Senior High School

Statistics and Probability

Second Semester (Midterm) – Module 9.2
Identifying Percentiles Using t-Distribution
 COPYRIGHT 2021

Section 9 of the Presidential Decree No. 49 provides:

“No copy shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall
be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.”

The original version of this material has been developed in the Schools Division of Surigao del
Norte through the Learning Resource Management and Development Section of the Curriculum
Implementation Division. This material can be reproduced for educational purposes; modified for the
purpose of translation into another language; and creating of an edited version and enhancement of
work are permitted, provided all original work of the author and illustrator must be acknowledged and
the copyright must be attributed. No work may be derived from any part of this material for commercial
purposes and profit.
This material has been approved and published for online distribution through the Learning
Resource Management and Development System (LRMDS) Portal (http://lrmds.deped.gov.ph) and
Division Network Academy (https://netacad.depedsdn.com).

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Patria P. Aposaga

Editor: Rednil C. Labi
Reviewers: Gracer Mae B. Luego, Blesila P. Mahanlud, Arlene C. Giducos
Illustrator: Danilo L. Galve
Layout Artists: Alberto S. Elcullada, Jr., Ivan Paul V. Damalerio
Management Team: Ma. Teresa M. Real
Leonevee V. Silvosa
Dominico P. Larong, Jr.
Gemma C. Pullos
Manuel L. Limjoco, Jr.

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Office Address: Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Tel. No.: (086) 826-8216
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 Senior High School

Statistics and Probability

Second Semester (Midterm) – Module 9.2
Identifying Percentiles Using t-Distribution
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Self-Learning Module on Identifying
Percentiles Using t-Distribution!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help

you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Self-Learning Module on Identifying
Percentiles Using t-Distribution!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
CONTENT STANDARD
The learner demonstrates an understanding of key concepts of estimation of
population mean population proportion.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learner is able to estimate the population mean and proportion to make
sound inferences in real-life problems in different disciplines.

LEARNING COMPETENCY
Identifies percentiles using the t-table.
(M11/12SP-IIIg-5)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Define percentiles.
2. Identify percentiles using the t-table.
3. Draw the area of the regions under the t-distribution corresponding to
different t-values.

INTRODUCTION

This module will help you understand the step-by-step process of identifying
percentiles using the t-table. You will also learn how to describe and draw the area of
the regions under the t-distribution. For you to master the lesson, you need to follow
the steps and answer the exercises.

REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS MODULE

In the previous lesson, you learned about t-distribution and its properties. You
were also able to compare t distribution from z distribution. You were also oriented on
how to find the critical t values using the t-table.

To help you recall the properties of t-distribution, answer the activity below.

“What am I?”

Tell whether the given statements represent a z or a t distribution or both.

______1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.

______2. The distribution is symmetric about the mean 0.
______3. The area under the curve is 1.
______4. The variance and standard deviation are always greater than 1.
______5. The end tails are thicker than that of the standard distribution.

1
PRESENTATION OF THE NEW MODULE

In this module, you will learn the corresponding percentiles using the t table and
identifies regions under the t-distribution. It is of much importance that you apply the
lessons you learned in the previous module.

ACTIVITY

FIND ME!

Find all the words that relate to rank.

C E I G T H A R D F O N D E V S
A B S C D F S R I I O I K L H E
S I X T H B H R A A B N D E J C
E N O C S T S E R Y B T O V D O
V G X C R T S A Y X C H I E K N
E O O U I T H D R T E E N N W D
N L O U H I N I O V B O G T S A
T F L G T N E N R W D O G H O R
I E D H N K A G R D O D O O X Y
E W S E E S A M P L E S O L Y Y
T W E N T Y F I F T H A D E E V
H I N F I N I T Y C S S T A T E
O N I N E T Y T H I R D O A T C
C O N F I D E N T I A L D A T A
I N T E R V A L L I M I T S Z R
S E V E N T Y N I N T H E O X D

Guide questions:

1. Enumerate the words that you found.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. How did you find the activity?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2
ANALYSIS

1. Concerning the class you belong to, what do think is your rank or your relative
standing?
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Suppose you belong to the 95th percentile in your class, what does it mean?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

ABSTRACTION

For any set of measurements (arranged in ascending or descending order), a

percentile is a measure of position that divides the data set into 100 equal parts. For
example, in a test in Statistics and Probability, you got a score of 75 and you want to
know how you fared in comparison to your classmates and your teacher said that
you're at the 80th percentile. It means that 80% of the grades were lower than yours
and 20% were higher.

In finding the percentile for a t-distribution, simply use the t-table. And if you're
asked on the 80th percentile of the t-distribution concerning the degrees of freedom,
that refers to the value whose left tail or less than probability is 80% or 0.8 and whose
right tail or greater than probability is 20% or 0.2.

How to find percentiles using the t -table?

In t-distribution, when solving percentile, the following considerations should be

made:
1. It is always one-tailed.
2. When the t-score is positive, its percentile is more than 50%. Use 𝑃 = 1 − 𝛼.
3. When the t-score is negative, its percentile is below 50%. Use 𝑃 = 𝛼.

Example 1. What percentile does the t = 2.681 with n = 13 represent?

Solution:

α = 0.01 (refer to the t-table for one-tailed below)

Since the t-score is positive, its percentile is more than 50%.

So, P = 1 − α
P = 1 − 0.01 = 0.99
Percentile = P99

3
 Student’s T Critical Values

One Tailed 0.005 0.010 0.025 0.050 0.100 0.250

Two-Tailed 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚(𝑑. 𝑓)
1 63.657 31.821 12.706 6.314 3.078 1.00
2 9.925 6.965 4.303 2.920 1.886 0.816
3 5.841 4.541 3.182 2.353 1.638 0.765
4 4.604 3.747 2.776 2.132 1.533 0.741
5 4.032 3.365 2.571 2.015 1.476 0.727
6 3.707 3.143 2.447 1.943 1.440 0.718
7 3.499 2.998 2.365 1.895 1.415 0.711
8 3.355 2.896 2.306 1.860 1.397 0.706
9 3.250 2.821 2.262 1.833 1.383 0.703
10 3.169 2.764 2.228 1.812 1.372 0.700
11 3.106 2.718 2.201 1.363 0.697
12 3.055 2.681 2.179 1.782 1.356 0.696
13 3.012 2.650 2.160 1.771 1.350 0.694

Example 2. Given the t-distribution with 7 degrees of freedom, find:

a. 10th percentile
b. 90th percentile

Solution:
a). Since the percentile =10% is less than 50%, the t value is negative and,
𝑃=𝛼
𝑃 = 0.100 (convert 10% to decimal)
Therefore, using the t-table, 𝒕(𝟎.𝟏𝟎,𝟕)= -1.415

One Tailed 0.005 0.010 0.025 0.050 0.100 0.250

Two Tailed 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚(𝑑. 𝑓)
1 63.657 31.821 12.706 6.314 3.078 1.00
2 9.925 6.965 4.303 2.920 1.886 0.816
3 5.841 4.541 3.182 2.353 1.638 0.765
4 4.604 3.747 2.776 2.132 1.533 0.741
5 4.032 3.365 2.571 2.015 1.476 0.727
6 3.707 3.143 2.447 1.943 1.440 0.718
7 3.499 2.998 2.365 1.895 1.415 0.711
8 3.355 2.896 2.306 1.860 1.397 0.706
9 3.250 2.821 2.262 1.833 1.383 0.703

b) Since the percentile= 90% is greater than 50%, the t-value is positive and,
𝑃 = 1−𝛼
P= 1- 0.9= 0.10
Therefore, using the t table, 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟓

4
Example 3. What percentile does the t-score t= -2.145 with n=15 represents?

Solution:
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
𝑑𝑓 = 15 − 1
𝑑𝑓 = 14 t = -2.145, α= 0.025

Refer to the t-table below:

Since t-score is negative,

𝑃=𝛼
Percentile= 0.025
Percentile≈0.03
Percentile=P3
Therefore, 𝐭 = −𝟐. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 with n=15 represents the 3rd percentile.

5
Example 4. Find the 25th percentile with 6 degrees of freedom using the t-table.

Solution:

Since the percentile is below 50%, Percentile = α and the t-score is negative.
Therefore, 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕 = − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟖

Example 5. What is the 75th percentile of sample size 20 using the t-distribution?

Solution:
Since the percentile is above 50%, we will use 𝑃 = 1 − 𝛼 and the t-score is positive.
Refer to the t-table for: α=0.25 and df=19
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
𝑑𝑓 = 20 − 1
𝑑𝑓 = 19
One Tailed 0.005 0.010 0.025 0.050 0.100 0.250
Two Tailed 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚(𝑑. 𝑓)
1 63.657 31.821 12.706 6.314 3.078 1.00
2 9.925 6.965 4.303 2.920 1.886 0.816
3 5.841 4.541 3.182 2.353 1.638 0.765
4 4.604 3.747 2.776 2.132 1.533 0.741
5 4.032 3.365 2.571 2.015 1.476 0.727
6 3.707 3.143 2.447 1.943 1.440 0.718
7 3.499 2.998 2.365 1.895 1.415 0.711
8 3.355 2.896 2.306 1.860 1.397 0.706
9 3.250 2.821 2.262 1.833 1.383 0.703
10 3.169 2.764 2.228 1.812 1.372 0.700
11 3.106 2.718 2.201 1.796 1.363 0.697
12 3.055 2.681 2.179 1.782 1.356 0.696
13 3.012 2.650 2.160 1.771 1.350 0.694
14 2.977 2.624 2.145 1.761 1.345 0.692
15 2.947 2.602 2.131 1.753 1.341 0.691
16 2.921 2.583 2.120 1.746 1.337 0.690
17 2.898 2.567 2.110 1.740 1.333 0.689
18 2.878 2.552 2.101 1.734 1.330 0.688
19 2.861 2.539 2.093 1.729 1.328 0.688
20 2.845 2.528 2.086 1.725 1.325 0.687

Therefore, the 75th percentile of sample size 20 using the t-distribution is 0.688.

6
Example 6. Identify the region under the t-distribution corresponding to the t-value
which is 2.306 and the area is on the right.

Solution:
Refer to the t-table for the t value of 2.306

Steps:

a. Identify whether it's one-tailed or two-tailed.

One-tailed (directional)
b. Find the degrees of freedom.
(df)= 8
c. Find the corresponding value of alpha (α).
α=0.025 as shown in the first row of the table.

0.975 or 97.5%
A=0.025 or 2.5%

2.306

Therefore, the shaded region is at α=0.025 or 2.5% while the unshaded

area is 0.975 or 97.5%.

7
Example 7. Identify the region under the t-distribution corresponding to the t-value
which is 1.372 and the area is on both sides of the t-distribution.

Solution:
a. Identify whether it's one-tailed or two-tailed.
Two-tailed (both sides)
b. Find the degrees of freedom.
(df)= 10
c. Find the corresponding value of alpha (α).
α=0.200 as shown in the first row of the table.
Refer to the t-table below.

Therefore, the shaded region is at α=0.20 or 20% that is 10% on both tails,
while the unshaded area is 0.80 or 80%.

80% or 0.8

10% or 0.1 10% or 0.1

-1.372 1.372

8
PRACTICE ACTIVITY

Draw and identify the region under the t-distribution corresponding to the following t-
values.

1. 2.821 (shaded area on the left) 2. 3.250 (shaded area on both tails)

3. 2.567 (shaded area on both tails) 4. 1.356 (shaded area on the right)

9
APPLICATION

Let’s check it out!

Answer the following: Show your complete solution.

1. What percentile does a sample of 17 with a t-score of t= -1.746 represent?

2. Find the 99.5th percentile with 15 degrees of freedom.

3. What is the 5th percentile in a t-distribution with 10 degrees of freedom?

4. What is the area of the region corresponding to the t value of -2.624?

10
ENRICHMENT

Solve the following:

1. The t-score of the PE performance of 10 Grade 11 classes is t=2.821. What

percentile does it represent?

2. What is the 25th percentile in a t-distribution with a sample size of 15?

11
The Student t-Distribution Table.

One Tailed 0.005 0.010 0.025 0.050 0.100 0.250

Two Tailed 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚(𝑑. 𝑓)
1 63.657 31.821 12.706 6.314 3.078 1.00
2 9.925 6.965 4.303 2.920 1.886 0.816
3 5.841 4.541 3.182 2.353 1.638 0.765
4 4.604 3.747 2.776 2.132 1.533 0.741
5 4.032 3.365 2.571 2.015 1.476 0.727
6 3.707 3.143 2.447 1.943 1.440 0.718
7 3.499 2.998 2.365 1.895 1.415 0.711
8 3.355 2.896 2.306 1.860 1.397 0.706
9 3.250 2.821 2.262 1.833 1.383 0.703
10 3.169 2.764 2.228 1.812 1.372 0.700
11 3.106 2.718 2.201 1.796 1.363 0.697
12 3.055 2.681 2.179 1.782 1.356 0.696
13 3.012 2.650 2.160 1.771 1.350 0.694
14 2.977 2.624 2.145 1.761 1.345 0.692
15 2.947 2.602 2.131 1.753 1.341 0.691
16 2.921 2.583 2.120 1.746 1.337 0.690
17 2.898 2.567 2.110 1.740 1.333 0.689
18 2.878 2.552 2.101 1.734 1.330 0.688
19 2.861 2.539 2.093 1.729 1.328 0.688
20 2.845 2.528 2.086 1.725 1.325 0.687
21 2.831 2.518 2.080 1.721 1.323 0.686
22 2.819 2.508 2.074 1.717 1.321 0.686
23 2.807 2.500 2.069 1.714 1.320 0.685
24 2.797 2.492 2.064 1.711 1.318 0.685
25 2.787 2.485 2.060 1.708 1.316 0.684
26 2.779 2.479 2.056 1.706 1.315 0.684
27 2.771 2.473 2.052 1.703 1.314 0.684
28 2.763 2.467 2.048 1.701 1.313 0.683
29 2.756 2.462 2.045 1.699 1.311 0.683
z 2.576 2.326 1.960 1.645 1.282 0.675

12
POST-TEST

Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The following are characteristics of t-distribution except,

A. It is symmetric about the mean 0
B. It is bell-shaped but has a heavier tail
C. It depends on the degrees of freedom
D. As the degrees of freedom decreases, it approaches to standard normal
distribution

2. The following are common properties of z-distribution and t-distribution, except:

A. The mean, median, and mode are zero.
B. The total area under the curve is 100%.
C. The curve is asymptotic to the x-axis
D. The variance is always greater than 1.

3. For a given sample size of 15 with an alpha error of 5% to the left tail, what will
be the critical value(s) of t?
A. -2.145 C. +1.761
B. -1.761 D. +2.145

4. When 𝑛 ≥ 30 and the population standard deviation is known, what is the

appropriate distribution?
A. f distribution C. t distribution
B. p distribution D. z distribution

5. Which t distribution corresponds to t-value of 1.372 and whose shaded area Is

on the right tail?
A. C.

80% 95%
B. D.

90%

6. In a t-distribution, if the sample size is 13, what is the degree of freedom?

A. 12 C. 14
B. 13 D. 15

13
7. If the t-value is 2.110 and the shaded regions are on both tails of the t-
distribution, what is the area of the unshaded region?
A. 85% C. 95%
B. 90% D. 99%

8. The t-score of the performance in the Mathematics Standardization Test of 20

sample GAS classes is t=2.539. What percentile does it represent?
A. P5 C. P90
B. P10 D. P99

9. Which of the following is the 90th percentile of the t-distribution if the sample
size is 10?
A. 1.383 C. 2.764
B. 2.718 D. 2.821

10. Using the t-table, what is the area to the right of 1.753 under the t- distribution
with degrees of freedom of 15?
A. 0.005 C. 0.100
B. 0.050 D. 0.250

11. If the t-value is 1.714 and the shaded regions are on both tails of the t-
distribution, what are the degrees of freedom?
A. 15 C. 20
B. 18 D. 23

12. What percentile of the t distribution does 2.681 belong if the sample size is 13?
A. 80th C. 90th
B. 85th D. 99th

13. When the sample is 21, what is its 95th percentile of the t-distribution?
A. 1.725 C. 2.110
B. 1.785 D. 2.220

14. Using the t table, if the t-value is 3.747 and the shaded area is on the right of
the t-distribution, what are the degrees of freedom?
A. 2 C. 4
B. 3 D. 5

15. The shaded region is on the left tail of the t-distribution. If the degree of freedom
is 10 and the area of the shaded region is 0.01 and, what is the value of t?
A. 1.812 C. 2.764
B. 2.120 D. 3.169

14
 15
REVIEW ANALYSIS: APPLICATION POST TEST
1. Answers may vary.
1. Both 2. Answers may vary. 1. P5 or 5th percentile 1. D
(Possible Answer: It 2. 2.947 2. D
2. Both
means 95% of the 3. -1.812 3. B
3. Both class were lower than 4. 90% 0r 0.9 4. D
4. t-distribution you and 5% were 5. D
5. t-distribution higher than you.) 6. A
7. C
8. D
ACTIVITY 9. A
10. B
11. D
C E I G T H A R D F O N D E V S 12. D
A B S C D F S R I I O I K L H E 13. A
S I X T H B H R A A B N D E J C 14. C
E N O C S T S E R Y B T O V D O 15. C
V G X C R T S A Y X C H I E K N
E O O U I T H D R T E E N N W D
N L O U H I N I O V B O G T S A ENRICHMENT
T F L G T N E N R W D O G H O R
1. P99
I E D H N K A G R D O D O O X Y
2. -0.612
E W S E E S A M P L E S O L Y Y
T W E N T Y F I F T H A D E E V
H I N F I N I T Y C S S T A T E
O N I N E T Y T H I R D O A T C
C O N F I D E N T I A L D A T A
I N T E R V A L L I M I T S Z R
S E V E N T Y N I N T H E O X D
Guide questions:
1. Answers may vary
2. Answers may vary
ANSWER KEY
Practice Activity:

A=0.01

1. -2.821

A=0.005 A=0.005

2.
-3.250 3.250

A=0.001 A=0.001

3.
-2.567 2.567

A=0.10
4.

1.356

16
REFERENCES

Baccay, Elisa S., Belecina, Rene S., Mateo, Efren B. Statistics and
Probability. Manila: Rex Book Store Inc., 2016.

Malate, Jose S. Statistics, and Probability for Senior High School. Vicarish
Publications and Trading, Inc.,

https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/t-distribution/

https://stattrek.com/probability-distributions/t-distribution.aspx

2017.https://growingknowing.com/Images/StudentTTable.png

https://www.dummies.com

https://miro.medium.com/max/912/1*5IjkiNrd8JcrWtWmfJ4ZSw.png

17
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Surigao del Norte, Philippines 8400
Tel. No: (086) 826-8216
Email Address: [email protected]

18