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Cell Cycle

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8 views48 pages

Cell Cycle

Uploaded by

brenestayan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chromatin – DNA and its associated

proteins, of which chromosomes are a


part.

Sister Chromatid – The still


connected copies of a chromosome,
which will be separated into individual
chromosomes during anaphase of
mitosis or anaphase II of meiosis.
Homologous Chromosomes – Pairs
of chromosomes from separate parents
that contain the same genetic
information, which are separated in
anaphase I of meiosis.

Centromere – the point or region on a


chromosome to which the spindle
attaches during mitosis and meiosis also
called kinetochore.
Sister Chromosome – One of
the two new chromosomes
created during DNA replication,
which are now separated from
each other and will soon be in
different cells.
HAVE YOU EVER WATCHED A TADPOLE
TURN INTO AN ADULT FROG?
What do you call that series of developmental
steps that an individual goes through from
birth until the time it reproduces?
Activity : Pour It Out
Directions: Copy and complete the graphic
organizer below. Generate words or phrases that
describe or explain your idea regarding the
concept of cell cycle. Don’t be bothered whether
your idea is scientifically correct or not. Just “pour
out” what’s in your head.
Every living thing undergoes
reproduction. The nutrients taken by
an individual will provide energy for
metabolic processes, for growth
and development as well as for
reproduction.
Growth rates vary widely in
different organisms and even in the
different tissues within an organism.
Prokaryotic cells have similar
structures with eukaryotic cells
but not identical.
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-
bound organelles and
cytoskeleton. Because of these
characteristics, they divide more
rapidly than eukaryotic cells.
A series of events that cells go
through to grow, replicate their
DNA, and divide.
The chromosomes of a cell change
their form as they undergo cell
transitions from one stage to
another in a typical cell cycle.
The cell cycle may be divided into two
stages: the interphase where the
chromosomes are long, and extended,
and the cell division or mitotic
phase where the chromosomes
become condensed or thickened.
Interphase is the interval between two
cell divisions. During this stage, the cell
is not dividing; it merely grows.
The chromosome doubles or
replicates itself because the DNA
molecule contained in the chromosome
produces a precise copy of itself.
Interphase is the interval between two
cell divisions. During this stage, the cell
is not dividing; it obtains nutrients and
metabolizes, grows, replicates its
DNA in preparation for mitosis.
Interphase – The Longest Step

Interphase, the period preceding mitosis, is the longest phase of the cell cycle and has
three distinct sub-stages.

1.G1 Phase (Gap 1): This is the phase right after cell division. Cells increase in size,
produce RNA and synthesize proteins. Importantly, this phase ensures that everything is
in place for DNA synthesis to occur in the next phase.

2.S Phase (Synthesis): During this phase, the cell’s DNA replicates. At the end of the S
phase, each chromosome consists of two chromatids attached at the centromere.

3.G2 Phase (Gap 2): Here, the cell continues growing and prepares for mitosis. It
ensures that all the DNA has been replicated without any errors.
Following mitosis (or as its final step), the cell undergoes
cytokinesis where the cytoplasm divides, creating two
daughter cells.
G0 Phase

The G0 phase is a “resting” phase where the


cell exits the cell cycle and stops dividing.
Some cells, like neurons and muscle cells, enter
this phase semi-permanently and may never
undergo division again.This phase is crucial for:

•Conserving energy and resources in non-


dividing cells.
•Specializing cells for specific functions.
Regulation of the Cell Cycle

Checkpoints tightly regulate the cell cycle to prevent errors.


These checkpoints include:

1.G1 Checkpoint: This checkpoint ensures that the cell has


adequate energy resources, and that the surrounding
environment is favorable for DNA replication. If conditions
aren’t right, the cell can exit to G0 phase.
2. G2 Checkpoint: Before entering mitosis, this checkpoint
confirms that DNA has replicated properly.

3. M Checkpoint (Spindle Assembly Checkpoint): This


checkpoint occurs during metaphase in mitosis and ensures
that all chromosomes properly align and attach to the spindle
fibers.
2. G2 Checkpoint: Before entering mitosis, this checkpoint
confirms that DNA has replicated properly.

3. M Checkpoint (Spindle Assembly Checkpoint): This


checkpoint occurs during metaphase in mitosis and ensures
that all chromosomes properly align and attach to the spindle
fibers.
Deregulation of the cell cycle can have grave
consequences. When the checkpoints fail, it can
result in:

•Cells with incomplete or damaged DNA.


•Uncontrolled cell division.
This uncontrolled division and growth of cells
leads to the formation of tumors. Not all
tumors are malignant, but those that are can
invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of
the body (metastasis), leading to cancer.

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