MEM665

Robotics &Automation
Outline
• Definition of Robotics
• Laws of Robotics
• Components
– Structure
– Power source
– Actuation
– Sensing
– Manipulation
– Locomotion
• Advantages
• Future Prospect
 What is Robotics?
• The word Robotics is used to
collectively define a field in
engineering that covers
mimicking of various human
characteristics
• Robotics is the branch of
technology that deals with the
design, construction,
operation, structural
disposition, manufacture and
applications of robots.
(wikipedia)
 What a Robot can mean?
• An automatic industrial
machine replacing the
human in hazardous work
• An automatic mobile
sweeper machine at a
modern home
• An automatic toy car for a
child to play with
• A machine removing mines
in a war field all by itself
and many more..
 Robotics
• The term robotics was coined in the 1940s
by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov.
• Robotics includes the knowledge of
Mechanical, Electronics, Electrical, and
Computer Science Engineering

Autonomous
Robots
Manual
 Asimov’s Laws of Robotics:
• A robot may not injure a
human being, or, through
inaction, allow a human
being to come to harm.
• A robot must obey the
orders given it by human
beings except where such
order would conflict with
the First Law.
• A robot must protect its
own existence as long as
such protection does not
conflict with the First or
Second Law.
Examples
 Why “ROBOT”
• “Robots will be the next world-changing technology. Robots will change
the way we look at computer”- Bill Gates (Former Microsoft CEO)
12/2/2013 in “Ask Me Anything”
• World Robotics Survey by U.N Economics Commission for Europe and the
Int. Federation of Robotics (2008):
- 760,000 robots: Japan (half), Europe (220,000), USA (100,000).
- Most robot is industrial robots, but 20,000 domestic-help robot sold.
• Latest (2012): South Korea announced to invest USD316 Million in Korean
robotics for the next 10 years started in 2012. Samsung is taking a step
ahead to develop a commercial humanoid robot.
• 1,070 robotics manufacturers worldwide until 2012. 20 robotics
universities and research facilities. (The Robot Report, Nov. 2012)
 Why Robotics?
• Speed
• It can work hazardous /
dangerous environment.
• To perform repetitive task
• Efficiency
• Accuracy
• Adaptability
 World Market Robot Industry by Region
Unit : million dollar, %
Increase
2005 2010 2015 2020 2005~ 2010~
2010 2020
USA 5,330 7,440 10,193 13,324 6.9 6.0
Europe 4,200 9,327 19,000 30,288 17.3 12.5

Special Service Japan 2,550 7,938 19,800 28,162 25.5 13.5

Robot Korea 12,080 24,705 48,993 71,774 16.6 10.7
Others 1,066 1,488 2,038 2,664 6.9 6.0
Total 2,100 4,663 9,500 15,144 17.3 12.5
USA 765 2,381 5,940 8,448 25.5 13.5
Europe 3,931 8,532 17,478 26,256 16.7 11.9

Private Service Japan 4,264 5,952 8,154 10,659 6.9 6.0

Robot Korea 420 1,865 5,700 15,144 34.7 23.3
Others 510 2,381 9,900 22,529 36.1 25.2
Total 5,194 10,198 23,754 48,332 14.4 16.8

Source: Korntech Co. Ltd, 2009

Global Robot Manufacturers - 1
• Total 1,070 robot
makers worldwide (as
per 2012).
• Top USA, followed by
Japan, Germany,
Korea, UK, France,
China
• Service “S”: Service
robots for
governmental &
corporate use
• Service “P”: Service
robots for private or
personal use
• Not cover 825+
ancillary businesses
(software, image
system etc.) and 225+
Source: The Robot Report, Nov. 2012 educational facilities
and research labs
 Global Robot Manufacturers - 2

• Legend: Red markers are industrial robot makers; Blue with an "S" are service robots
used by corporations and governments; Blue with a "P" are service robots for personal and
private use; Green markers represent robotic start-up companies and Yellow shows where
the top 20 robotics-focused universities and research labs are located.
• The start-ups and service robotics companies are located near prominent Yellow-marked
universities and research labs in clusters surrounding Carnegie Mellon, MIT and Harvard,
UC Berkeley, Stanford and Willow Garage, the University of Tokyo and TITECH, etc. Or
areas of innovation and energy like Seoul, Korea, Israel and New York City.
 Types of Robots
(on the basis of Degree of Autonomy)
• Stationary – these robots remain in one place
• Ground – these robots are mobile
• Underwater – also called Autonomous Underwater
Vehicles; these robots are designated to operate
underwater
• Aerial – also called Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
• Microgravity – robots designed to operate in low-
gravity environments
 Stationary Robots

Robotic Arm Computerized

machines

Robotic Arm
Ground Robots
Underwater Robots
Aerial Robots
Microgravity Robots
 Future “ROBOT”

Transportation
Healthcare &
Rehabilitation Domestic Use &
Companion

Defense,
Security &
Rescue Space & Underwater
Exploration
Entertainment &
Edutainment
 Classification of Robot

Classification Details

Manufacturing Robot Manufacturing

Cleaning, Inspection, Medical,

Special Service Robot Construction, Logistics, Military, Rescue,
Security, Underwater, Education, Humanoid

Personal/Private Service Home tasks, Entertainment (toy, hobby),

Robot Handicap assistance
 Components of ROBOTS
• Structure
• Power Source
• Actuation
• Sensing
• Manipulation
• Locomotion
Core Robot Technology

Intelligence
Intelligence

System Interface between

Integration Human & Robot

Robot
technology

Sensor,
Sensing
Driving mechanism

Processor
 Structure
• The structure of a robot is usually mostly
mechanical and can be called a kinematic
chain.
• The chain is formed of links (its bones),
actuators (its muscles), and joints which
can allow one or more degrees of
freedom.
 Power Supply
• Suitable power supply is needed to run the motors and
associated circuitry
• Typical power requirement ranges form 3v to 24v DC
• 220 AC supply must be modified to suit the needs of our
machine
• Batteries can also be used to run robots
• Robots are driven by different motors:
– DC Motors
– Stepper Motors
– Servo Motors
• DC Motors
o As the name suggests,
a motor which uses a
DC (Direct Current)
power
o Can run in both
directions
o Speed controllable
• Stepper Motors
o Used for measured
rotation
o Can be held at a
particular position of the
shaft
o Ideal for many
autonomous robots
requiring higher precision
• Servo Motors
o Used in closed loop control
systems in which work is the
controlled variable
o An integral feedback device
(resolver) or devices (encoder
and tachometer) are either
incorporated within the servo
motor or are remotely
mounted, often on the load
itself.
 Actuation
• Actuators are the “muscles”
of a robot, the parts which
covert stored energy into
movement.
• The most popular actuators
are electric motors
 Manipulation
• Robots which must work in the real world require
some way to manipulate objects; pick up,
modify, destroy, or otherwise have an effect.
• Thus the ‘hands’ of a robot are often referred to
as the end effectors, while the arm is referred to
as the manipulator.
• Some manipulators are:
– Mechanical Grippers
– Vacuum Grippers
– General Purpose effectors
 Locomotion
• It is concerned
with the motion
of the robot
• Types of
Locomotion of a
robot:
– Rolling
– Walking
– Climbing
– Snaking
– Flying
 Advantages
• Revolution in Medical Science and Health Care
systems
• New and wide scope in Education and Training.
• A good help in Nuclear industry
• Used tremendously in Sports activities
• Play the role of an efficient assistance in
Research and Development sciences.
• Can very well handle household business.
 Future Prospects
• Scientists say that it is possible that a robot brain
will exist by 2019.
• Vernor Vinge has suggested that a moment
may come when computers and robots are
smarter than humans.
• In 2009, some robots acquired various forms of
semi-autonomy, including being able to find
power sources on their own.
• The Association for the Advancement of Artificial
Intelligence has researched on this problem.
World with Robot World without Robot