Business Logic

Final Examination
Date: February 26, 2023
Name: Christian Dave Herce Tadifa
Course and Section: BSMA 2-1

Use the traditional square of opposition to find the answers to these problems.

1. If “All fashion fads are products of commercial brainwashing” is true, what is the truth
value of the following statements?
a. No fashion fads are products of commercial brainwashing. False
b. Some fashion fads are products of commercial brainwashing. True
c. Some fashion fads are not products of commercial brainwashing. False
2. If “All fashion fads are products of commercial brainwashing” is false, what is the
truth value of the following statements?
a. No fashion fads are products of commercial brainwashing. Undetermined
b. Some fashion fads are products of commercial brainwashing. Undetermined
c. Some fashion fads are not products of commercial brainwashing. True
3. If “No sting operations are cases of entrapment” is true, what is the truth value of the
following statements?
a. All sting operations are cases of entrapment. Contrary
b. Some sting operations are cases of entrapment. Contradictory
c. Some sting operations are not cases of entrapment. True
4. If “No sting operations are cases of entrapment” is false, what is the truth value of the
following statements?
a. All sting operations are cases of entrapment. Undetermined
b. Some sting operations are cases of entrapment. True
c. Some sting operations are not cases of entrapment. Undetermined
5. If “Some assassinations are morally justifiable actions” is true, what is the truth value
of the following statements?
a. All assassinations are morally justifiable actions. True
b. No assassinations are morally justifiable actions. Undetermined
c. Some assassinations are not morally justifiable actions. Undetermined
Exercises 1 through 6 provide a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and an operation to
be performed on that statement. Supply the new statement and the truth value of the new
statement. Exercises 7 through 12 provide a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and a
new statement. Determine how the new statement was derived from the given statement and
supply the truth value of the new statement.

Given statement Operation New statement Truth value

1. No A are non-B. (T) conv. No non-B are A. T
2. Some A are B. (T) contrap. Some non-B are non-A T
3. All A are non-B. (F) obv. No A are B F
4. All non-A are B. (F) contrap. All non-B are A F

5. Some non-A are not B. (T) conv. Some B are not non-A T
6. Some non-A are non-B. (T) obv. Some non-A are not B T
7. No non-A are non-B. (F) contrap. No B are A. Und
8. Some A are not non-B. (T) obv. Some A are B. T
9. All A are non-B. (F) conv. All non-B are A. Und

10. No non-A are B. (F) obv. All non-A are non-B. F

11. Some non-A are not B. (T) contrap. Some non-B are not A. T
12. Some A are non-B. (F) conv. Some non-B are A. F

Perform the operations of conversion, obversion, and contraposition as indicated.

1. Convert the following propositions and state whether the converse is logically equivalent or
not logically equivalent to the given proposition.
a. All hurricanes are storms intensified by global warming.
All storms intensified by global warming are hurricanes. (Not Logically Equivalent)
b. No sex-change operations are completely successful procedures.
No completely successful procedures are sex-change operations. (Logically Equivalent)

c. Some murals by Diego Rivera are works that celebrate the revolutionary spirit.
Some works that celebrate the revolutionary Spirit are murals by Diego Rivera. (Logically
Equivalent)
d. Some forms of carbon are not substances with a crystalline structure.
Some substances with a crystalline structure are not forms of carbon. (Not Logically Equivalent)
2. Obvert the following propositions and state whether the obverse is logically equivalent or
not logically equivalent to the given proposition.
a. All radically egalitarian societies are societies that do not preserve individual liberties.

No radically egalitarian societies are societies that preserve individual liberties. (Logically
Equivalent)
b. No cult leaders are people who fail to brainwash their followers.
All cult leaders are people who fail to brainwash their followers. (Logically Equivalent)
c. Some college football coaches are persons who do not slip money to their players.
Some college football coaches are not people who do not slip money into their players.
(Logically Equivalent)
d. Some budgetary cutbacks are not actions fair to the poor.

Some budgetary cutbacks are actions unfair to the poor. (Logically Equivalent)
3. Contrapose the following propositions and state whether the contrapositive is logically
equivalent or not logically equivalent to the given proposition.
a. All physicians whose licenses have been revoked are physicians ineligible to practice.
All physicians eligible to practice are physicians whose licenses are intact. (Logically Equivalent)
b. No unpersecuted migrants are migrants granted asylum.
No migrants not granted asylum are persecuted migrants. (Not Logically Equivalent)

c. Some politicians who do not defend Social Security are politicians who do not want to
increase taxes.
Some politicians who do want to increase taxes are politicians who do defend Social Security.
(Not Logically Equivalent)
d. Some opponents of gay marriage are not opponents of civil unions.
Some opponents of civil unions are not supporters of gay marriage. (Logically Equivalent)
Applying the Eight Rules

1. No just laws are oppressive laws.

Some promulgated laws are oppressive laws.
Ergo, all promulgated laws are just laws.

Mu + Pp
Sp + Mp
--------------------------
Su + Pp
Fallacy: Exclusive premises

2. Some Filipinos are good entertainers.

Some good entertainers are not credible performers.
Ergo. All credible performers are Filipinos.

Mu + Pp
Sp - Mp
--------------------------
Su + Pp

Fallacy of Illicit Major term

3. A ball pen is an instrument for writing.

Every Parker ball pen is a ball pen.
Thus, no Parker ball pen is an instrument for writing.

Mu + Pp
Sp + Mp
--------------------------
Su - Pp

Fallacy of Illicit Major term

4. Some birds are very ferocious.

Doves are birds.
Ergo, some doves are very ferocious.

Mu + Pp
Sp + Mp
--------------------------
Su + Pp

Undistributed MiddleTerm
5. Many adventurous individuals are aggressive.
But some athletes are not adventurous individuals.
Ergo, some athletes are not aggressive.

Mu + Pp
Sp - Mp
--------------------------
Su - Pp
Fallacy: Drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative premise

Informal Fallacies

Determine the Informal Fallacies committed of each statement/argument.

Appeal to people 1. Parents love their children, but Mang Pedro scolded his daughter, so he
does not love his daughter.

Appeal to ignorance 2. A certain jeweler, trying to convince his customer to buy a beautiful gem
said: “This gem is flawless because it is without blemish.”

Hasty generalization 3. The mythical five is the best team and Dyavorsky is a member of the
mythical five, so Dyavorsky is a best player.

Appeal to force 4. A lawyer addressing a jury: I tell you, if you don’t convict this murderer, one
of you may be his next victim.

Accident 5. The prosecutor at a trial for murder commits fallacy if he expounds on how terrible
murder is instead of proving that the accused is guilty.

Argument Against the Person 6. How could that idiot be a leader, he is a homosexual.

Begging the question 7. Of course, he is opposed to rent control, did we hear he owns two
building apartments.

Appeal to Pity 8. Instead of proving the innocence of an accused person, a lawyer portrayed the
unfortunate life of the accused and the more unfortunate life his family will live without him.

Amphiboly 9. “This man is father killed.”

Red Herring10. What is immaterial is not material and what is insoluble is not soluble therefore,
what is inflammable is not flammable.