Maths-2 | Live Session | Week-2

Karthik Thiagarajan

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2. 4
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8. 11
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11. 14
12. 15
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14. 17
15. 19
16. 20
17. 21
18. 22
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27. 31
1.
When is a matrix said to be in row echelon form? When is it said to be in
reduced row echelon form?

A matrix is in row echelon form if:

Condition-1: all zero rows appear at the bottom of the matrix

Condition-2: the first non-zero entry in a non-zero row is called the
leading entry and this should be 1
Condition-3: the leading entry in every non-zero row should come to the
right of the leading entry in the previous row

Let us go through some examples:

A
0 2 5

= 5 1 0

0 0 3

• A is not in row echelon form.

• 2, 5, 3 are the leading entries in the first three rows respectively.
• Condition-2 is violated.

B
0 1 5

= 1 1 0

0 0 1

• Bis not in row echelon form

• Condition-3 is violated.

C
0 1 5

= 0 1 0

0 0 1

• C
is not in row echelon form
• Condition-3 is violated.

D
0 1 5

= 0 0 0

0 0 1

• Dis not in row echelon form

• Condition-1 is violated.

E
0 1 5

= 0 0 1

0 0 0

• E is in row echelon form

A matrix is in reduced row echelon form:

Condition-1: It is in row echelon form

Condition-2: For every column that contains a leading entry, all elements
other than the leading entry should be 0.

1
A 1
0 2

1
0 4

0 0

• A is in row echelon form.

• A is not in reduced row echelon form.

B
1 0 0

= 0 1 0

0 0 1

• B is in reduced row echelon form.

1
1
1 0 1

C=
0

0
0

0 0
0

0 0 0 0

• C is in reduced row echelon form.

NOTE: IF A MATRIX IS IN ROW ECHELON FORM IT DOESN'T MEAN THAT IT SHOULD
HAVE A ZERO ROW. IF A MATRIX HAS A ZERO ROW AND IS IN ROW ECHELON FORM
THEN THAT ROW SHOULD COME AT THE BOTTOM.
2.
Which of the following matrices are in row echelon form and which are in
reduced row echelon form?

- 1
A B C 1 D
0 1 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0

= 1 0 1 , = 0 0 1 , = 0 0 , = 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1
E F 1 G 1 H
0 1 3 1 0 0 3 1 0 0

1
= 0 1 1 , = 0 0 , = 0 0 , = 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

I J K
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

-
= 0 1 0 , = 0 0 1 , = 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Row echelon form

Matrix Row-echelon form Reduced row echelon
form

A No No

B No No

C Yes Yes

D Yes Yes

E No No

F Yes No

G Yes No

H Yes Yes

I Yes Yes

J Yes Yes

K No No
3.
- 3 1 - 3

Compute the reduced row echelon form for the matrix 6 8 6 .

2 1 2

Forward elimination

Elementary row operations:

• swapping rows: R 1
↔ 5
R
– swaps the sign of the determinant
• scaling a row by a non-zero constant: 2
R →4 R 2

– scales the determinant by this value

• adding a multiple of another row to a given row R R 1
→ 1
+3 R 2

– leaves the determinant unchanged

First attempt:
- 3 1 - 3
R R - 1 - 1/3 1

2
8

1
6

2
⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ 1 → 1 /( 3)
6

2
8

1
6

1 - 1/3 1
R R-R 1 - 1/3 1

⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ 2 → 2 3 3

6 8 6 0 5 0

2 1 2 2 1 2

1 - 1/3 1
R R 1 - 1/3 1

⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ 2 → 2 /5

0 5 0 0 1 0

2 1 2 2 1 2

1 - 1/3 1
R R-R 1 - 1/3 1

⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ 3 → 3 2 1

0 1 0 0 1 0

2 1 2 0 5/3 0

1 - 1/3 1 R 3
R 1 - 1/3 1

⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫
3 → 3
5
0 1 0 0 1 0

0 5/3 0 0 1 0

1 - 1/3 1
R R -R 1 - 1/3 1

⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ 3 → 3 2

0 1 0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0 0 0

- R R R 1
1
⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ 1
1 1/3 1 1 → 1+ 2
0 1
3
0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

Second Attempt:

- 3 1 - 3
R R R - 3 1 - 3

⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫
2 → 2 +2 1

6 8 6 0 10 0

2 1 2 2 1 2
 - 3 1 - 3
R R - 6 2 - 6

⏪⏪⏪⏪
R R⏫
3 →3 3

0 10 0 0 10 0
1 →2 1

2 1 2 6 3 6

- 6 2 - 6
R R R - 6 2 - 6

⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫
3 → 3+ 1

0 10 0 0 10 0

6 3 6 0 5 0

- 6 2 - 6
R R - 1 - 1/3 1

0
10

5
0

0
⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫
1 → 1 /( 6)
0

0
10

5
0

1- 1/3 1
R R 1 - 1/3 1

⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫
2 → 2 /10

0 10 0 0 1 0

0 5 0 0 5 0

1 - 1/3 1
R -R - R 1 - 1/3 1

⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫
3 3 5 2

0 1 0 0 1 0

0 5 0 0 0 0

1 - 1/3 1
R R R 1 0 1

⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ 1 → 1+ 2 /3

0 1 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
4.
Solve for x given the following system:
-
A 0 b
1 1 1 1

00
= 1 1 , = 2

1 3

Backward substitution:

- x
0 y
1 1 1 1

00 z
1 1 = 2

1 3

• Start from the last equation

– z= 3

• Go to the penultimate (last but one) equation:

– y z
– y -
+ = 2

= 1

• Go to the first equation:

– x y-z
– x z- y --
+ = 1

= 1+ = 1+3 ( 1) = 5

-
5

The solution is 1 .
3
5.
Compute the augmented matrix for the following system of equations.

x x -x
x x -
1 +2 1 3 = 1

2 + = 1

x x
1 3

1
+ 2
= 5

-
A b -
1 2 1 1

= 2 0 1 , = 1

1 1 0 5

-
Ab -
1 2 1 1

[ | ] = 2 0 1 1

1 1 0 5
6.
Solve the following system using Gaussian elimination:

x -x
x x
2 1 2 = 3

1
+3 2
= 5

Gaussian elimination
• Forward elimination (row echelon form)
• Backward substitution

[ A b | ] =
2 - 1 | 3

1 3 | 5

2 - 1 | 3
⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ -
R R 1 → 1 /2 1 0.5 | 1.5

1 3 | 5 1 3 | 5

1 - 0.5 | 1.5
⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ -
R R -R
2 → 2 1 1 0.5 | 1.5

1 3 | 5 0 3.5 | 3.5

1 - 0.5 | 1.5
⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ -
R -R 2 2 /3.5 1 0.5 | 1.5

0 3.5 | 3.5 0 1 | 1

1 - 0.5 | 1.5 R R
⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ 1 → 1 +0.5 R 2 1 0 | 2

0 1 | 1 0 1 | 1

x 1 = 2, x 2 = 1
7.
Solve the following system using Gaussian elimination:

x -x x
x x -x -
3 1 2 + 3 = 11

+3 = 1

x x-x
1 2 3

2 1
+ 2
2 3
= 3

-
A b - -
3 1 1 | 11

[ | ] =

-
1 3 1 | 1

2 1 2 | 3

1
A b 1 -
0 0 | 3

1
[ | ] = 0 0 | 1

0 0 | 1

x 1 = 3, x 2 = - x 1, 3 = 1
8.
Let [ Ab | ] denote the augmented matrix of the following system:

x x
x x
2 1 + 2 = 3

+3 = 4

p
1 2

where A =
2 1
and b =
3
. Let the matrix
1 0 |

q be the reduced row

p, q and use that to solve

1 3 4 0 1 |

echelon form of the augmented matrix. Compute

for x 1 and x.
2

HOMEWORK
9.
Does the following system of equations have a solution?

- - -
b -
1 0 4 4 1

A =
1

0
0

0 - -
2

3
2

3
, =
1
1

6 0 3 3 0

NOTE: Looking at it as a system of equations, we could have just removed

the second column since all entries are zero.

- - -
-
1 0 4 4 | 1

[ A b | ] =
1

0
0

0 - -
2

3
2

3
|

| 1
1

6 0 3 3 | 0

- - - -
- ⏪⏪⏪⏪ -
1 0 4 4 | 1 1 0 4 4 | 1
R -R
1 0

- -
2 2 | 1
⏫ 1 0

- -
2 2 | 1
1 → 1

0 0 3 3 | 1 0 0 3 3 | 1

6 0 3 3 | 0 6 0 3 3 | 0

- -
- ⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪ - -
1 0 4 4 | 1 1 0 4 4 | 1
R R -R
- - ⏫ - -
1 0 2 2 | 1 2 → 2 1 0 0 2 2 | 0

0 0 3 3 | 1 0 0 3 3 | 1

6 0 3 3 | 0 6 0 3 3 | 0

- -
- - - -
1 0 4 4 | 1 1 0 4 4 | 1
R R R
- - ⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ - -
0 0 2 2 | 0 4 → 4+ 3 0 0 2 2 | 0

0 0 3 3 | 1 0 0 3 3 | 1

6 0 3 3 | 0 6 0 0 0 | 1

- -
- - - -
1 0 4 4 | 1 1 0 0 0 | 1
R R R
- - ⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ - -
0 0 2 2 | 0 1 → 1 +2 2 0 0 2 2 | 0

0 0 3 3 | 1 0 0 3 3 | 1

6 0 0 0 | 1 6 0 0 0 | 1

- -
- - - -
1 0 0 0 | 1 1 0 0 0 | 1
R R-R
- - ⏪⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ - -
0 0 2 2 | 0 4 → 4 6 1 0 0 2 2 | 0

0 0 3 3 | 1 0 0 3 3 | 1

6 0 0 0 | 1 0 0 0 0 | 7

0 x 1 +0 x 2 +0 x 3 +0 x 4 = 7

NOTE: if the last column of the augmented matrix after row reduction has a
leading entry, then that system cannot have a solution.
10.
Consider the system of equations given below:

-x x x
x x-x -
1 + 2 +2 3 = 1

2 + 2 = 1

x cx d
1 2 3

3 + =

c d
2 3

For what values of and does the system have:

• unique solution
• infinitely many solutions
• no solutions

-
A b - -
1 1 2 1

[ | ] =

c d
2 1 2 1

0 3

- - - -
- - - -
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1

c d c d
2 1 2 1 → 2 1 2 1

0 3 0 3

- - - - - -
- -
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1

c d c d
2 1 2 1 → 0 3 2 1

0 3 0 3

1 - - - 1 2 1 1 - - 1 2 - 1

c d c- d-
0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1

0 3 0 0 2 1

Unique Solution

When c ≠ 2 we have a unique solution.

- - - c- z d -
y z z dc--
1 1 2 1 ( 2) = 1
1

c- d- x- y - z -
0 3 2 1 ⟹ 3 +2 = 1 ⟹ =
2
0 0 2 1 2 = 1

y 1
-z d- 1 2 1
=
3
(1 2 ) =
c- 3
⋅
2

x =⋯

No solution

c = 2, d ≠ 1

Infinitely many

c = 2, d = 1
11.
Find all solutions to the following system:

A b
1 0 1 1

= 0 1 1 , = 2

0 0 0 0

Dependent and independent variables: look at the columns that contain

leading entries. Each column corresponds to a variable. The variables that
are associated with leading entries are dependent variables. The rest are
independent variables.

xyz
1
1
0 1

0 1

0 0 0

Dependent variables: xy
Independent variable: z
,

b
1 0 1 1

0 1 1 , = 2

0 0 0 0

z t
y z y -t
=

x z x -t
+ = 2 ⟹ = 2

+ = 1 ⟹ = 1

All possible solutions

x = 1 -t y , = 2 -t z t
, =

There are infinitely many solutions. Some sample solutions are listed
below:

• (1, 2, 0)

• (0, 1, 1)
• ...
12.
Find all solutions to the following system:

x x x
x x x
2 1 +3 2 +2 2 = 0

+2 + = 0

x x x
1 2 3

1
+ 2
+ 3
= 0

1
1
2 3 2 0 1

1 2 1 → 0 0

1 1 1 0 0 0

z t
y
=

x -t
= 0

{( -t t t R
, 0, ) | ∈ } is the set of all solutions.
13.
Find all solutions to the following system:

1 1 0 2 1

A =
0

0
0

0
1

0
3

0
, b =
1

0 0 0 0 0

Finding dependent variables:

(1) Identify leading entries
(2) Identify the column in which the leading entry appears

x1 x x3 x
1
2 4
1

1
1 0 2
1
0 0 3 ,
0
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 0

• x x are dependent
• x x
1
, 3

2
, 4
are independent

x t
x x x -t
4 = 1

+3 = 1 ⟹ = 1 3

x t
3 4 3 1

x x x x -x - x -t - t
2 2

1 + 2 +2 4 = 1 ⟹ 1 = 1 2 2 4 = 1 2 2 1

x 1 - t -t
2

x t
1 1 2

x -t
2 2
=
1 3

x t
3 1

4 1
14.
Find the inverse of the following matrix:

A
1 2 1

= 1 3 1

2 4 3

1 2 1 1 0 0

1 3 1 0 1 0

2 4 3 0 0 1

-
1 2 1 1 0 0

0 1 0 1 1 0

2 4 3 0 0 1

-
1 2 1 1 0 0

-
0 1 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 2 0 1

-
-
1 0 1 3 2 0

-
0 1 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 2 0 1

- -
-
1 0 0 5 2 1

-
0 1 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 2 0 1

- -
A B -
1 2 1 5 2 1

-
= 1 3 1 , = 1 1 0

2 4 3 2 0 1
WE DID NOT GET TIME TO DISCUSS THE REMAINING PROBLEMS. JUST ADDING THEM
HERE. MOST OF THEM ARE ACTIVITY QUESTIONS.
15.
Suppose for a real 3×3 matrix A, there exists a real 3×3 matrix P such
that D PAP-
1
is a real diagonal matrix. What is the relationship
A and D? Are A and D equal?
= 3×3

between

-
D P P-
1 1 1 1 1
1
= 2 , = 1 , = 1

3 1 1

-
A P- DP
1 2
1
= = 2

3
16.
If AB = 0 then what can you say about the determinants of A and B?
17.
Let A aij
= [ ] be the matrix of order 3 where aij i j. Find det A .
= × ( )
18.
2013 2014 2015

Compute the determinant of 2016 2017 2022 .

2019 2020 2021
19.
Let A be a 3×3 matrix given by C C C where C i represents the i th
column of A. Compute the determinant of C C C C C C in
1 2 3

+ + +

terms of the determinant of A.

1 2 2 3 3 1
20.
a
Ax b where A a
1 0

Consider the system of linear equations and

a
= = 1 2

1 0

b
1

= 0 .

a will this system have a unique solution?

0

• For what values of

x 1

• If is the unique solution of this equation, what is the value

x
0

a?
2

of
21.
1 0 0

Find the inverse of 2 2 0 .

3 3 3
22.
If A is invertible, find the inverse of k A.
⋅
23.
If A is invertible find the inverse of adj A .
( )
24.
When is a diagonal matrix invertible? Compute the inverse of an invertible
diagonal matrix.
25.
Does every 2×2 matrix have an adjugate? If yes, find out the adjugate of
any 2×2 matrix. If not, furnish a counterexample.
26.
Show that a matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is non-
zero.
27.
IfA andB are invertible, then is AB invertible? If yes, find its
inverse? If not, furnish a counter example.