2) = 2 3
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V , 𝛽 = v v 1,

w
2
1
𝛾
[ 1] = 0

T Tv Tv
| |
0 𝛾

W w w w
𝛾 𝛾
[ ]𝛽 = [ ( 1 )] [ ( 2 )]

, 𝛾 = 1, 2, 3 | |

w
0
𝛾
[ 2] = 1
1 0
0

-
= 0 1

T V W 0 1

w
: → 0
𝛾
[ 3] =

Tv w
0

T v w -w
( 1) = 1

( 2) = 2 3
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V , 𝛽 = v v v + 2,

w
1 2
1
𝛾
[ 1] = 0

W , 𝛾 = w w w 1, 2, 3

w
0
𝛾
[ 2] = 1

T V W
: →
[ w 𝛾
0

3] =

Tv w
0

T v w -w
( 1) = 1

( 2) = 2 3
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V , 𝛽 = v v v + 2,

w
1 2
1
𝛾
[ 1] = 0

0
T 𝛾

W , 𝛾 = w w w 1, 2, 3
[ ]𝛽

w
0
𝛾
[ 2] = 1

T V W
: →
[ w 𝛾
0

3] =

Tv w
0

T v w -w
( 1) = 1

( 2) = 2 3
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V , 𝛽 = v v v + 2,

w
1 2
1
𝛾
[ 1] = 0

T Tv v Tv
| |
0 𝛾

W w w w
𝛾 𝛾
[ ]𝛽 = [ ( 1 + 2 )] [ ( 2 )]

, 𝛾 = 1, 2, 3
| |

w
0
𝛾
[ 2] = 1

0
=

T V W
: →
[ w 𝛾
0

3] =

Tv w
0

T v w -w
( 1) = 1

( 2) = 2 3
Matrix of a Linear Transformation

V , 𝛽 = v v v + 2,

w
1 2
1
𝛾
[ 1] = 0

T Tv v Tv
| |
0 𝛾

W w w w
𝛾 𝛾
[ ]𝛽 = [ ( 1 + 2 )] [ ( 2 )]

, 𝛾 = 1, 2, 3
| |

w
0
𝛾
[ 2] = 1
1 0
0

- -
= 1 1

T V W
: →
[ w 𝛾
0
1 1

3] =

Tv w
0

T v w -w
( 1) = 1

( 2) = 2 3
Matrix ↔ Linear Transformation

a an
M aij
11 ⋯ 1

= ⋮ ⋮

am amn
1 ⋯

c cn
| |

= 1 ⋯

| |
Matrix ↔ Linear Transformation

Rn
, 𝛽: standard ordered basis
a an Rm
M aij
11 ⋯ 1

= ⋮ ⋮
, 𝛾: standard ordered basis
am amn
1 ⋯

T Rn Rm
c cn
| | : →

= 1 ⋯

T ei ci
| |

( ) =
Change of Basis | 𝛽→𝛾

𝛽 = v 1, ⋯ , vn

u
𝛽1
𝛽
[ ] = ⋮

𝛽 n

u
𝛾1

w wn
𝛾
[ ] = ⋮
𝛾 = 1, ⋯ ,
𝛾 n
Change of Basis | 𝛽→𝛾

𝛽 = v 1, ⋯ , vn

v
[ ]
𝛾
= v
[ ]
𝛽

𝛾 = w 1, ⋯ , wn
Change of Basis | 𝛽→𝛾

𝛽 = v 1, ⋯ , vn

v
[ ]
𝛾
I v
𝛾
= [ ]𝛽 [ ]
𝛽

𝛾 = w 1, ⋯ , wn
Change of Basis | 𝛽→𝛾

1 0 1

-
𝛽 = 0 , 1 , 1

1 0 1

x
u 𝛽
y
z
[ ] =

p
0 1 0
u 𝛾
q
r
[ ] =

-
𝛾 = 1 , 0 , 0

1 1 1
Change of Basis | 𝛽→𝛾

𝛾
1 0

- -
0 = 1
1 0 1
1 2

-
𝛽 = 0 , 1 , 1

1 0 1 𝛾
0 1

1 = 0

0 1

0 1 0

-
𝛾 = 1 , 0 , 0 𝛾
1 1
1 1 1
1 = 1

1 1
Change of Basis |
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾

𝛽→𝛾 1 0 0 1 1 1

- -
0 = 1 , 1 = 0 , 1 = 1

1 2 0 1 1 1

1 0 1

𝛽 =

-
0

1
, 1

0
, 1

1
v
[ ]
𝛾
I v
𝛾
= [ ]𝛽 [ ]
𝛽

0 1 0

-
𝛾 = 1 , 0 , 0

1 1 1
Change of Basis |
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾

𝛽→𝛾 1 0 0 1 1 1

- -
0 = 1 , 1 = 0 , 1 = 1

1 2 0 1 1 1

1 0 1

𝛽 =

-
0

1
, 1

0
, 1

1
v
[ ]
𝛾
I v
𝛾
= [ ]𝛽 [ ]
𝛽

v
0 1 1
𝛽

-
0 1 0 = 1 0 1 [ ]

-
𝛾 = 1 , 0 , 0 2 1 1

1 1 1
Change of Basis |
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾

𝛽→𝛾 1 0 0 1 1 1

- -
0 = 1 , 1 = 0 , 1 = 1

1 2 0 1 1 1

1 0 1

𝛽 =

-
0

1
, 1

0
, 1

1
v
[ ]
𝛾
I v
𝛾
= [ ]𝛽 [ ]
𝛽

v
0 1 1
𝛽

-
0 1 0 = 1 0 1 [ ]

-
𝛾 = 1 , 0 , 0 2 1 1

p x
1 1 1

q y
0 1 1

r - z
= 1 0 1

2 1 1
Change of Basis | 𝛾→𝛽

p x
q y
0 1 1

r - z
= 1 0 1

2 1 1
Change of Basis | 𝛾→𝛽

-
p x 1
p x
q y q y
0 1 1 0 1 1

- r z
=

r - z
= 1 0 1 1 0 1

2 1 1 2 1 1
Change of Basis | 𝛾→𝛽

- x p
p x 1
p x
q y y - - q
0.5 0 0.5

q y
0 1 1 0 1 1

z - r
=

- r z
= 1.5 1 0.5

r - z
= 1 0 1 1 0 1

2 1 1 2 1 1 0.5 1 0.5
Change of Basis | 𝛾→𝛽

- x p
p x 1
p x
q y y - - q
0.5 0 0.5

q y
0 1 1 0 1 1

z - r
=

- r z
= 1.5 1 0.5

r - z
= 1 0 1 1 0 1

2 1 1 2 1 1 0.5 1 0.5

v
[ ]
𝛾
I v
𝛾
= [ ] [ ]
𝛽
𝛽 v
[ ]
𝛽
I v
𝛽
= [ ]𝛾 [ ]
𝛾
Change of Basis | 𝛾→𝛽

- x p
p x 1
p x
q y y - - q
0.5 0 0.5

q y
0 1 1 0 1 1

z - r
=

- r z
= 1.5 1 0.5

r - z
= 1 0 1 1 0 1

2 1 1 2 1 1 0.5 1 0.5

v
[ ]
𝛾
I v
𝛾
= [ ] [ ]
𝛽
𝛽 v
[ ]
𝛽
I v
𝛽
= [ ]𝛾 [ ]
𝛾

-
[ ]𝛾I 𝛽
1

= [ ]I 𝛾

𝛽
Change of Basis | Linear Transformation

TV V : →

𝛽 = v 1, ⋯ , vn

𝛾 = w 1, ⋯ , wn

[ T]
𝛽

𝛽
Change of Basis | Linear Transformation

TV V : →
[ T
]
𝛾

𝛽
I T
𝛾
= [ ] [
𝛽
]
𝛽

𝛽 = v 1, ⋯ , vn

𝛾 = w 1, ⋯ , wn

[ T]
𝛽

𝛽
Change of Basis | Linear Transformation

TV V : →
[ T ]
𝛾

𝛽
I T
𝛾
= [ ] [
𝛽
]
𝛽

𝛽 = v 1, ⋯ , vn
[ T 𝛽
]𝛾 = [ T I𝛽
] [ ]𝛾
𝛽

w wn
𝛽
𝛾 = 1, ⋯ ,

[ T]
𝛽

𝛽
Change of Basis | Linear Transformation

TV V : →
[ T ]
𝛾

𝛽
I T
𝛾
= [ ] [
𝛽
]
𝛽

𝛽 = v 1, ⋯ , vn
[ T 𝛽
]𝛾 = [ T I𝛽
] [ ]𝛾
𝛽

w wn
𝛽
𝛾 = 1, ⋯ ,

[ T]
𝛽

𝛽
[ T 𝛾
]𝛾 = [ ] [ I T I
𝛾

𝛽
𝛽
] [ ]𝛾
𝛽
𝛽