Lux Olympiad semi final

preparation [118 marks]

1a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
evidence of work done equals area between AC and the Volume axis ✓
reasonable method to estimate area giving a value 425 to 450 J ✓
Answer 440 J is given, check for valid working.
Examples of acceptable methods for MP2:
- estimates 17 to18 small squares x 25 J per square = 425 to 450 J.
- 250 J for area below BC plus a triangle of dimensions 5 × 3, 3 × 5, or 4 × 4
small square edges giving 250 J + 187.5 J or 250 J + 200 J.
Accurate integration value is 438 J - if method seen award [2].

1b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
«use of U = 32 nRT and pV = nRT to give»
ΔU = 32 ΔpV ✔
«= 32 × −2.5 × 105 × 1 × 10−3 »
=«–»375«J» ✔
Another method is possible: eg realisation that ΔU for BC has same
magnitude, so ΔU = 3/2 PΔV.

1c. [1 mark]

Markscheme
TA = 816«K» OR 543«°C»✔
1d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
for CA ΔU = 0 so Q = W = −440 «J» ✔
for AB W = 0 so Q = Δ U = −375 «J» ✔
815 «J» transferred to the building ✔
Must use the first law of thermodynamics for MP1 and MP2.

1e. [2 marks]

Markscheme
the temperature changes in the cycle are too large ✔
the cycle takes too long «because it contains an isothermal stage» ✔
energy/power output would be too small ✔

2a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Ek = Ek linear + Ek rotational
OR
Ek = 12 mv2 + 12 Iω2 ✔
2
= 12 mv2 + 1
2 × 25 mr2 × ( vr ) ✔
7
«= 10 mv2 »

Answer is given in the question so check working is correct at each stage.

2b. [3 marks]

Markscheme
7
Initial EK = 10
× 1.50 × 0.52 «=0.26J» ✔
Final EK = 0.26 + 1.5 × 9.81 × 0.45 «=6.88J» ✔
v = «√
10
7
× 6.88
1.5 = »
2.56 «m s–1» ✔

Other solution methods are possible.

3a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1:
PA VA
Pc = PB = VB
✔

2.8×106×1×10−4
= «= 1.00 × 106 Pa» ✔
2.8×10−4

ALTERNATIVE 2:
5 5
2.8 × 106 × 1.00 3 = Pc × 1.85 3 ✔
5

Pc = 2.8 × 106 × 1.00 3

5 «= 1.00 × 106 Pa» ✔
1.85 3
3b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1:
VT
Since TB = TA then Tc = Vc B ✔
B

= 1.85×385
2.8
«= 254.4 K» ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2:
2.80×1.00 1.00×1.85
385
= Tc
«K»✔
1.00×1.85
Tc = 385 × 2.80
«= 254.4 K» ✔

3c. [3 marks]

Markscheme
work done = «pΔV = 1.00 × 106 × (1.85 × 10−4 − 2.80 × 10−4 =» −95 «J» ✔
change in internal energy = « 32 pΔV = − 32 × 95 =» −142.5 «J» ✔
Q = −95 − 142.5 ✔
«−238 J»

Allow positive values.

3d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
net work is 288 −238 = 50 «J» ✔
288−238
efficiency = « 288
=» 0.17 ✔
3e. [1 mark]

Markscheme
along B→C ✔

4a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Γ «= Fr = 50 × 2» = 100 «Nm»
α«= Γ = 100
450
» =0.22 «rads–2»
I

Final value to at least 2 sig figs, OR clear working with substitution required
for mark.
[2 marks]

4b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«ω2t − ω20 = 2αΔθ»
«ω2t− 0 = 2 × 0.22 × 2π»
ωt = 1.7 «rads–1»

Accept BCA, values in the range: 1.57 to 1.70.

[1 mark]
4c. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«L = Iω = 450 × 1.66»
= 750 «kgm2 rads–1»

Accept BCA, values in the range: 710 to 780.

[1 mark]

4d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
«I = 450 + mr2»
I «= 450 + 30 × 22» = 570 «kgm2»
«L = 570 × ω = 747»
ω = 1.3 «rads–1»

Watch for ECF from (a) and (b).

Accept BCA, values in the range: 1.25 to 1.35.
[2 marks]

4e. [2 marks]

Markscheme
moment of inertia will decrease
angular momentum will be constant «as the system is isolated»
«so the angular speed will increase»
[2 marks]
4f. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ωt = 1.66 from bi AND W = ΔEk
W = 12 × 450 × 1.662 – 12 × 570 × 1.312 = 131 «J»

ECF from 8bi

Accept BCA, value depends on the answers in previous questions.
[2 marks]

5a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
an object’s resistance to change in rotational motion
OR
equivalent of mass in rotational equations

OWTTE
[1 mark]

5b. [3 marks]

Markscheme
ΔKE + Δrotational KE = ΔGPE
OR
1 2 1 v2
2 mv + 2 I r2 = mgh

1 2 + 1 × 1.3 × 10–4 × v2
2 × 0.250 × v 2 = 0.250 × 9.81 × 0.36
1.44×10−4
v = 1.2 «m s–1»

[3 marks]
5c. [1 mark]

Markscheme
1.2
ω «= 0.012 » = 100 «rad s–1»

[1 mark]

5d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
force in direction of motion
so linear speed increases
[2 marks]

5e. [2 marks]

Markscheme
force gives rise to anticlockwise/opposing torque on
wheel ✓ so angular speed decreases ✓

OWTTE
[2 marks]

6a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
5 5
500 000 × (2 × 10−3 ) 3 = 100 000 × V 3

V = 5.3 x 10–3 «m3»

Look carefully for correct use of pVγ = constant
6b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
correct vertical and horizontal lines
curve between B and C

Allow tolerance ±1 square for A, B and C

Allow ECF for MP2
Points do not need to be labelled for marking points to be awarded

6c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
use of PV = nRT OR use of P = constant
T
T = «5 x 290 =» 1450 «K»

6d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
area enclosed
work is done by the gas during expansion
OR
work is done on the gas during compression
the area under the expansion is greater than the area under the compression
7a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
M
3
vR
[1 mark]

7b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
evidence of use of: L = Iω = (MR2 + M
3
R2 ) ω
[1 mark]

7c. [1 mark]

Markscheme
evidence of use of conservation of angular momentum, M3vR = 43 MR2 ω
v
«rearranging to get ω = 4R »

[1 mark]

7d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
2
initial KE = M6v
2
final KE = M24v
2
energy loss = M8v

[3 marks]
7e. [1 mark]

Markscheme
3 Γ
α «= 4 M R2
» = 34 0.01 2
0.7×0.5
«to give α = 0.04286 rad s−2»

Working OR answer to at least 3 SF must be shown

[1 mark]

7f. [3 marks]

Markscheme
ω2i
θ= 2α
«from ω2f = ω2i + 2αθ»
v2 2.12
θ «= 32R 2α
= » = 12.8 OR 12.9 «rad»
32×0.52×0.043

number of rotations «= 12.9

2π
» = 2.0 revolutions

[3 marks]

8a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
pressure in a liquid increases with depth
so pressure at bottom of bubble greater than pressure at top
ALTERNATIVE 2
weight of liquid displaced
greater than weight of bubble
[2 marks]
8b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
weight
(= )
V ρag 1.2
bouyancy V ρlg
= ρa
ρl = 1200
= 10−3
since the ratio is very small, the weight can be neglected

Award [1 max] if only mass of the bubble is calculated and identified as

negligible to mass of liquid displaced.
[2 marks]

8c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
evidence of equating the buoyancy and the viscous force «ρl 43 πr3 g = 6πηrvt »
−3 2
vt = « 29 1200×9.81
−3 (0.25 × 10 ) =» 0.16 «ms–1»
1×10
[2 marks]

9a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
v
ωfinal = r
= 31.5 «rad s–1»
ω 31.5
«ω = ωo + αt so» α = t
= 3.98
= 7.91 «rad s–2»
ALTERNATIVE 2
1.89
a= 3.98
= 0.4749 «m s–2»
0.4749
α= a
r
= 0.060
= 7.91 «rad s–2»
Award [1 max] for r = 0.24 mm used giving α = 1.98 «rad s–2».
9b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Γ = 12 MR2 α = 1
2 × 1.22 × 0.2402 × 7.91
= 0.278 «Nm»
At least two significant figures required for MP2, as question is a “Show”.

9c. [4 marks]

Markscheme
i
Γ
FT = r
FT = 4.63 «N»
Allow 5 «N» if Γ= 0.3 Νm is used.

ii
4.63
FT = mg − ma so m = 9.81−0.475
m = 0.496 «kg»
Allow ECF

10a. [6 marks]

Markscheme
(i) rate of change of flux (linkage) leads to induced emf (Faraday);
direction of emf tends to oppose the change (Lenz);
thus emf in one direction as magnet enters and in the opposite direction as it
leaves coil;
magnet going faster so second peak larger;
magnet going faster so width of second peak is less;
Δφ
(ii) attempted use of ε = −N Δ ;
t
recognition that the maximum pd is 0.8 (V);
( Δφ
Δt
0.8
= − 1500 = −) 5.3 × 10−4 (Wbs−1 );
10b. [5 marks]

Markscheme
(i) the value of the direct current (or voltage) that dissipates same power (in a
resistor);
I0
Do not allow etc.
√2
(ii) I0=396 (nA);
V0=I0R=0.59 (V);
(iii) damps oscillation / OWTTE;
dissipation of energy in coil/magnet;

11a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
E = 12 m GrM − GM m
r
= − 12 GM m
r
✔

comparison with V = − GrM ✔

«to give answer»

11b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
«at the position of the planet» the potential depends only on the mass of the
star /does not depend on the radius of the star ✔
the potential will not change and so the energy will not change ✔
ALTERNATIVE 2
r / distance between the centres of the objects / orbital radius remains
unchanged ✔
since ETotal = − 12 GM m
r
, energy will not change ✔
11c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
kQ kq
2 = ✔
(0.600+0.820) 0.8202

Q (0.600+0.820)2
=« = 2.9988 ≈ »3 ✔
q 0.8202

12a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
the «gravitational» force per unit mass exerted on a point/small/test mass
[1 mark]

12b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
at height h potential is V = – GM
(R+h)
GM
field is g =
(R+h)2
«dividing gives answer»

Do not allow an answer that starts with g = – ΔV

Δr
and then cancels the deltas
and substitutes R + h
[2 marks]
12c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
correct shape and sign
non-zero negative vertical intercept

[2 marks]

12d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
V = «–2.2 × (3.1 × 106 + 2.4 × 107) =» «–» 6.0 × 107 J kg–1

Unit is essential
Allow eg MJ kg–1 if power of 10 is correct
Allow other correct SI units eg m 2s–2, N m kg–1
[1 mark]
12e. [3 marks]

Markscheme
total energy at P = 0 / KE gained = GPE lost
« 12 mv2 + mV = 0 ⇒» v = √−2V

v = «√2 × 6.0 × 107 =» 1.1 × 104 «ms–1»

Award [3] for a bald correct answer

Ignore negative sign errors in the workings
Allow ECF from 6(b)
[3 marks]

12f. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
force on asteroid is «6.2 × 1012 × 2.2 =» 1.4 × 1013 «N»
«by Newton’s third law» this is also the force on the planet
ALTERNATIVE 2
mass of planet = 2.4 x 1025 «kg» «from V = – GM »
(R+h)

force on planet « GM m2 » = 1.4 × 1013 «N»

(R+h)

MP2 must be explicit

[2 marks]

13a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
a wave where the displacement of particles/oscillations of particles/movement
of particles/vibrations of particles is parallel to the direction of energy
transfer/wave travel/wave movement
Do not allow “direction of wave”.
13b. [4 marks]

Markscheme
(i)
ALTERNATIVE 1
«distance travelled by wave =» 0.30 m
v =≪ distance =≫ 340ms−1
time
ALTERNATIVE 2
0.882×10−3×1.6
evaluates T = 0.3
«=4.7ms» to give f = 210 or 212 Hz

uses λ=1.6 m with v=fλ to give 340ms–1

(ii)
ALTERNATIVE 1
λ=1.60m
340
f= 1.60 =212 or 213Hz

ALTERNATIVE 2
0.882×10−3×1.6
T= 0.3
«=4.7ms»

F =≪ T1 =≫ 210Hz

13c. [4 marks]

Markscheme
(i)
the displacement of the particle decreases OR «on the graph» displacement is
going in a negative direction OR on the graph the particle goes down
to the left
Do not allow “moving downwards” unless accompanied by reference to graph.
(ii)
molecules to the left of the particle have moved left and those to the right
have moved right
«hence» the particle is at the centre of a rarefaction
 14a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«translational equilibrium demands that the» resultant force in the horizontal
direction must be zero✔
«hence NW = F»
Equality of forces is given, look for reason why.

14b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
«clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments»
50 × 2cos 60 = NW × 4sin 60 ✔
50×2 cos 60
« NW =F = 4 sin 60
»

F = 14.4«N» ✔

14c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
maximum friction force = «0.4 × 50N» = 20«N» ✔
14.4 < 20 AND so will not slip ✔

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