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Polyhalogen Compounds

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4K views18 pages

Polyhalogen Compounds

Uploaded by

cherrydevm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Polyhalogen

Compounds

GROUP 1
Objectives

1 2
Understanding Polyhalogen Applications
Compunds Explore diverse
Define what are applications of polyhalogen
Polyhalogen compounds. compounds in industries,
Explain Structural medicine and research.
characteristics
Identify different types of
polyhalogen compounds
What are Polyhalogen
Compounds?
Carbon compounds containing more than one
halogen atom are usually referred to as
polyhalogen compounds.

Many of these compounds are useful in industry


and agriculture.
Dichloromethane
(Methylene chloride)
Uses:
Solvent in Paint remover
Propellant in aerosols CI
Process solvent in drugs
Metal Cleaning and finishing
solvent. C
H CI
H
Dichloromethane
(Methylene chloride)
Harmful Effects:
Exposure to lower levels of methylene
chloride harms the human central nervous
system.
CI
Higher levels of methylene chloride in air
cause dizziness, nausea, tingling and
numbness in fingers and toes C
Direct skin contact causesintense burning H CI
H
and mild redness of skin.
Direct contact with eyes can burn the
cornea
Trichloromethane
(Chloroform)
Uses:
Solvent of fats, alkaloids, iodine and
other substances.
Majorly used in freon refrigerant R-22.
Was once used as general anaesthetic in
surgery but has now been replaced by
less toxic and safer anaesthetics like
ether.
Trichloromethane
(Chloroform)
Harmful Effects:
Inhaling chloroform vapours depresses the
central nervous system. Breathing 900 ppm of
chloroform for a short time causes dizziness,
fatigue and headache.
Chronic chloroform exposure may cause
damage to the liver ( where chloroform is
metabolized to phosgene) and to the kidneys.
Some people develop sores when the skin is
immersed in chloroform
Trichloromethane
(Chloroform)
Chloroform is slowly oxidised by air in the presence of light to an extremely
poisonous gas, carbonyl chloride, also known as phosgene. It is therefore
stored in closed dark coloured bottles completely filled so that air is kept
out.
Triiodomethane
(Iodoform)
Was used earlier as an antiseptic but the antiseptic
properties are due to the liberation of iodine and
not due to iodoform itself.
Due to it’s objectionable smell, it has been replaced
by other formulations containing iodine.
Tetrachloromethane
(Carbon tetrachloride)
Uses:
Manufacture of refrigerants and propellants
for aerosol cans
Feedstock in the synthesis of
chlorofluorocarbons and other chemicals
Pharmaceutical manufacturing
General solvent use
Formerly used as a cleaning fluid in industry
and homes, for degreasing and spot removal
Formerly used as a fire extinguisher.
Tetrachloromethane
(Carbon tetrachloride)
Harmful Effects:
Carbon tetrachloride released into the air
ascends into the atmosphere.
This contributes to ozone layer depletion.
Ozone layer depletion elevates human
exposure to ultraviolet rays.
Increased UV exposure correlates with
heightened risks of skin cancer and eye
diseases.
Potential disruption of the immune system is
also associated with ozone layer depletion.
Freons(CFC’s)

The chlorofluorocarbon compounds of


methane and ethane are collectively known
as freons.
They are extremely stable, unreactive, non-
toxic, non-corrosive and easily liquefiable
gases.
Freon 12 (CCl2F2) is one of the most
common freons in industrial use. It is
manufactured from tetrachloromethane by
Swarts reaction.
Freons(CFC’s)

Uses:
Aerosol propellants
Refrigeration
Air conditioning
Freons(CFC’s)

Harmful Effects:
Release into the atmosphere leads to
diffusion into the stratosphere.
In the stratosphere, freons can:
Initiate radical chain reactions.
Upset the natural ozone balance.
p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT)

DDT, the first chlorinated organic insecticide, was initially


prepared in 1873.
In 1939, Paul Muller of Geigy Pharmaceuticals in
Switzerland discovered its effectiveness as an
insecticide.
Paul Muller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine
and Physiology in 1948 for this discovery.
Post-World War II, DDT's usage surged globally due to its
effectiveness against malaria-spreading mosquitoes and
typhus-carrying lice.
However, problems emerged in the late 1940s, including
insect resistance and high toxicity to fish.
The chemical stability and fat solubility of DDT
compounded these issues, leading to bioaccumulation in
animals.
p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT)

Uses:
DDT was widely used as an insecticide.
It was primarily utilized to combat
malaria-spreading mosquitoes and
typhus-carrying lice.
p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT)

Harmful Effects:
Many insect species developed resistance
to DDT.
DDT was highly toxic to fish.
Its chemical stability and fat solubility led
to bioaccumulation in animals.
The United States banned its use in 1973
due to its harmful effects, though it
remains in use in some other parts of the
world.
Thank
you

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