PART 1:

LIMITS
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
DEFINITION
Differential calculus is a field in mathematics, which study
of how functions change when their inputs change. This rate of
change of a function with respect to a chosen input value (the
independent variable) is called derivative.
 LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
DEFINITION
The LIMIT OF A FUNCTION is the value a function
(dependent variable) approaches as the independent
variable approaches a value.

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑥→𝑎
 LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
❑LIMIT OF A CONSTANT:

lim 𝑘 = 𝑘
𝑥→𝑎

❑LIMIT OF A CONSTANT AND A FUNCTION:

lim 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 ∙ lim [𝑓(𝑥)]

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
 LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
❑SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF FUNCTIONS:

lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔 𝑥 = lim [𝑓(𝑥)] ± lim [𝑔(𝑥)]

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

❑PRODUCT OF FUNCTIONS:

lim 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔 𝑥 = lim [𝑓(𝑥)] ∙ lim [𝑔(𝑥)]

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
 LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
❑QUOTIENT OF TWO FUNCTIONS:

𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎
lim =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎

❑LIMIT OF POWER OF A FUNCTION:

𝑛
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = [lim 𝑓 𝑥 ]𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
 THEOREMS ON LIMITS
INDETERMINATE FORMS
If the expression obtained after substituting the limit to a
given function does not give enough information to determine
the original limit, it is known as an indeterminate form.
✓ 00 ✓0×∞
∞
✓ ∞0 ✓
∞
✓ 1∞
0
✓
0
✓∞−∞
 INDETERMINATE FORMS
L’HOSPITALS RULE
Generally, the L’Hospitals Rule works only for the limit of a
quotient that takes the indeterminate form 0/0 or ∞/∞.

𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥 0 ∞
𝑥→𝑎
𝐼𝑓: lim = = 𝑜𝑟
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥 0 ∞
𝑥→𝑎

𝑓 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑓′′ 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑛 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛: lim = lim = lim …=
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′′ 𝑥 lim 𝑔𝑛 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎
 LIMITS OF SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
L’HOSPITALS RULE
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
❑ lim =0
❑ lim =1 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥
❑ 1 − cos 𝑥
❑ lim cos 𝑥 = 0 lim =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
❑ lim tan 𝑥 = 1 ❑ 1
lim 1+𝑥 𝑥 =𝑒
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
❑ 1 ❑ 𝑒 −1
lim 1 + =𝑒 lim =1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
 LIMITS OF SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
𝑥
𝑎 −1 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
❑ lim = ln 𝑎 ❑ lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 − 𝑎

❑ lim 𝑥 = ∞ 𝑥
𝑥→∞ ❑ lim = ∞, 𝑘 ≠ 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑘
𝑘 𝑘
❑ lim = ∞, 𝑘 ≠ 0 ❑ lim = 0, 𝑘 ≠ 0
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 1
Evaluate the limit of the function:
𝑥2 − 1
lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. ∞
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 2
Evaluate the limit of the function:
3
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5
lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 3 − 7
A. 0 C. 2
B. 0.5 D. LDE
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 3
Evaluate the limit of the function:
sin 3𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
A. 0 C. 3
B. 1 D. ∞
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 4
Evaluate the limit of the function:
𝜋𝑥
tan
lim 2 − 𝑥 2
𝑥→1

A. 𝑒 2𝜋 C. 𝑒 1/𝜋
B. 𝑒 𝜋/2 D. 𝑒 2/𝜋
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 5
Evaluate the limit of the function:
4 2
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 7
lim
𝑥→∞ 5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 3

A. 3/5 C. 1
B. 0 D. ∞
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 6
Evaluate the limit of the function:
100
sin 𝑥
lim 99
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin(2𝑥)

A. 1/2 C. 1
B. 1/4 D. 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 7
Evaluate the limit of the function:
lim sin(1/𝑥)
𝑥→0

A. 0 C. ∞
B. 1 D. DNE
 PART 2:
DERIVATIVES
 DERIVATIVES
OVERVIEW
Given a continuous function y = f(x), the derivative of y
or f(x) is defined as the (instantaneous) rate of change of y
with respect to the independent variable x, expressed
mathematically as:

′
𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = = = lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
 DERIVATIVES
OVERVIEW
Graphically, the (instantaneous) rate of change of a
function is the SLOPE OF THE TANGENT LINE AT A POINT on
a graph of that function.
 MEAN VALUE THEOREM
DEFINITION
If f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and
differentiable on the open interval (a,b), then there is a
number c in (a,b) such that:

′
𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 𝑐 =
𝑏−𝑎

NOTE that the value of ‘c’ must be inside the interval (a,b)
 ROLLE’S THEOREM
DEFINITION
If f(x) is continuous over a closed interval [a,b] and
differentiable on the open interval (a,b), and if f(a)=f(b)=0,
then there is at least one number c in (a,b) such that:

𝑓′ 𝑐 = 0 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑏)

NOTE that the value of ‘c’ must be inside the interval (a,b)
 DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
COMMON DERIVATIVES
❑ ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
1. 𝑐 =0 4. 𝑢±𝑣 = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
2. 𝑥 =1 5. 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
3. 𝑢 = 𝑛𝑢 𝑛−1
6. = 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
 DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
COMMON DERIVATIVES
❑ TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑢
1. sin 𝑢 = cos 𝑢 4. cot 𝑢 = − csc 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2. cos 𝑢 = − sin 𝑢 5. sec 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3. tan 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 6. csc 𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
COMMON DERIVATIVES
❑ INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝑑 −1
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 −1
−1 𝑑𝑢
1. sin 𝑢 = 4. cot 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1
−1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 −1
1 𝑑𝑢
2. cos 𝑢 = 5. sec 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 −1
−1 𝑑𝑢
3. tan 𝑢 = 6. csc 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
 DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
COMMON DERIVATIVES
❑ LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
𝑑 log 𝑎 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
1. log 𝑎 𝑢 = ; 𝑎 ≠ 0, 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
2. ln 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
 DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
COMMON DERIVATIVES
❑ EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
𝑑 𝑢 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
1. 𝑎 = 𝑎 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
2. 𝑒 =𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
DEFINITION
In evaluating partial derivative of a function with
respect to certain independent variable, PERFORM
CONVENTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION WITH RESPECT TO THAT
VARIABLE and TREAT OTHER VARIABLES CONSTANT.

𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= 𝑓𝑥
𝜕𝑥
 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
DEFINITION
In evaluating derivatives of an implicit function (cannot
be expressed as y = f(x)) with respect to the independent
variable, PERFORM CONVENTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION WITH
RESPECT TO THAT VARIABLE but INCLUDE THE IMPLICIT
DERIVATIVE NOTATION.

𝑑𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ′
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 8
Find the value of ‘c’ that will satisfy the MVT in the interval
(2,5):
𝑥3
𝑦= − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
3
A. 0.268 C. 0.268, 3.732
B. 3.732 D. nothing satisfies
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 9
Find the value of ‘c’ that will satisfy the conditions Rolle’s
Theorem in the interval (2,5):
𝑥3
𝑦= − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
3
A. 0 C. 3
B. 1 D. 1 and 3
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 10
Find the derivative of the function:
𝑥+1
𝑦=
𝑥+2
2 1
A. C.
𝑥+2 2 𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4
𝑥
B. D. none of the above
𝑥+2 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 11
Find the derivative of the function:

𝑦= 2 − 3𝑥 2
−6𝑥 6𝑥
A. C.
2−3𝑥 2 2−3𝑥 2

−3𝑥 3𝑥
B. D.
2−3𝑥 2 2−3𝑥 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 12
Find the derivative of the function:
𝑦 = cos(2𝑥 − 3)

A. −sin(2𝑥 − 3) C. −2sin(2𝑥 − 3)
B. sin(2𝑥 − 3) D. 2sin(2𝑥 − 3)
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 13
Find the derivative of the function:
𝑦 = arctan(3𝑥)
1 1
A. C.
6𝑥 2 +1 9𝑥 2 +1

3 3
B. D.
6𝑥 2 +1 9𝑥 2 +1
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 14
Find the derivative of the function:
𝑥
𝑦 = arcsinh
2
1 2
A. C.
𝑥 2 +2 𝑥 2 +2
1 2
B. D.
𝑥 2 +4 𝑥 2 +4
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 15
Find dy/dx of the function at 7, 3
𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 5 = 0

A. –0.5 C. 2
B. 0.5 D. none of the above
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 16
Find the second derivative of the y with respect to w:
𝑦 = (3𝑤 2 − 4)(3𝑤 2 + 4)

A. 108𝑤 C. 54𝑤
B. 108𝑤 2 D. 54𝑤 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 17
Find 𝑓𝑥 of the function:
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2

A. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 C. 4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦

2
B. 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 D. none of the above
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 18
Find 𝑓𝑥𝑦 of the function:

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 cos(𝑧𝑦 3 ) + 𝑧 sinh(2𝑥𝑦)

A. −6𝑥𝑧𝑦 2 sin 𝑧𝑦 3 + 2𝑧 2𝑥𝑦 sinh 2𝑥𝑦 + cosh 2𝑥𝑦

2 3
B. 6𝑥𝑧𝑦 sin 𝑧𝑦 − 2𝑧 2𝑥𝑦 sinh 2𝑥𝑦 + cosh 2𝑥𝑦
C. −6𝑥𝑧𝑦 2 sin 𝑧𝑦 3 + 2𝑧 2𝑥𝑦 sinh 2𝑥𝑦 − cosh 2𝑥𝑦
D. 6𝑥𝑧𝑦 2 sin 𝑧𝑦 3 − 2𝑧 2𝑥𝑦 sinh 2𝑥𝑦 − cosh 2𝑥𝑦
 PART 3:
DERIVATIVE APPLICATIONS
 SLOPE OF A CURVE
DEFINITION
The slope of the curve at any point can be calculated by
obtaining the FIRST DERIVATIVE of the curve which is also the
slope of the line TANGENT at any point.

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ∆𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑚= = = = 𝑦′
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 SLOPE OF A CURVE
NORMAL LINE SLOPE
The slope of the line normal to a curve at any point is
the negative reciprocal of the slope of the line tangent to the
curve.

′ 1
𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 =− ′
𝑦
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 19
Find the slope of the curve at (1,2):
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 6 = 0

A. 10/3 C. 13/3
B. -13/3 D. none of the above
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 20
Find the equation of the line normal to the curve at (1, –2):
𝑦 2 = 5𝑥 − 1

A. 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 14 = 0 C. 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 14 = 0
B. 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8 = 0 D. 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8 = 0
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 21
Find the angle between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 +
12 at the point of their intersection, (4, 16).
A. 32o
B. 35o
C. 38o
D. 42o
 RADIUS OF CURVATURE
FORMULA
The radius of curvature of a curve at any point can be
computed as:

3
1+ 𝑦′ 2 2
𝜌=
𝑦′′
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 22
Find the approximate radius of curvature of the function at
(1, –1):
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 1

A. 2 C. 2 2
B. 3 D. 2 5
 CRITICAL POINTS OF A CURVE
CRITICAL POINTS
A curve has 3 critical points:
✓ MINIMUM POINT – the point where the FIRST DERIVATIVE
of the function is ZERO and SECOND DERIVATIVE is
POSITIVE.
✓ MAXIMUM POINT – the point where the FIRST
DERIVATIVE of the function is ZERO and SECOND
DERIVATIVE is NEGATIVE.
 CRITICAL POINTS OF A CURVE
CRITICAL POINTS
A curve has 3 critical points:
✓ POINT OF INFLECTION – the point where the SECOND
DERIVATIVE of the function is ZERO.
 MAXIMA AND MINIMA
SOLVING MAXIMA / MINIMA PROBLEMS
Generally, maxima and minima solves for the value of a
certain parameters (independent) that will produce the
maximum or minimum value of a dependent parameters such
as length, area, volume, time, etc.
 MAXIMA AND MINIMA
SOLVING MAXIMA / MINIMA PROBLEMS
In solving for Maximum/Minima problems, remember
these steps:
i. Determine the variable to be maximize/minimize.
ii. Express the variable to be maximize/minimize in terms of
one independent variable using relations.
iii. Find the derivative of the variable to be
maximize/minimize with respect to the independent
variable.
 MAXIMA AND MINIMA
SOLVING MAXIMA / MINIMA PROBLEMS
In solving for Maximum/Minima problems, remember
these steps:
iv. Equate the derivative to zero and solve for the values of
the independent variable and unknown.
v. Check the values if it will produce the maximum or
minimum using 2nd derivative.
y’’ = + (minimum)
y‘’ = – (maximum)
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 23
Determine the minimum, maximum and inflection of the
function respectively.

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 3

A. 5, −28 , 1, 4 , 3, −12 C. 1, 4 , 5, −28 , 3, −12

B. 5, −28 , 3, −12 , 1, 4 D. 1, 4 , 3, −12 , 5, −28
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 24
What is the area of the largest rectangle that can be
inscribed in a semi circle of radius 10 cm?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 25
The sum of two numbers is 21. The product of one of the
numbers by the square of the other is to maximum, what are
the numbers?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 26
A square piece of tin of side 24 cm is to be made into a box
without top by cutting a square from each corner and folding up
the flaps to form a box. What should be the size of the square to
be cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum?
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
SOLUTION NO. 26
 TIME RATES
SOLVING TIME RATES
In solving for time rates problems, remember these steps:
i. Find the equation in terms of the given and unknown
variables.
ii. Take the derivative of the function with respect to TIME.
iii. Substitute the given constants and rates and solve for the
unknown rates.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 27
A kite, at a height of 60 ft is moving horizontally at a rate of
5 ft/s away from the boy who flies it. How fast is the cord
being released when there are 100 ft out?
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
SOLUTION NO. 27

𝑦 = 60 𝑓𝑡

𝑑𝑥
= 5 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝑑𝑡
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
QUESTION NO. 28
Water is flowing into a conical reservoir 20 ft deep and 10 ft
across the top, at a rate 15 cu. ft. per minute. Find how fast is
the water rising when it is 8 ft deep?
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
SOLUTION NO. 28
THANK YOU!