P U P

Instructional Materials in
MATH 03BC
Plane Trigonometry

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compiled by
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DMS Faculty
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College of Science
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Polytechnic University of the Philippines

2020
2

for the sole noncommercial use of the

Faculty of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Polytechnic University of the Philippines

2020

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Contributors:
Bernardino, Rhea
Criseno, Regine
Dilla, Perlyn Mae
Saguindan, Ian
 Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
Department of Mathematics and Statistics

Course Title : Plane Trigonometry

Course Code: MATH 03BC

Course Credit: 3 units

Pre-Requisite: None

Course Description : This course covers the topics on trigonometric functions of angles,
trigonometric functions of real numbers and analytic trigonometry.

COURSE LEARNING PLAN

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Week Dates Topics and Subtopics

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Circular Function of Real Numbers
1. Angles in a Unit Circle
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2. The Unit Circle and Arc length
Week 1, 10/05/20 - 10/11/20 ,
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3. Point Function
Week 2 and 10/12/20 - 10/18/20 and
Week 3 10/19/20 - 10/25/20 4. Circular Function
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5. Special Reduction Formulas for Sine,

Cosine and Tangent Functions
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6. Trigonometric Functions
Solutions of Right Triangles
Week 4 , 10/25/20 - 11/01/20 ,
1. Introduction
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Week 5 and 11/02/20- 11/08/20 and

2. Angles of Elevation and Depression
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Week 6 11/09/20 - 11/15/20

3. Bearing and Course
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Week 11/16/20 - 11/22/20, Solutions of Oblique Triangles

7 ,Week 8 11/30/20 - 12/06/20 and 1. Law of Sine
and Week 9 12/07/20- 12/13/20 2. Law of Cosines
Trigonometric Identities
Week 12/07/20- 12/13/20,
1. Introduction
10 ,Week 11 12/14/20- 12/20/20 and
and Week 12 01/04/21 - 01/10/21 2. Fundamental Identities
3. Pythagorean Identities
4. General Addition Formulas and Co-Function
Identities
Week 12/07/20- 12/13/20,
10 ,Week 11 12/14/20- 12/20/20 and 5. Double Angle Identities and Half Angle
and Week 12 01/04/21 - 01/10/21 Identities
6.Product to Sum and Sum to Product
Identities
 Week Dates Topics and Subtopics
Graphs of Circular Function
1. Properties of Sine and Cosine Functions
2. Graphs of Sine Waves
Week 13 and 01/11/21 - 01/17/21 and
3. Properties of the Tangent Function
week 14 01/18/21 - 01/24/21
4. Properties of the Cotangent Function
5. Properties of the Cosecant Function
6. Properties of the Secant Function

COURSE GRADING SYSTEM

The final grade will be based on the weighted average of the student’s scores on each test assigned
at the end of each lesson. The final SIS grade equivalent will be based on the following table
according to the approved University Student Handbook.

Class Standing (CS) = (((Weighted Average of all the Chapter/Unit Tests/Case Study) x 50 )+ 50)
Midterm and/or Final Exam (MFE) = (((Weighted Average of the Midterm and/or Final Tests) x

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50)+50)

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Final Grade = (70% x CS) + (30% x MFE)
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SIS Grade Final Grade Equivalent Description
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1.00 97.00-100 Excellent

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1.25 94.00-96.99 Excellent

1.50 91.00-93.99 Very Good

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1.75 88.00-90.99 Very Good

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2.00 85.00-87.99 Good

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2.25 82.00-84.99 Good

No

2.50 79.00-81.99 Satisfactory

2.75 77.00-78.99 Satisfactory

3.00 75.00-76.99 Passing

5.00 65.00-74.99 Fail

Inc Incomplete

W Withdrawn

Final grades are rounded off to 2 decimal places.

Prepared by:

Regine Z. Criseno
Faculty Member, Department of Mathematics and Statistics
College of Science
Contents

1 Circular Function of Real Numbers 1

1.1 Angles in a Unit Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Angle Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Degree Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

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1.2 Unit Circle and Arc length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 The Point Function P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4
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The Circular Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
erc
1.5 Special Reduction Formulas for Sine, Cosine and Tangent Functions . . . . . 11
mm

1.6 Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.6.1 Relations Between Trigonometric and Circular Functions . . . . . . . 19
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2 Solutions of Right Triangles 21

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2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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2.2 Angles of Elevation and Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

No

2.3 Bearing and Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3 Solutions of Oblique Triangles 35

3.1 Law of Sines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 Law of Cosines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4 Trigonometric Identities 45
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2 Fundamental Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3 Pythagorean Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.4 General Addition Formulas and Co-Function Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.5 Double Angle Identities and Half Angle Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.5.1 Double Angle Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.5.2 Half Angle Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

5
6 CONTENTS

4.6 Product-to-Sum and Sum-toProduct Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.6.1 Product to Sum Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.6.2 Sum to Product Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

5 Graphs of Circular Function 69

5.1 Properties of Sine and Cosine Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.2 Graphs of Sine Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.3 Properties of the Tangent Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.4 Properties of the Cotangent Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.5 Properties of the Cosecant Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.6 Properties of the Secant Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

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Chapter 1

Circular Function of Real Numbers

Chapter Overview

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In this chapter focused on the definition and operation on set and how to solve worded

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problems on the sets using Venn diagrams.
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Learning Objectives
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At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to

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1. measure angles and arc lengths

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2. determine the point function values of a real number

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3. determine sine and cosine function values of real numbers

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No

4. compute circular function values of special values

5. determine the other circular function values of a real number

6. illustrate the identities involving sums and differences of real numbers

7. demonstrate the co-function identities

8. exhibit the double measure identities

1.1 Angles in a Unit Circle

As derived from the Greek language, the word trigonometry means ”‘measurement of trian-
gles”. Initially dealt with the relationships among the sides and angles of triangles and was

1
2 CHAPTER 1. CIRCULAR FUNCTION OF REAL NUMBERS

used in the development of astronomy, navigation, and surveying. With the development
of calculus and physical sciences in the 17th century, a different perspective arose, one that
viewed the classic trigonometric relationships as functions with the sets of real numbers as
their domains. Consequently, the applications of trigonometry expanded to include a vast
number of physical phenomena, such as sound waves, planetary orbits, vibrating strings,
pendulum, and orbits of atomic particles.

1.1.1 Angle Measure

Suppose l and m are two half lines with a common endpoint O, L is a point on l, and M is
a point on m.

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Then an angle from OL to OM denoted by ∠LOM is the amount of rotation of l about

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O required so that l will coincide with m. The side being rotated, OL, is called the initial
side, the other side, OM , is the side, and the common point O is the vertex.
or
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The magnitude of an angle may be measured by the amount of rotation necessary to bring
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the initial side to the terminal side. The magnitude of an angle may also be measured with
reference to the length of the arc of a circle with center at O and intercepted by the two rays
OM and OL.
1.1. ANGLES IN A UNIT CIRCLE 3

Definition: An angle is in standard position if it is located in a rectangular coordinate

system with the vertex at the origin and the initial side on the positive x-axis.

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Definition: A quadrantal angle is an angle in standard position such that the terminal
side lie on either the x-axis or the y-axis.
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The arrow from the initial side to the terminal side indicates the direction of rotation.
If the rotation is in the counterclockwise direction, the angle is said to be positive and if
clockwise direction, the angle is said to be negative. The angle is said to lie in the quadrant
where its terminal side lies.
4 CHAPTER 1. CIRCULAR FUNCTION OF REAL NUMBERS

In the illustration above, α is positive and it is in the first quadrant and β is negative and
it is in the third quadrant.
Definition: Coterminal angles are angles in standard position that have the same initial
side and the same terminal side.

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1.1.2 Degree Measure

No

1
Definition: One degree, denoted 1◦ , is of a complete rotation counterclockwise.
360
x
If x ≥ 0 and θ is of a complete rotation counterclockwise, we say that the degree
360
measurement of θ is x and write θ = x◦ . If the rotation is clockwise, θ = −x◦ .
◦
1.2. UNIT CIRCLE AND ARC LENGTH 5

Definition: One revolution is 360 degrees. A minute, as a measure of an angle denoted by

1 1
(’) is an angle formed by a rotation of of a degree. A second denoted by (”) is of a
60 60
minute.
Definition: One radian is the measure of a central angle subtended by an arc of a circle
whose length is equal to the radius of the circle.
π 180
1 degree = radian and 1 radian =
180 π
Example:Convert the following to its specified measurement.
5
1.) rev to radians
6
Solution:
  
5 2π rad 5π
rev = rad
6 1 rev 3

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2.) −150◦ to radians
Solution: ial
 
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◦ π rad 5
−150 · = − rad
180◦ 6
mm

7π
3.) radians to degrees.
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4
Solution:
 
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7π 180◦
rad · = 315◦
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4 π rad
No

1.2 Unit Circle and Arc length

Definition: A circle is a set of points in a plane which are equidistant from a fixed point
called the center. The standard equation of a circle is (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 whose center
is (h, k) and radius is r.

Definition:Unit circle is a a circle whose radius is 1 and center at the origin.

Remark: Let (x, y) be a point on the plane.

1.) If the distance of (x, y) to the center is equal to r then the point (x, y) is on the circle.

2.) If the distance of (x, y) to the center is greater than r then the point (x, y) is outside
the circle.
6 CHAPTER 1. CIRCULAR FUNCTION OF REAL NUMBERS

3.) If the distance of (x, y) to the center is less than r then the point (x, y) is inside the
circle.
Determine if the given points are inside, on or outside the given circle by using the formula
for distance between two points.
Given: x2 + y 2 = 25
Solution:
C(h, k) = (0, 0) and r = 5
1.) (0, 5)
Solution:
p
d= (0 − 0)2 + (0 − 5)2
√
d = 0 + 25
√

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d = 25
d=5
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Since the distance is equal to r, therefore the given point is on the circle.
erc

2.) (−5, 1)
mm

Solution:
p
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d= (0 − (−5))2 + (0 − 1)2
√
d = 25 + 1
or

√
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d = 26
No

Since the distance is greater than r, therefore the given point is outside the circle.

3.) (2, 3)
Solution:
p
d= (0 − 2)2 + (0 − 3)2
√
d= 4+9
√
d = 13
Since the distance is less than r, therefore the given point is inside the circle.
Definition: For a circle of radius r, a central angle θ intercepts an arc length s given by

s = rθ

where θ is measured in radians.

1.2. UNIT CIRCLE AND ARC LENGTH 7

Example:

1.) A circle has a radius of 8 inches. Find the arc length of the arc intercepted by a central
angle of 150◦ .
Solution:

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First convert the given angle to radian,
 π  150 pi 5
θ = (150◦ ) ◦
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= = π
180 180 6
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s = rθ
 
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s=8 π
6
20π
or

s= inches
3
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2.) If the hour hand of a clock is 6 inches, then how far along a circle does the tip of the
No

hour hand travel in eighty-five minutes?

Solution:
The hour hand gives a central angle. Its measure in radians is:
   
1 hour 1 rev 2π rad 17π
(85 mins) = rad
60 mins. 12 hours 1 rev 72

Hence,

17π 17π
s=6· = inches
72 12
Definition: For a circle of radius r, the area of a sector of the circle with central angle θis

1
A = r2 θ
2
8 CHAPTER 1. CIRCULAR FUNCTION OF REAL NUMBERS

where θ is measured in radians.

Example:A sprinkler on a golf course fairway sprays water over a distance of 70ft and
rotates through an angle of 120◦ . Find the area of the fairway watered by the sprinkler.
Solution:
π 2π
r = 70 f t. and θ = 120◦ · = . Now,
180◦ 3
1
A = r2 θ
2 
1 2π
A = (70)2
2 3
4900π 2
A= f t.
3

1.3 The Point Function P

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The point function P : R → R2 is defined by P (θ) = (x, y) where (x, y) is the point on
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the unit circle making an arc length |θ| from the point (1, 0), measured counterclockwise if
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θ > 0, and clockwise if θ < 0.
mm
Co
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No

Example:Evaluate the following.

1. Find P (0)
Solution:
Since 0 is on the positive x-axis, the ordinate of P (0) is 0. P (0) is on the circle
x2 + y 2 = 1, substituting y = 0, we get x = ±1. Therefore P (0) = (1, 0).
π 
2. Find P
4
Solution: π 
π 1 π
lie on the first quadrant and it is the length of the quadrant .Hence P
4 2 2 π  4
is the midpoint of the arc of a circle intercepted in the first quadrant. P must
4
therefore lie on the line y = x. Substituting y = x in the equation of the unit circle,
1.4. THE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS 9
√ √ π 
2 2 2 2
x + y = 1,we get x = ± . Choose , since P lies in the first quadrant.Then
√ √ ! 2 2 4
π  2 2
P = ,
4 2 2
π 
3. Find P
6
Solution: π  1 1 1
The distance of P to the x-axis is , hence y = . Substituting y = to x2 +
6 √ 2 √ 2 2
3 3 π 
2
y = 1, which gives x = ± . Take x = , since P lie in the first quadrant.
√ 2! 2 6
π  3 1
Therefore, P = , .
6 2 2

Definition: Let f be a function with domain D ⊂ R. Let a 6= 0 be an element of D such

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that for each x ∈ D, (x + a) ∈ D and f (x) = f (x + a). Then f is called a periodic function

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and a is called a period of f . The smallest positive number a for which a periodic function
is periodic is called its fundamental period. ial
Remark: The point function is a periodic π function with fundamental period 2π. Thus,
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π
P (0) = P (k(2π)) = (1, 0) and P =P + k(2π) . In general, P (θ) = P (θ + k(2π))
2 2
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following points are equivalent.

1.) P (0) = P (2π) = P (4π) = · · · = P (k(2π))

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π    π 
13π
2.) P =P =· · · =P + k(2π)
or

6 6 6
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π    π 
9π
3.) P =P =· · · =P + k(2π)
No

4 4 4
Remark: The stated examples imply that P (0) = P (2π) but 0 6= 2π. In general, P (θ) =
P (θ + k(2π)) but θ 6= (θ + k(2π)).

1.4 The Circular Functions

Let θ ∈ R and let P (θ) = (x, y) be the point on the unit circle determined by the function
P . Then x is called the cosine of θ and y is the sine of θ. These are abbreviated cos θ and
sin θ respectively.
From the point function described by the ordered pair (θ, (x, y)) or (θ, (cos θ, sin θ)) we con-
struct two functions: {(θ, cos θ)|θ ∈ R} and {(θ, sin θ)|θ ∈ R} where x = cos θ and y = sin θ
satisfy x2 + y 2 = 1. These functions are called the cosine functions and sine functions,
respectively. Because the functions are described using points on the unit circle, they are
10 CHAPTER 1. CIRCULAR FUNCTION OF REAL NUMBERS

called circular functions.

Since P : θ → (cos θ, sin θ) is periodic with period 2π, the cosine and sine functions are also
periodic with period 2π. Hence, for every k ∈ Z

1.) cos(θ + 2kπ) = cos θ

2.) sin(θ + 2kπ) = sin θ

Example:

1.) P (0) = (1, 0), therefore cos 0 = 1 and sin 0 = 0.

√ ! √
π  3 1 π 3 π 1

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2.) P = , , therefore cos = and sin =

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6 2 2 6 2 6 2

π  √ √ ! √ ial √
2 2 π 2 π 2
3.) P = , , therefore cos = and sin =
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4 2 2 4 2 4 2

Theorem: cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 for θ ∈ R.

mm

Definition: We next define the four additional circular functions with their corresponding
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symbols in terms of the two basic functions cosine and sine.

sin θ π
or

1.) tangent θ = tan θ = , cos θ 6= 0, θ 6= (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z

cos θ 2
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cos θ
, sin θ 6= 0, θ 6= nπ, n ∈ Z
No

2.) cotangent θ = cot θ =

sin θ
1 π
3.) secant θ = sec θ = , cos θ 6= 0, θ 6= (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z
cos θ 2
1
4.) cosecant θ = csc θ = , sin θ 6= 0, θ 6= nπ, n ∈ Z
sin θ
Definition: Reference angle is the smallest positive acute angle between the x-axis and
the terminal side of the given angle.

To determine the reference angle of a given angle θ, we have the following:

Let θ be the measure of an angle and θr be its reference angle.

1.) If θ is in Quadrant I, θr = θ

2.) If θ is in Quadrant II, θr = 180o − θ or θr = π − θ

1.5. SPECIAL REDUCTION FORMULAS FOR SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT FUNCTIONS11

3.) If θ is in Quadrant III, θr = θ − 180o or θr = θ − π

4.) If θ is in Quadrant IV, θr = 360o − θ or θr = 2π − θ

Example:Evaluate the following. Express answers as single fractions, simplest form, except
rationalizing the denominator.

π
1.) tan
6
Solution:

π
π sin
tan = 6
6 π
cos
6
1
π

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tan = √2

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6 3
2
π 1
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tan = √
6 3
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3π
2.) cot Solution:
mm

4
3π cos 3π
4
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cot =
4 sin 3π
4
√
3π − 2
or

cot = √2
4 2
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2
3π
No

cot = −1
4

1.5 Special Reduction Formulas for Sine, Cosine and

Tangent Functions
We have considered functional values of the six circular functions for which the arcs are of
π π π π
lengths 0, , , , or . We shall now develop formulas which will be useful to find special
6 4 3 2
functional values of these circular functions fro which the value of arc length s is other than
π π π π
0, , , , or .
6 4 3 2

Theorem: For all α, β ∈ R,

cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β

12 CHAPTER 1. CIRCULAR FUNCTION OF REAL NUMBERS
 
7π
Example:Find the exact value of cos
12
Solution:
  π π 
7π
cos = cos +
12 3 4
 
7π π π π π
cos = cos cos − sin sin
12 3 4 3 4
    √ ! √ ! √ !
7π 1 2 3 2
cos = −
12 2 2 2 2
  √ √
7π 2 6
cos = −
12 4 4
  √ √
7π 2− 6
cos =
12 4

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Theorem: For all α, β ∈ R,
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cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β.
erc
mm

π
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Example:Find the exact value of cos

12
or

Solution:
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π π π π π π π
cos = cos − = cos cos + sin sin
No

12 3 4 3! 4 3 4
 π   1  √2 √ ! √ !
3 2
cos = +
12 2 2 2 2
π √ √
2 6
cos = +
12 4 4
 π  √2 + √6
cos =
12 4

5π
Note: There are arc lengths that can be expressed as sum or difference. can be expressed
π π    12
2π π
as + or − , both will result into the equivalent answer.
6 4 3 4
Theorem: For all α, β ∈ R,

sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β

1.5. SPECIAL REDUCTION FORMULAS FOR SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT FUNCTIONS13
 
5π
Example:Find the exact value of sin
12
Solution:
  π π 
5π
sin = sin +
12 6 4
 
5π π π π π
sin = sin cos + cos sin
12 4 6 4 6
  √ ! √ ! √ ! 
5π 2 3 2 1
sin = +
12 2 2 2 2
  √ √ √ √
5π 6 2 6+ 2
sin = + =
12 4 4 4
Theorem: For all α, β ∈ R,

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sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
π ial
Example:Find the exact value of sin .
12
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π π π 
sin = sin −
mm

π 12 4 6
π π π π
sin = sin cos − cos sin
12 4 6 4 6
√ ! √ ! √ !  √
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π √ √ √
2 3 2 1 6 2 6− 2
sin = − = − =
12 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
or
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Theorem: For all ∈ R

No

1.) sin(−θ) = − sin θ

2.) cos(−θ) = cos θ

3.) tan(−θ) = − tan θ

4.) cot(−θ) = − cot θ

5.) sec(−θ) = sec θ

6.) csc(−θ) = − csc θ

Example:
 π π  √
3
1.) sin − = − sin =−
3 3 2
14 CHAPTER 1. CIRCULAR FUNCTION OF REAL NUMBERS
    √
3π 3π 2
2.) cos − = cos =−
4 4 2
    √ ! √
11π 11π 3 3
3.) tan − = − tan =− − =
6 6 3 3

Theorem: For all α, β ∈ R,

tan α + tan β
tan(α + β) =
1 − tan α tan β.

Example:Find the exact values of the following.

5π
1.) tan
12
Solution:

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√ √

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5π π π  tan π4 + tan π6 1+ 3
3+ 3 √
3
tan = tan + = π π =
√ = √ =2+ 3
12 4 6 1 − tan 4 tan 6 1− ial 3 3− 3
3
erc
 
7π
2.) cot
mm

12
Solution:
    √
Co

7π 1 1 1 1− 3 √
cot = tan = = √ =√ = 3−2
12 tan 7π
12
tan( π3 + π4 ) 3+1
√ 3+1
or

1− 3
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Theorem: For all α, β ∈ R,

No

tan α − tan β
tan(α − β) =
1 + tan α tan β

Example:Find the exact values of the following.

5π
1.) tan
12
Solution:  
5π 2π π tan 2π
3
− tan π4
tan = tan − =
12 3 4 1 + tan 2π
3
tan π4
√
5π − 3−1 √
tan = √ = 3+2
12 1− 3
 
7π
2.) tan −
12
Solution:
1.5. SPECIAL REDUCTION FORMULAS FOR SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT FUNCTIONS15

   
7π 7π 3π π
tan − = − tan = − tan −
12 12 4 6
  3π
7π tan 4 − tan π6
tan − =−
12 1 + tan 3π4
tan π6
  √
7π −1 − 33
tan − =− √
12 1 − 33
  √
7π 3+ 3 √
tan − = √ =2+ 3
12 3− 3

Remark: For every θ ∈ R

1.) Tangent Function

(a) tan(π + θ) = tan θ

e
Us
(b) tan(π − θ) = − tan θ
(c) tan(2π + θ) = tan θ
ial
erc
(d) tan(2π − θ) = − tan θ
π 
mm

(e) tan + θ = − cot θ

2
π 
(f) tan − θ = cot θ
Co

2
2.) Cotangent Function
or
tf

(a) cot(π + θ) = cot θ

No

(b) cot(π − θ) = − cot θ

(c) cot(2π + θ) = cot θ
(d) cot(2π − θ) = − cot θ
π 
(e) cot + θ = − tan θ
2
π 
(f) cot − θ = tan θ
2
3.) Secant Function

(a) sec(π + θ) = − sec θ

(b) sec(π − θ) = − sec θ
(c) sec(2π + θ) = sec θ
(d) sec(2π − θ) = sec theta
16 CHAPTER 1. CIRCULAR FUNCTION OF REAL NUMBERS
π 
(e) sec + θ = − csc θ
2
π 
(f) sec − θ = csc θ
2
4.) Cosecant Function

(a) csc(π + θ) = − csc θ

(b) csc(π − θ) = csc θ
(c) csc(2π + θ) = csc θ
(d) csc(2π − θ) = − csc theta
π 
(e) csc + θ = sec θ
2
π 
(f) csc − θ = sec θ
2

e
Us
π
Example:Express the following as a function of θ such that 0 < θ < .
2
7π ial
1.) tan
9
erc
Solution:
7π 7π
mm

Since is in the second quadrant, we will use tan(π?θ) =? tan θ).Letθ = , then
 9  9
7π 7π 2π 7π
tan (π − = − tan . Thus, tan = − tan . Multiplying both sides of the
Co

9 9 9 9
2π 7π
equation by negative one, we will have − tan = tan .Therefore, the answer is
9 9
or

2π 2π π
− tan since 0 < < .
tf

9 9 2
No

14π
2.) cot
13
Solution:
14π
Since is in third quadrant, we will use cot(θ − π).We know that, cot(θ − π) =
13  
14π 14π 14π π
− cot(θ − π) = cot θ. Let θ = , then, cot − π = cot .Thus, cot =
13 13 13 13
14π π π π
cot .Therefore, the answer is cot since 0 < < .
13 13 13 2
9π
3.) sec
5
Solution:
9π 9π
Since is in the fourth quadratant, we will use sec(2π − θ) = sec θ. Let θ = ,
5 5
9π π 9π π π
thensec 2π − . Thus , sec = sec .Therefore, the answer is sec since 0 < <
5 5 5 5 5
π
2.
1.6. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 17
 
5π
4.) csc −
7
Solution:  
5π 5π 5π
From previous discussion, csc − = − csc . Since is in the second quadrant,
7 7  7
5π 5π 5π 2π
we will use csc(π −θ) = csc θ.Let θ = , then csc π − = csc . Thus, csc =
 7   7 7 7
5π 5π 5π 5π 2π
csc , but csc − = − csc then csc − = − csc .Therefore, the answer
7 7 7 7 7
2π 2π
is − csc since 0 < <
7 7

1.6 Trigonometric Functions

We have discussed the periodic functions known as the circular functions by pairing lengths

e
of arcs on a unit circle with elements in the set Rof real numbers. We shall now study

Us
another type of function in which angles are paired with elements of R.
Consider the figure below. ial
erc
mm
Co
or
tf
No

Let α be an angle in standard position with P (x, y) on its terminal side. The numbers x and
p
y are the coordinates of P (x, y) and r = x2 + y 2 is the length of OP . For each angle α,
there are six possible ratios using the numbers x , y and r. These ratios form the definition
of the six trigonometric functions of the angle α.
Definition: For an angle α in standard position, if x and y, (x, y) 6= (0, 0), are the coordi-
nates of any point on the terminal side of α, then the six trigonometric functions of α are
defined as follows:
x x
cosine α = cos α = p =
x2 + y 2 r
p
x2 + y 2 r
secant α = sec α = = , x 6= 0
x x
18 CHAPTER 1. CIRCULAR FUNCTION OF REAL NUMBERS

y y
sine α = sin α = p =
2
x +y 2 r
p
x2 + y 2 r
cosecant α = csc α = = , y 6= 0
y y
y
tangent α = tan α = , x 6= 0
x
x
cotangent α = cot α = , y 6= 0
y
Note that unless specified, angles in this chapter are assumed to be in standard position.
Let A be the set of all angles.

Domain for Sine and Cosine: {α |α ∈ A}

 

e
(2n + 1)π

Us
Domain for Tangent ang Secant: α α 6= ,n ∈ Z
2

Domain for Cotangent and Cosecant: {α |α 6= nπ, n ∈ Z}

ial
erc
Example:. Do as indicated.
mm

√

1.) The terminal side of α contains the point 3, −3 3 . Find the six trigonometric
function values of α.
Co

Solution:
√
√
From 3, −3 3 , x = 3, and y = −3 3 then,
or
tf

p q √ √
r= x2 + y2 = 32 + (−3 3)2 = 36 = 6.
No

Therefore,

√ √ √
y −3 3 3 x 3 −1 − 3
sin α = = =− cot α = = √ =√ =
r 6 2 y −3 3 3 3
x 3 1 r 6
cos α = = = sec α = = =2
r 6 2 x 3
√ √
y −3 3 √ r 6 2 −2 3
tan α = = =− 3 csc α = = √ = √ =
x 3 y −3 3 − 3 3

2.) The terminal side of A contains the point (3, −4). Find the six trigonometric function
values of A. Express answers in simplest forms except rationalizing the denominators.
Solution:
1.6. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 19

From (3, −4), x = 3 and y = −4 then ,

p p √
r= x2 + y 2 = 32 + (−4)2 = 25 = 5.

Therefore,

x 3
cot α = =
y −4 y −4
sin α = =
r 3 r 5
x 3 sec α = =
cos α = = x 3
r 5 r 5
y −4 csc α = =
tan α = = y −4
x 3

e
1.6.1 Relations Between Trigonometric and Circular Functions

Us
If a point P (x, y) on the terminal side of angle α is taken so that the coordinates x and y
p ial
satisfy x2 + y 2 = 1 , then P (x, y) lies on the unit circle. Then
erc
x x
cosine α = cos α = p = = x or cos α = x
x2 + y 2 1
mm

Similarly,
Co

y x
sineα = sin α = p = = x or sin α = y
x2 + y2 1
or

We have just seen that by using points on the unit circle, the elements in the ranges of
tf

the trigonometric functions are the same as the respective elements in the ranges of the
No

analogous circular functions.

If s is the length of the arc intercepted by the angle α on the unit circle, then

cos α = cos s

sin α = sin s

tan α = tan s

cot α = cot s

sec α = sec s

csc α = csc s

are identities.
20 CHAPTER 1. CIRCULAR FUNCTION OF REAL NUMBERS

Exercise 1
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Work INDEPENDENTLY and HONESTLY.

2. Use permanent black or blue-inked pens only.

3. Write your answers and solutions in short white bond paper (8.5” × 11”).

4. Write your FULL NAME, COURSE, YEAR, SECTION on the upper left part
of each page of your answer sheets.

1.) Convert the following to its specified measurement.

e
π
1.) radians to degrees

Us
12
2.) −1.8 radians to minutes
ial
3.) 175 degrees to radians
erc

4.) 8◦ 300 1600 to degress

mm

2.) Find the length of an arc and area of the sector of a circle of radius 2.5 inches and a
Co

central angle θ = 240◦

3.) The terminal side of B contains the point (−1, 6). Find the six trigonometric function
or

values of B. Express answers in simplest forms except rationalizing the denominators.

tf

√

No

4.) The terminal side of C contains the point 0, 5 . Find the six trigonometric function
values of C. Express answers in simplest forms except rationalizing the denominators.
Chapter 2

Solutions of Right Triangles

e
Us
Chapter Overview
ial
This chapter primarily introduces the six trigonometric functions as a ratio of any two
distinct sides of a right triangle. Moreover, with the principal skills to solve for the
erc

missing parts of a right triangle given some parts, applications are laid down to include
mm

angles of elevation and depression, and navigations’ bearing and course.

Co
or

Learning Objectives
tf

At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to

No

1. define and illustrate the six trigonometric functions

2. solve for the trigonometric functions of an acute angle of a right triangle

3. solve for the other parts of a right triangle given some parts

4. define and illustrate the angles of elevation and depression

5. solve word problems dealing with angles of elevation and depression

6. define, illustrate, differentiate and solve bearing and course

7. se properly the trigonometric functions in modelling angles of elevation, angle of

depression, bearing and course

21
22 CHAPTER 2. SOLUTIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

2.1 Introduction
From the figure above, right triangle ABC has the legs of measures a and b, and hypotenuse
AB of length c. With respect to the acute angle θ, BC is the side opposite to θ and AC is
the side adjacent to θ.

Definition. Let θ be an acute angle of a right 4ABC. trigonometric function of θ is

any of the six possible ratios when any two sides of 4ABC are pairwisely taken.

Remark: Three pairs are observed to be reciprocals.

Definition. The six trigonometric functions are as follows:

opposite side of θ adjacent side with θ

sine of θ = sin θ = cotangent of θ = cot θ =

e
hypotenuse opposite side of θ

Us
adjacent side with θ hypotenuse
cosine of θ = cos θ = secant of θ = sec θ =
hypotenuse adjacent side with θ
opposite side of θ ial hypotenuse
tangent of θ = tan θ = cosecant of θ = csc θ =
erc
adjacent side with θ opposite side of θ
mm

Remark: It can be seen that the value of sine and cosecant, tangent and cotangent, and,
secant and cosine are reciprocals of each other.
Co

Example:
or
tf

1. Given 4EF G, with respect to θ, the side

opposite to θ is EF of length 3 units, the
No

side adjacent to θ is F G of length 4 units,

and the hypotenuse EG is 5 units. Hence,
we have the following trigonometric func-
tions:

opposite side of θ 3 adjacent side with θ 4

sin θ = = cot θ = =
hypotenuse 5 opposite side of θ 3
adjacent side with θ 4 hypotenuse 5
cos θ = = sec θ = =
hypotenuse 5 adjacent side with θ 4
opposite side of θ 3 hypotenuse 5
tan θ = = csc θ = =
adjacent side with θ 4 opposite side of θ 3
2.1. INTRODUCTION 23

2. If θ terminates in the second quadrant such that tan θ = − 43 . Find the other five
trigonometric functions.

Solution:

On the second quadrant of the Cartesian plane, construct a triangle with legs of mea-
sures 3 and 4 units. Since, 3 is in the numerator and 4 is the denominator, and tan θ is
sin θ
, therefore 3 will be the measure of the opposite side and 4 will be the measure
cos θ
of the adjacent side to θ.

Through the Pythagorean Theorem, we

e
can say that

Us
√ √
c= 32 + 42 = 25 = 5. ial
erc

The negative value of tan θ tells us that

mm

either sine or cosine is negative. Since θ

terminates in the second quadrant, then
Co

the abscissa is negative. Thus, cosine is

negative. Solving for the other functions,
or

we have
tf
No

3 4 5
sin θ = cot θ = − csc θ =
5 3 3
4 5
cos θ = − sec θ =
5 4

To determine angle measures, we will use the following notations to denote the inverse of
each trigonometric function.
24 CHAPTER 2. SOLUTIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

opposite side of θ a
θ = sin−1 = sin−1
hypotenuse c
adjacent side with θ b
θ = cos−1 = cos−1
hypotenuse c
opposite side of θ a
θ = tan−1 = tan−1
adjacent side with θ b
adjacent side with θ b
θ = cot−1 = cot−1
opposite side of θ a
hypotenuse c
θ = sec−1 = sec−1
adjacent side with θ b
hypotenuse c
θ = csc−1 = csc−1
opposite side of θ a

e
Us
This operation reverses the procedure, i.e, the inverse of a trigonometric functions requires
the ratio to be the input while its yield will be the acute angle. Scientific calculators may
ial
be used for this part. For precision, report all answers up to the nearest ten thousandths.
erc
mm

Example
Determine the measure of the acute angles in the first example.
Co

Solution:
or
tf
No

3
Since, sin θ = , then we have
5
3
θ = sin−1
5
θ = 36.8699◦ .

Thus, the other acute angle has measure

90◦ − 36.8699◦ = 53.1301◦ .

Another way to solve for θ is thru the inverse of cosine and tangent function. Verify that
4 3
θ = cos−1 = tan−1 = 36.8699◦ .
5 4
2.2. ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION 25

2.2 Angles of Elevation and Depression

Definition. The angle of elevation is the angle made with the horizontal by the line
of sight from an observer to an object on a higher level than the observer. The angle of
depression is the angle made with the horizontal by the line of sight from an observer to
an object on a lower level than the observer.

For instance, consider an edge of the rooftop

of the building to have a line of sight.

Anything that flies or floats above the rooftop

can be observed at an angle of elevation from
that edge.

e
Us
Likewise, anything that moves or stands on
the ground can be observed at an angle of
ial
erc
depression from the given edge.
mm

1. From a point A on the ground 43 ft from a building, the angle of elevation of the top
Co

of the building is 65◦ . How high is the building?

or

Solution:
tf
No

Let h be the height of the building, then base on the figure a right triangle is formed.
We have an acute angle 65◦ and a leg with the measure of 43 ft. We are looking for
the height of the building h which serves as a leg of the right triangle.

The most appropriate function to use here Therefore, the building is approximately
is the tangent function since the related 92.2138 ft.
quantities correspond to the opposite and
adjacent sides with θ. Thus,

h
tan 65◦ =
43
◦
43 tan 65 = h
43(2.1445) ≈ h
92.2138 ≈ h.
26 CHAPTER 2. SOLUTIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

2. From the top of a 135-meter high cliff, it is observed that the angle of depression of a
ship is 21◦ . How far is the ship from the cliff?

e
Us
Solution:
ial
erc

Let d be the distance from the cliff to the

mm

ship. We form a right triangle as shown in

the figure.
Co

This right triangle has a leg of 135 m and

a hypotenuse of d with an acute angle 21◦ .
or
tf
No

The most appropriate function to be used here is the sine function since the related
quantities correspond to the opposite sides of θ and the hypotenuse. Thus,

135
sin 21◦ =
d
135
d=
sin 21◦
135
d≈
0.3584
d ≈ 376.7078.
Thus, the ship is 376.7078 m away from the cliff.

3. Roni, standing 6 ft away from a lamppost, observed that the angle of elevation to the
2.3. BEARING AND COURSE 27

top of the lamp post is 30◦ , while the angle of depression to the bottom of the lamp
post is 45◦ . How high is the lamppost?
Solution:

Let a and b, be the respective lengths of

the upper and lower portion of the lamp-
post from Roni’s line of sight.
Based on the figure (not drawn into scale),
the most suitable trigonometric function is
tangent function.
Thus,
a
tan 30◦ =

e
6

Us
◦
6 tan 30 = a
√
6·
3
=a
ial
3
erc
√
2 3=a
mm

3.4641 ≈ a,
Co

and
b
tan 45◦ =
or

6
◦
tf

6 tan 45 = b
No

6 = b.
√
Therefore, the height of the lamppost is a + b = 2 3 + 6 ≈ 9.4641 ft.

2.3 Bearing and Course

Definition. The bearing or direction of one point of reference is the measure of the acute
angle which the line joining the two points makes with the north-south line.
Bearings are denoted this way: N or S, followed by an acute angle measure and then, E or
W. This means that from either north or south, an acute angle is formed going to east or
west.
28 CHAPTER 2. SOLUTIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

N 45◦ E

S 60◦ W

N 30◦ W

e
Us
ial
erc
mm

S 45◦ E
Co

Definition.The course is the measure of the angle formed by the path of a plane or ship
or

with the line due north measured in the clockwise direction.

tf

A course is simply denoted by an angle measure between 0◦ and 360◦ .

No

225◦ -course 300◦ -course

135◦ -course
2.3. BEARING AND COURSE 29

1. A ship is 85 km to the east and 107 km to the south of a seaport. Find its bearing and
distance from the seaport.
Solution:

Let d be the distance of the ship from the

seaport and θ be the angle from the east-
line.
Based on the figure, the involved quanti-
ties are related by the tangent function.
Thus,

107
tan θ =

e
85

Us
107
θ = tan−1
85
θ ≈ 51.5366◦ or 51◦ 320 .
ial
erc

But the angle involved in the bearing notation is the acute angle emanating from the
mm

south-line. Thus, we have approximately

Co

90◦ − 51◦ 320 = 38◦ 280 .

or

The distance d of the ship from the seaport is the hypothenuse of the illustrated right
tf

triangle. Thus, √
No

d = 852 + 1072
√
d = 18647
d ≈ 136.6528.
Therefore, the ship is approximately 136.6528 km S 38◦ 280 E away from the seaport.

2. A boat travels N 28◦ 200 E for 86 km, and then N 61◦ 400 W for 124 km. What is its
distance and bearing from the starting point?
Solution:
30 CHAPTER 2. SOLUTIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

Let d be the distance of the boat from the

starting point and θ be its bearing.
Based on the figure, the involved angles
are capable to form a right triangle. The
legs of the right triangle are the respective
opposite and adjacent sides of the angle
with measure θ + 28◦ 200 . Thus,

124
tan θ + 28◦ 200 =
86
124
θ + 28◦ 200 = tan−1
86
θ + 28 20 ≈ 55.2568◦ or 55◦ 150
◦ 0

θ ≈ 55◦ 150 − 28◦ 200

e
Us
θ ≈ 26◦ 550 .
ial
erc
The distance d of the boat from the starting point is the hypothenuse of the illustrated
mm

right triangle. Thus, √

d = 862 + 1242
√
Co

d = 22772
d ≈ 150.9039.
or

Therefore, the boat is approximately 150.9039 km N 26◦ 550 W away from the starting
tf

point.
No

3. A ship leaves a port and makes a course of 125◦ to point A, 10 km from the starting
point. At point A, the ship makes a course of 215◦ for 15km reaching point B. Find
the distance and course of point B from the starting point.

Solution:

Let d be the distance of the ship from the and adjacent sides of the angle with measure
starting point. θ. Thus,
Based on the figure, the involved angles are
capable to form a right triangle. The legs of
the right triangle are the respective opposite
2.3. BEARING AND COURSE 31

10
tan θ =
15
10
θ = tan−1
15
θ ≈ 33.6901◦ or 33◦ 41.
Hence, the course of the ship is

125◦ + 90◦ − 33◦ 41 = 181◦ 200 .

e
Us
The distance d of the ship from the start-
ing point is the hypothenuse of the illustrated ial
right triangle. Thus,
erc

√
mm

d= 102 + 152
√
d= 325 Therefore, the ship had a course of 181◦ 200 ,
Co

d ≈ 18.0278. 18.0278 km away from the starting point.

or
tf
No
32 CHAPTER 2. SOLUTIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

Exercise 2
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Work INDEPENDENTLY and HONESTLY.

2. Use permanent black or blue-inked pens only.

3. Write your answers and solutions in short white bond paper (8.5” × 11”).

4. Write your FULL NAME, COURSE, YEAR, SECTION on the upper left part
of each page of your answer sheets.

I. Determine the six trigonometric functions of θ in each right triangle. Be able to include

e
the measures of the acute angles.

Us
ial
erc
mm
Co
or

1. 3.
tf
No

2. 4.

II. Determine the six trigonometric functions of θ in each right triangle. Be able to include
the measures of the acute angles.

3 √
1. sin θ = , θ ∈ QI 3. tan θ = 3, θ ∈ QIII
5
12
2. cos θ = , θ ∈ QIV
13

III. Solve the following.

2.3. BEARING AND COURSE 33

1. Find the height of a hotel if the angle of elevation of its top is 61◦ , when seen
from a point P of the street level 520 ft from the building.
2. A ship receives sonar reflections at an angle of 31◦ from a submarine 27 km above
the surface of water. How far is the ship from the submarine?
3. From post C, an airplane and a helicopter travel to two different islands. The
plane travels 235 km N 65◦ 500 E to island A, and the helicopter travels to island
B at S 24◦ 100 E for 138 km. What is the distance between the two islands?
4. An airplane traveled 60 km with a bearing of N 35◦ 200 E. Due to the storm, they
turned at S 35◦ 200 E. From the starting point to to their current position, the
distance is 90 km. How far did they travel when they turned?
5. From A, a pilot flew a course 60◦ for 500 km to B. From B, he flew a course 150◦
for 800 km to C. What is the direction and distance of a flight from C to A?

e
Us
ial
erc
mm
Co
or
tf
No
34 CHAPTER 2. SOLUTIONS OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

e
Us
ial
erc
mm
Co
or
tf
No
Chapter 3

Solutions of Oblique Triangles

Chapter Overview

e
Us
This chapter primarily introduces solutions for oblique triangles. In particular, ap-
plications of the Law of Sines and Law of Cosines are illustrated for surveying and
navigation.
ial
erc

Learning Objectives
mm

At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to

Co

1. state the Law of Sines

or

2. solve for the missing parts of an oblique triangle given some suitable parts
tf
No

3. apply the Law of Sines for word problems involving land survey and navigation

4. state the Law of Cosines

5. solve for the missing parts of an oblique triangle given some suitable parts

6. apply the Law of Cosines for word problems involving land survey and navigation

3.1 Law of Sines

Consider an oblique triangle (either acute or obtuse triangle) with two known angle measures
and one known side length. The following theorem is applicable to determine the unknown
parts.

35
36 CHAPTER 3. SOLUTIONS OF OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

Theorem.The sides of a triangle are proportional to the sines of the opposite angles, i.e.,
a b c
= =
sin α sin β sin γ

1. Given a 4ABC, let a = 50, α = 60◦ and β = 75◦ . Determine b, c and γ.

Solution:

e
Since, α = 60◦ and β = 75◦ , then

Us
γ = 180◦ − 60◦ + 75◦ = 45◦ . ial
erc

By the Law of Sines, we have the following

mm

relations

50 b c
Co

= = .
sin 60◦ sin 75◦ sin 45◦
or

b 50
Thus, = implies
tf

sin 75◦ sin 60◦

No

50 sin 75◦
b= ≈ 56.8831
sin 60◦
c 50
and ◦
= implies
sin 45 sin 60◦
√
50 sin 45◦ 50 6
c= = ≈ 40.8248.
sin 60◦ 3

2. Janine and Jaira, 100 ft apart from each other, are on the beach observing a lighthouse.
If the lighthouse has respective bearings N 50◦ E and N 55◦ W from Janine and Jaira’s
posts, how far is the lighthouse from each of their posts?
Solution:
3.1. LAW OF SINES 37

Let α and β be the respective angles formed from the segment joining the respective
posts of Janine and Jaira.
If the respective bearings of the lighthouse from Janine and Jaira’s posts are N 50◦ E
and N 55◦ W, then α = 40◦ and β = 35◦ . Thus,

γ = 180◦ − 40◦ + 35◦ = 105◦ .

e
Us
ial
erc
mm

Let a and b be the respective distances of the lighthouse from Janine and Jaira’s posts.
By the Law of Sines, we have
Co

b a 100
◦
= ◦
= .
sin 40 sin 35 sin 105◦
or

a 100
tf

Thus, ◦
= implies
sin 35 sin 105◦
No

100 sin 35◦

a= ≈ 59.38
sin 105◦
b 100
and = implies
sin 40◦ sin 105◦
100 sin 40◦
b= ≈ 66.5462.
sin 105◦
Therefore, the lighthouse is 59.38 ft away from Janine and 66.5462 ft away from Jaira.

3. A 10-ft tall flagpole stands on top of a building. From a point on the ground, the same
plane with the base of the building, it is observed that the top and the bottom of the
flagpole have respective angles of elevation 60◦ and 50◦ . How high is the building?
Solution:
38 CHAPTER 3. SOLUTIONS OF OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

Let h be the height of the building. How-

ever, the small right triangle has unknown
leg measures. It is apparent that the ob-
tuse triangle above the right triangle has
a side that is needed for the right trian-
gle. We start solving for this common side.

Let x be the distance between the point

on the ground and the foot of the flagpole.
This is actually the hypotenuse of the right
triangle.
Using law of sines in the obtuse triangle,
h

e
we have sin 50◦ =

Us
x
◦
10 x x sin 50 = h
= ial
sin 10◦ sin 30◦ 10 sin 30◦
10 sin 30◦ · sin 50◦ = h
erc
sin 10 ◦
=x
sin 10◦ 22.0574 = h.
mm

28.7939 ≈ x.
Therefore, the building has height approx-
Co

Now, in the right triangle we have, imately 22.0574 ft.

or

3.2 Law of Cosines

tf
No

Consider an oblique triangle (either acute or obtuse triangle) with two known angle measures
and one known side length. The following theorem is applicable to determine the unknown
parts.

Theorem. The square of the length of any side of a triangle equals the sum of the squares
of the lengths of the other sides minus twice their product multiplied by the cosine of their
included angle, i.e.,
3.2. LAW OF COSINES 39

i. a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos α

ii. b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos β

iii. c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos γ.

To find the angle measure, we have the following consequence.

b 2 + c 2 − a2 a2 + c 2 − b 2 a2 + b 2 − c 2
i. cos α = ii. cos β = iii. cos γ =
2bc 2ac 2ab

e
Us
ial
erc
mm
Co
or
tf
No
40 CHAPTER 3. SOLUTIONS OF OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

1. Given a 4ABC with a = 5, b = 7 and γ = 50◦ . Determine the measures of α, β and c.

Solution:

Using the Law of Cosines, we have Also,

c2 = (5)2 + (7)2 − 2(5)(7) cos 50◦

c2 = 25 + 49 − 70 cos 50◦ (7)2 + (5.3856)2 − (5)2
α = cos−1
2(7)(5.3856)
c2 = 29.0049
α ≈ cos−1 0.7030
c ≈ 5.3856.
α ≈ 45.3322◦ or 45◦ 200

and

e
Us
ial β = cos−1
(5)2 + (5.3856)2 − (7)2
2(5)(5.3856)
erc

β ≈ cos−1 0.0929
mm

β ≈ 84.6678◦ or 84◦ 400 .

Co
or

2. The houses of Mr. Amador and Mr. Bravo are found to form a 70◦ -angle with a tree,
tf

making it as the vertex of the angle. Also, the tree is 100 m from Mr. Amador’s
No

house and 120 m from Mr. Bravo’s house. If Mr. Bravo’s house is to the east of
Mr. Amador’s house, find the bearing of the tree from their houses and the distance
between their houses.
Solution:

Let x be the distance between the houses of Mr. Amador and Mr. Bravo. Also, let α
and β be the respective angles formed by their houses with the tree and the segment
joining their houses. The complement of α and β are the respective bearings of their
houses.
3.2. LAW OF COSINES 41

By the Law of Cosines, we have

x2 = 1002 + 1202 − 2(100)(120) cos 70◦

x2 = 10000 + 14400 − 24000 cos 70◦
x2 ≈ 16191.5166
x ≈ 127.2459.

e
Also,

Us
1002 + (127.2459)2 − 1202
α = cos−1
2(100)(127.2459)
α ≈ cos−1 0.4633
ial
erc
α ≈ 62.3974◦ or 62◦ 240 ,
mm

and
−1 1202 + (127.2459)2 − 1002
β = cos
2(120)(127.2459)
Co

β ≈ cos−1 0.6743
or

β ≈ 47.6026◦ or 47◦ 360 .

tf

With 90◦ − 62◦ 240 = 27◦ 360 and 90◦ − 47◦ 360 = 27◦ 360 , therefore the tree is N 27◦ 360
No

E from Mr. Amador’s House and N 27◦ 360 E from Mr. Bravo’s House. In addition,
their houses are approximately 127.2459 m away from each other.

3. A ship travels 60 mi due east, then adjust its direction 15◦ northward. After traveling
80 mi in that direction, what is the ship’s distance from the starting point?

Solution:

Let x be the distance of the ship from the starting point. With the 15◦ redirection,
the included angle of the formed by the segment from the starting point to the 60-
mi-endpoint, and, the segment from the 60-mi-endpoint to the 80mi-endpoint has a
measure of 180◦ − 15◦ = 165◦ .
42 CHAPTER 3. SOLUTIONS OF OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

By the Law of Cosines, we have

x2 = 602 + 802 − 2(60)(80) cos 165◦

x2 = 3600 + 6400 − 9600 cos 165◦
x2 ≈ 19272.8879

e
Us
x ≈ 138.8268.
ial
Therefore, the ship is 138.8268 mi from its starting point.
erc
mm
Co
or
tf
No
3.2. LAW OF COSINES 43

Exercise 3
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Work INDEPENDENTLY and HONESTLY.

2. Use permanent black or blue-inked pens only.

3. Write your answers and solutions in short white bond paper (8.5” × 11”).

4. Write your FULL NAME, COURSE, YEAR, SECTION on the upper left part
of each page of your answer sheets.

I. Determine the measure of the missing parts of the triangle.

1. a = 13.4, b = 26.1, c = 32.7 4. b = 20, c = 35, α = 71◦

e
Us
2. a = 9.37, b = 4.35, γ = 85◦ 5. a = 35, b = 76, γ = 100◦
3. a = 60, c = 78, β = 38◦ ial
erc

II. Solve the following.

mm

1. Two guy wires support a telephone pole. They are attached to the top of the
Co

pole and are anchored into the ground on opposite sides of the pole at points A
and B. If AB = 120 ft and the angles of elevation at A and B are 72◦ and 56◦ ,
or

respectively, find the length of the wires.

tf

2. An airplane is flying in a straight line toward an airfield at a fixed altitude. At

No

one point the angle of depression to the airfield is 32◦ . After flying 2 more miles
the angle of depression is 74◦ . What is the distance between the airplane and the
airfield when the angle of depression is 74◦ .
3. A 45-foot tower standing vertically on a hillside casts a shadow down the hillside
that is 72 feet long. The angle at the tip of the shadow S, subtended by the tower,
is 28◦ . Find the angle of elevation of the sun at S.
4. From a certain point, the angle of elevation of the top of a building is 38◦ . From
a point 75◦ , nearer the building, the angle of elevation is 65◦ . Find the height of
the building.
5. A building is located at the end of a street that is inclined at an angle 8◦ with
the horizontal. At a point P , 210 m down the street, the top of the building has
an angle of elevation of 15◦ . How tall is the building?
44 CHAPTER 3. SOLUTIONS OF OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

e
Us
ial
erc
mm
Co
or
tf
No
Chapter 4

Trigonometric Identities

Chapter Overview

e
In this chapter focused on demonstrating and proving the identities.

Us
Learning Objectives ial
erc
At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to
mm

1. compute trigonometric functions of angles

2. demonstrate the fundamental identities involving circular functions

Co

3. prove identities involving circular functions

or
tf
No

4.1 Introduction
Identities are equations which are true for all values that do not give undefined terms. For
example, sin2 s + cos2 s = 1 is an identity.

If there is a value that makes an equation false, then that equation is not an identity.

To show that an equation is not an identity, it is enough to find a fixed value of the variable(s)
that makes/make the equation false. For example, cos θ = sin θ is not an identity since it is
not true for θ = π6 . A statement which is true for some values of the variables and false for
others is called a conditional.
In this chapter, we are going to deal with identities, conditional equations, and inequalities
that involve circular or trigonometric function values.

45
46 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

4.2 Fundamental Identities

Reciprocal and Quotient Identities are definitions or immediate consequences of tan θ, cot θ,
sec θ, and csc θ.

1 1
sin θ = → csc θ = → sin θ csc θ = 1
csc θ sin θ

1 1
cos θ = → sec θ = → cos θ sec θ = 1
sec θ cos θ

1 1
tan θ = → cot θ = → tan θ cot θ = 1
cot θ tan θ
sin θ cos θ

e
tan θ = cos θ
cot θ = sin θ

Us
4.3 Pythagorean Identities
ial
erc

The identity sin2 s + cos2 s = 1 has been discussed in chapter one. Replacing s by θ we have
mm

the identity,
Co

sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
or

Dividing both sides by sin2 θ,

tf

sin2 θ cos2 θ
No

1
2 + 2 =
sin θ sin θ sin2 θ
Simplifying,

1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ, θ 6= nπ ∈ Z

Another way to verify the previous identity is by starting with either side of the equation
and converting this expression in terms of the other.

Let us start with the left-hand side.

Express cot2 θ in terms of sin θ and cos θ.

cos2 θ
1 + cot2 θ = 1 +
sin2 θ
4.3. PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES 47

Combine into single fraction

sin2 θ + cos2 θ
1 + cot2 θ =
sin2 θ
But sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, so we have

1
1 + cot2 θ =
sin2 θ

 2
2 1
1 + cot θ =
sin θ
1
By the reciprocal identity, sin θ
= csc θ,

e
Us
And so we have, 1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ.
ial
erc
On the other hand, dividing both sides of sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 by cos2 θ, we will have,
mm

 
2n + 1
2
tan θ + 1 = sec θ, θ 6=2
π, n ∈ Z
2
Co

Note: To verify an identity,

or
tf

a. reduce one side to the other side

No

b. reduce each side separately to the same form

c. start with a known identity and then perform permissible operations on both sides of
the identity.

cot θ sec2 θ
Example 1: Reduce 1+cot2 θ
into a single function of the given argument.

Solution: In order to do this, use the previously discussed identities and convert the given
functions in terms of sin θ and cos θ.
48 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

cot θ sec2 θ cot θ sec2 θ

=
1 + cot2 θ csc2 θ
cos θ
· 1
sin θ (cos θ)2
= 1
(sin θ)2
cos θ 1 (sin θ)2
= · ·
sin θ (cos θ)2 1
sin θ
=
cos θ
sin θ
= tan θ or p
± 1 − sin2 θ
In proving identities, one may follow some aids:

1. Often times, but not always, it is useful to express all functions in terms of sine and

e
Us
cosine.

ial
2. Choose the more complicated-looking side of the equation and simplify it until you get
erc
an expression equal to the other side.
mm

3. Manipulate both sides of the equation independently to transform each into the same
expression.
Co

4. To manipulate, one may use algebraic operations (+, −, ×, ÷, exponentiation), express-

or

ing fractions as one term, breaking up fractions, multiplying by an expression equivalent

tf

to 1.
No

Prove the following identities.

1−tan2 x
1. 1+tan2 x
= 1 − 2 sin2 x
sin2 x
1 − tan2 x 1− cos2 x
2
= sin2 x
1 + tan x 1+ cos2 x
cos2 x−sin2 x
cos2 x
= cos2 x+sin2 x
cos2 x
2 2
cos − sin
=
1
= cos x − sin2 x
2

= (1 − sin2 x) − sin2 x
= 1 − 2 sin2 x
4.3. PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES 49

cot θ+csc θ
2. sin θ−cot θ−csc θ
+ sec θ = 0

cos θ
cot θ + csc θ sin θ
+ sin1 θ 1
+ sec θ = cos θ 1
+
sin θ − cot θ − csc θ sin θ − sin θ − sin θ cos θ
cos θ+1
sin θ 1
= +
sin θ − cossinθ+1
θ
cos θ
cos θ+1
sin θ 1
= 2 +
sin θ−(cos θ+1) cos θ
sin θ
cos θ + 1 1
= 2 +
sin θ − (cos θ + 1) cos θ
cos θ(cos θ + 1) + (sin2 θ − (cos θ + 1))
=
cos θ(sin2 θ − (cos θ+))
cos2 θ + cos θ + sin2 θ − cos θ − 1
=

e
cos θ(sin2 −(cos θ + 1))

Us
cos2 θ + sin2 θ + cos θ − cos θ − 1
=
ialcos θ(sin2 −(cos θ + 1))
1−1
erc
= 2
cos θ(sin −(cos θ + 1))
mm

=0
Co
or
tf
No
50 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

cot A−csc A+1 sin A

3. cot A+csc A−1
= 1+cos A

cos A
cot A − csc A + 1 sin A
− sin1 A +1
= cos A
cot A + csc A − 1 sin A
+ sin1 A −1
cos A−1+sin A
sin A
= cos A+1−sin A
sin A
cos A − 1 + sin A
=
cos A + 1 − sin A
(cos A − 1) + sin A (cos A + 1) + sin A
= ·
(cos A + 1) − sin A (cos A + 1) + sin A
(cos2 A − 1) + sin A(cos A + 1) + sin A(cos A − 1) + sin2 A
=
(cos A + 1)2 − sin2 A
(cos2 A − 1) + sin A(cos A + 1 + cos A − 1) + sin2 A
=
cos2 A + 2 cos A + 1 − sin2 A

e
Us
cos2 A + sin2 A − 1 + sin A(2 cos A)
=
cos2 A + 2 cos A + cos2 A
=
1 − 1 + 2 cos A sin A ial
2 cos2 A + 2 cos A
erc
2 cos A sin A
=
mm

2 cos A(cos A + 1)
sin A
=
1 + cos A
Co

sec θ+1 tan θ

or

4. tan θ
= sec θ−1
sec θ + 1 sec θ + 1 sec θ − 1
tf

= ·
tan θ tan θ sec θ − 1
No

sec2 −1
=
tan θ(sec θ − 1)
tan2 θ + 1 − 1
=
tan θ(sec θ − 1)
tan θ
=
sec θ − 1

4.4 General Addition Formulas and Co-Function Iden-

tities
From the special reduction formulas obtained in chapter 10 and the relationship between
trigonometric and circular functions, we have the following:
4.4. GENERAL ADDITION FORMULAS AND CO-FUNCTION IDENTITIES 51

Let A and B be angle measures.

cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B

 
π
Prove: cos 2
−θ = sin θ

 
π π π
cos −θ = cos cos θ + sin sin θ
2 2 2
= 0 · cos θ + 1 · sin θ
= sin θ

e
Us
π π
Let B = 2
− θ. This implies θ = 2
− B and we will have a co-function identity
ial
π
erc
cos B = sin( − B).
2
mm

Also,
π
sin B = cos( − B)
2
Co

We are going to use these equations to derive a formula for sin(A + B).
or
tf

 
π
No

sin(A + B) = cos − (A + B)
2
 
π
= cos ( − A) − B
2
   
π π
= cos − A cos B + sin − A sin B
2 2
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

Replacing B by −B, we get

sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B

Let us derive formulas for tan(A − B) and tan(A + B) using the sum formulas for sine and
sin θ
cosine and the ratio identity, tan θ = cos θ
.
52 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

sin(A + B)
tan(A + B) =
cos(A + B)
sin A cos B + cos A sin B
=
cos A cos B − sin A sin B
sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos A cos B
+ cos A cos B
= cos A cos B sin A sin B
cos A cos B
− cos A cos B
tan A + tan B
tan(A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
Similarly, we can obtain the identity

tan A − tan B
tan(A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B

For the other four co-function identities, we can use ratio and reciprocal identities.

e
Us
π  π


sin 2
−B cos B
tan −B =
= = cot B
2 cos π
2
ial
−B sin B
erc
π  π


cos 2
−B sin B
cot −B =
= = tan B
mm

π
2 sin 2
−B cos B
π  1 1
Co

sec −B = π

= = csc B
2 cos 2
−B sin B
or

π  1 1
tf

csc −B = π

= = sec B
2 sin 2
−B cos B
No

Example 1: Using general addition formulas, evaluate sin 5π 12

.
5π
Solution: Express 12 as a sum or difference of two special angles.
We have 5π12
= π6 + π4 . So,

5π π π 
sin = sin +
12 6 4
π π π π
= sin cos + cos sin
6 !4 6 !4
√ √ √
1 2 3 2
= +
2 2 2 2
√ √
2+ 6
=
4
Example 2: Let tan A = 34 , A in the first quadrant and sin B = 21 , B in the second quadrant.
Determine cos(A + B).
4.5. DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITIES AND HALF ANGLE IDENTITIES 53

Solution :
sin A
Given tan A = 34 , implies that cos A
= 43 . This gives us that sin A = 3 and cos A = 4. Now,
we need to know what is cos B. To get cos B, we will use the identity cos2 B + sin2 B = 1
where sin B = 21 . Now we have,
 2
2 1
cos B + =1
2
1
cos2 B = 1 −
4
3
cos2 B =
4
√
3
cos B =
2
√
3

e
But since B is in quadrant 2 then cos B = − 2
.

Us
From here, we can determine the cos(A + B).
ial
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
erc

√ !  
mm

3 1
cos(A + B) = 4 − −3
2 2
Co

√ 3
cos(A + B) = −2 3 −
2
or
tf
No

4.5 Double Angle Identities and Half Angle Identities

4.5.1 Double Angle Identities

To obtain identities for 2θ, we are going to use the previously discussed identities under
section General Addition Formulas.

From sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B,let us replace A and B by θ, so we have

sin 2θ = sin(θ + θ) = sin θ cos θ + cos θ sin θ

sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
54 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

From cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B, let us replace A and B by θ, so we have

cos 2θ = cos(θ + θ) = cos θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ

cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ

In terms of cosine, recall that sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 =⇒ sin2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ, so we have,

cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ

cos 2θ = cos2 θ − (1 − cos2 θ)
cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1

Similarly, we can express cos 2θ in terms of sine,

cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ

e
Us
cos 2θ = (1 − sin2 θ) − sin2 θ
ial
cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ
erc
tan A + tan B
From tan(A + B) = , let us replace A and B by θ, so we have
mm

1 − tan A tan B

tan θ + tan θ
Co

tan 2θ = tan(θ + θ) =
1 − tan θ tan θ
tan2 θ
tan 2θ =
or

1 − tan2 θ
tf

We now have the following double angle (double measure) identities for sine, cosine and
No

tangent.
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ
= 2 cos2 θ − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 θ
tan2 θ
tan 2θ =
1 − tan2 θ
For cosecant, secant, and cotangent, take note that these are the reciprocals of sine, cosine
and tangent, respectively.
 
7 3π
Find sin 2θ given that cot θ = and θ ∈ π, .
24 2
Solution: To evaluate sin 2θ, we use the double angle identity for sine, sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ.
This means that we first determine the values for sin θ and cos θ. Since cot θ > 0 and
4.5. DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITIES AND HALF ANGLE IDENTITIES 55
 
3π
θ ∈ π, , this means that θ lies in Quadrant III. Using the identity, csc2 θ = cot2 +1,
2

csc2 θ = cot2 +1
 2
2 7
csc θ = +1
24
625
csc2 θ = ←− extract square roots of both sides
576
25
csc θ = − ←− since in Quadrant III, csc θ < 0
24
24
Hence, sin θ = −
25
2 24
Now, since sin θ + cos2 θ = 1, sin θ = − ,
25

e
 2

Us
25
− + cos2 θ = 1
24
576
ial
+ cos2 θ = 1
erc
625
576
cos2 θ = 1 −
mm

625
49
cos2 θ = ←− extract square roots of both sides
625
Co

7
cos θ = − ←− since in Quadrant III, cos θ < 0
25
or
tf

Substitute the obtained values for sin θ and cos θ,

No

sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

  
24 7
sin 2θ = 2 − −
25 25
168
sin 2θ =
625

Alternative Solution: By using the definition of trigonometric functions where θ is an

angle in standard position, (x, y) 6= (0, 0) is a point on the terminal side of θ and r2 = x2 +y 2 ,
56 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
 
7 x 3π
cot θ = = and θ ∈ π, , implies that x = −7 and y = −24. Solving for r,
24 y 2

r 2 = x2 + y 2
r2 = (−7)2 + (−24)2
r2 = 49 + 576
r2 = 625 ←− extract square roots of both sides
r = 25 ←− in the definition of trigonometric functions, r > 0

y −24 x −7
Solving for sin θ and cos θ, sin θ = = and cos θ = = . Hence, using these values,
r 25 r 25
we have
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
  
24 7

e
sin 2θ = 2 − −

Us
25 25
168
sin 2θ = ial
625
erc
mm

4.5.2 Half Angle Identities

Co

For half-angle identities, we can use cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1. From this previous equation, let
or

us determine cos θ.
tf
No

cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 ←− isolate 2 cos2 θ

2 cos2 θ = cos 2θ + 1 ←− divide both sides by 2
cos 2θ + 1
cos2 θ = ←− extract square roots of both sides
r 2
cos 2θ + 1
cos θ = ±
2
Dividing the angles by 2, we can write this last equation as
r
θ 1 + cos θ
cos = ±
2 2

θ
The sign depends on which quadrant lies.
2
Using the other identity for cosine, cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ, we can derive for the half-angle
4.5. DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITIES AND HALF ANGLE IDENTITIES 57

identity for sine.

cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ ←− isolate 2 sin2 θ

2 sin2 θ = 1 − cos 2θ ←− divide both sides by 2
1 − cos 2θ
sin2 θ = ←− extract square roots of both sides
r2
1 − cos 2θ
sin θ = ±
2

Dividing the angles by 2, we can write this last equation as

r
θ 1 − cos θ
sin = ±
2 2

e
θ

Us
The sign depends on which quadrant lies.
2
ial sin θ
Using the half-angle identities for sine and cosine and the identity, tan θ = we can
cos θ
θ
erc

θ θ 2 cos
obtain formulas for tan . We will first multiply the ratio tan by 2.
mm

2 2 θ
2 cos
2
Co

θ θ θ θ
θ sin 2 cos 2 sin cos
tan = 2 · 2 = 2 2
or

2 θ θ θ
cos 2 cos 2 cos2
tf

2 2 2
No

θ θ
Recall that by double angle identity for sine, we can write 2 sin cos as sin θ. Also, the
 2 2
θ θ
expression 2 cos2 is equivalent to the expression, 2 cos2 − 1 + 1 where by double angle
2 2
θ
identity for cosine, the expression 2 cos2 − 1 is equivalent to cos θ. Hence, we have
2

θ sin θ
tan =
2 cos θ + 1

θ
θ −2 sin
Multiplying the ratio tan by 2 instead will give us another formula for tan θ which
2 θ 2
−2 sin
2
is
θ 1 − cos θ
tan =
2 sin θ
58 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

To summarize, we have the following half-angle (half-measure) identities for sine, cosine, and
tangent. r
θ 1 − cos θ
sin = ±
2 r 2
θ 1 + cos θ
cos = ±
2 2
θ sin θ
tan =
2 cos θ + 1
1 − cos θ
=
sin θ
θ
where the sign of sine and cosine depends on the quadrant where lies.
2
5π
Using half-angle identities, determine the exact value of csc .
12
1
Solutuion: Recall that by reciprocal identity, csc θ = so we first obtain the value of

e
sin θ

Us
5π θ 5π 5π 5π
sin . By half-angle identity for sine, = =⇒ θ = . Since lies in Quadrant I,
12 2 12 ial 6 12
sine is positive.
erc
v
v u  √  v u √
u 5π u 3 u2+ 3 s p
u 1 − cos u1 − − √ √
mm

5π t t 2 t 2 + 3 2+ 3
sin = 6 = = 2 = =
12 2 2 2 4 2
Co

5π 2
Hence, csc =p √ .
12 2+ 3
or

3
Let tan 2x = − and cos 2x < 0, find (a) tan 4x ; (b) sin 4x; and (c) cos x Solution: Since
tf

4
tan 2x < 0 and cos 2x < 0, then 2x lies in Quadrant II.
No

(a) With respect to the given angle 2x, 4x is its double, by double-angle identity for
2 tan 2x
tangent, tan 4x = . Since the value of tan 2x is already given we just
1 − tan2 2x
substitute this value to the identity and simplify.
 
3 3 3
2 − − −
2 tan 2x 4 2 = 2 = − 24
tan 4x = =  2 =
2
1 − tan 2x 3 9 7 7
1− − 1−
4 16 16

(b) With respect to the given angle 2x, 4x is its double, by double-angle identity for
sine, sin 4x = 2 sin 2x cos 2x, for which both factors are yet to be determined. By the
definition of trigonometric functions, instead of using ratios in terms of x, y, r, to avoid
4.5. DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITIES AND HALF ANGLE IDENTITIES 59

confusion with the given variable used in the angle, we will use opposite side, adjacent
side, and hypotenuse.
3 opposite side
Since tan 2x = − = and 2x lies in Quadrant II, then opposite side =
4 adjacent side
3, adjacent side = −4 and

(hypotenuse)2 = (opposite)2 + (adjacent)2

(hypotenuse)2 = (3)2 + (−4)2
(hypotenuse)2 = 9 + 16
(hypotenuse)2 = 25
hypotenuse = 5

opposite side 3 adjacent side 4

e
We now have, sin 2x = = and cos 2x = =− .
hypotenuse 5 hypotenuse 5

Us
ial
Substitute these values to sin 4x = 2 sin 2x cos 2x and simplify, we have
erc
  
3 4 24
sin 4x = 2 sin 2x cos 2x = 2 − =−
mm

5 5 25
Co

(c) With respect

r to the given angle 2x, x is its half. By half-angle identity for cosine,
1 + cos 2x π
cos x = ± . Since the angle 2x lies in Quadrant II or < 2x < π, then
or

2 r 2
tf

π π 1 + cos 2x
<x < which means that we will use cos x = . From item (b) we
4 2 2
r
No

4 1 + cos 2x
already have cos 2x = − . Substitute this value to cos x = and simplify.
5 2
Hence,

v   v
u u1
r u 4 u r
u1 + − √
1 + cos 2x t 5 t 1 1 10
cos x = = = 5 = =√ or
2 2 2 10 10 10

Establish the following identities.

2 cos A
(a) = tan 2A
csc A − 2 sin A
Solution: We manipulate the left-hand side of the equation. Express csc A in terms
of sin A.
60 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

2 cos A 2 cos A
= ←− combine the terms in the denominator
csc A − 2 sin A 1
− 2 sin A
sin A
2 cos A 2 cos A
= ←− simplify the complex fractions
csc A − 2 sin A 1 − 2 sin2 A
sin A
2 cos A 2 cos A sin A
= ←− use the double-angle identities for sine and cosine
csc A − 2 sin A 1 − 2 sin2 A
2 cos A sin 2A
= use quotient identity for tangent
csc A − 2 sin A cos 2A
2 cos A
= tan 2A
csc A − 2 sin A

A sec A − 1

e
(b) sin2 =

Us
2 2 sec A
Solution: We manipulate the right-hand side of the equation. Divide the numerator
ial
by the denominator.
erc

sec A − 1 sec A 1
mm

= − ←− simplify and use reciprocal identity for secant

2 sec A 2 sec A 2 sec A
sec A − 1 1 cos A
= − ←− write as a single fraction
Co

2 sec A 2 2
sec A − 1 1 − cos A
=
or

2 sec A 2
sec A − 1 A
tf

= sin2 ←− using the half-angle identity for sine

2 sec A 2
No

A tan A − sin A
(c) tan sin A =
2 sin A sec A
Solution: We will, this time, transform each side pf the equation separately into the
same form.
For the left-hand side, use half-angle identity for tangent

A 1 − cos A
tan sin A = · sin A ←− simplify
2 sin A
A
tan sin A = 1 − cos A
2

For the right-hand side, divide the numerator by the denominator

4.6. PRODUCT-TO-SUM AND SUM-TOPRODUCT IDENTITIES 61

tan A − sin A tan A sin A

= − ←− simplify
sin A sec A sin A sec A sin A sec A
tan A − sin A tan A 1
= −
sin A sec A 1 sec A
sin A ·
cos A
tan A − sin A tan A
= − cos A
sin A sec A tan A
tan A − sin A
= 1 − cos A
sin A sec A

4.6 Product-to-Sum and Sum-toProduct Identities

Given a sum of circular functions, we can express it as a product of circular functions. Con-
versely, given product of circular functions, we can express it as a sum of circular functions.

e
Us
ial
4.6.1 Product to Sum Identities
erc

Recall the following identities for the sine function:

mm
Co

sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (4.1)

or

sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B (4.2)

tf

Add equations (1) and (2), we will have,

No

sin(A + B) + sin(A − B) = 2 sin A cos B

Dividing both sides of this equation by 2, we have the following identity:

1
sin A cos B = [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)]
2

Now, subtracting equations (1) and (2), we will have,

sin(A + B) − sin(A − B) = 2 cos A sin B

Dividing both sides of this equation by 2, we have the following identity:

1
cos A sin B = [sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)]
2
62 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Similarly, using he identities for cosine,

cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B (4.3)

cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (4.4)

Adding equations (3) and (4), we will have,

cos(A + B) + cos(A − B) = 2 cos A cos B

Dividing both sides of this equation by 2, we have the following identity:

e
Us
1
cos A cos B = [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)]
2
ial
erc
Subtracting equations (3) and (4), we will have,
mm

cos(A + B) − cos(A − B) = −2 sin A sin B

Co

Dividing both sides of this equation by 2, we have the following identity:

or
tf

1
sin A sin B = − [cos(A + B) − cos(A − B)]
No

To summarize, we have the following product to sum identities:

1
sin A cos B = [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)]
2
1
cos A sin B = [sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)]
2
1
cos A cos B = [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)]
2
1
sin A sin B = − [cos(A + B) − cos(A − B)]
2

π π
Express sin cos as a sum.
7 4
4.6. PRODUCT-TO-SUM AND SUM-TOPRODUCT IDENTITIES 63

Solution:
    
π π 1 π π π π
sin cos = sin + + sin −
7 4 2 7 4 7 4
  
1 11π 3π
= sin + sin − ←− recall: sin(−θ) = − sin θ
2 28 28
 
1 11π 3π
= sin − sin
2 28 28

13π 5π
Express sin cos as a sum and evaluate
24 24
Solution:     
13π 5π 1 13π 5π 13π 5π
sin cos = sin + + sin −
24 24 2 24 24 24 24
 

e
1 3π π
= sin + sin

Us
2 4 3
√ √ 
1 2 3 ial
= +
2 2 2
√ √
erc
2+ 3
=
4
mm
Co

4.6.2 Sum to Product Identities

or

From the product to sum identities stated in the previous section, let
tf

α = A + B and β = A − B.
No

Then, adding and subtracting these two equations, we obtain

α+β
α + β = 2A =⇒ A =
2

and
α−β
α − β = 2B =⇒ B = .
2
Replacing A’s and B’s from the product to sum identity:

1
sin A cos B = [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)],
2
we have    
α+β α−β 1
sin cos = [sin α + sin β]
2 2 2
64 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Multiplying both sides by 2 and by symmetry of equations, we have the sum to product
identity,    
α+β α−β
sin α + sin β = 2 sin cos
2 2
In a similar manner, the following sum to product identities can also be derived.
   
α+β α−β
sin α − sin β = 2 cos sin
2 2
   
α+β α−β
cos α + cos β = 2 cos cos
2 2
   
α+β α−β
cos α − cos β = −2 sin sin
2 2

e
Us
ial
erc
Express sin 285◦ − sin 15◦ as a product and evaluate the result.
mm

   
α+β α−β
Solution: Using the identity sin α − sin β = 2 cos sin , where α = 285◦
2 2
Co

and β = 15◦ , we have

   
285◦ + 15◦ 285◦ − 15◦
or

◦ ◦
sin 285 − sin 15 = 2 cos sin
2 2
tf

sin 285◦ − sin 15◦ = 2 cos 150◦ sin 135◦

No

 √  √ 
3 2
sin 285◦ − sin 15◦ = 2 −
2 2
√
6
sin 285◦ − sin 15◦ = −
2

11π 13π
Express cos − cos as a product and evaluate.
12 12
   
α+β α−β
Solution: Using the identity cos α − cos β = −2 sin sin , we have α =
2 2
4.6. PRODUCT-TO-SUM AND SUM-TOPRODUCT IDENTITIES 65

11π 13π
,β= and
12 12

 11π + 13π   11π − 13π 

11π 13π
cos − cos = −2 sin 12 12 sin 12 12
12 12 2 2
  − π
11π 13π 2π 6
cos − cos = − sin sin
12 12 2 2
 
11π 13π π
cos − cos = − sin(π) sin −
12 12 12
11π 13π
cos − cos =0
12 12
sin 3x − sin 5x
Prove the identity: = cot 4x
cos 5x − cos 3x

e
Us
Solution: We manipulate the left-hand side of the equation by using sum to product iden-
tities.   
ial 
3x + 5x 3x − 5x
2 cos sin
erc
sin 3x − sin 5x 2 2
=     ←− simplify
cos 5x − cos 3x 3x + 5x 3x − 5x
−2 sin sin
mm

2 2
sin 3x − sin 5x cos 4x
=
Co

cos 5x − cos 3x sin 4x

sin 3x − sin 5x
= cot 4x
or

cos 5x − cos 3x
tf
No
66 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Exercise 4
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Work INDEPENDENTLY and HONESTLY.

2. Use permanent black or blue-inked pens only.

3. Write your answers and solutions in short white bond paper (8.5” × 11”).

4. Write your FULL NAME, COURSE, YEAR, SECTION on the upper left part
of each page of your answer sheets.

A. Multiple Choice. Write the letter of your choice. If your answer is NOT
among the choices, write E. (14pts)

e
Us
1. Which of the following is identical to tan 20◦ ?
ial
2 tan 20◦ 2 tan 10◦
erc
(a) (c)
1 − tan2 20◦ 1 − tan2 10◦
sin 10◦ 1 − cos 10◦
mm

(b) (d)
1 + cos 10◦ sin 10◦
Co

2. Which of the following is an identity?

or

(a) sin(B + A) = sin B cos A − cos B sin A

tf

(b) sin(B − A) = sin B cos A + cos B sin A

No

(c) cos(B + A) = cos B cos A − sin B sin A

(d) cos(B − A) = cos B cos A − sin B sin A

3. Which of the following is always true?

(a) sin(−20◦ ) = sin 20◦ (c) cos(−20◦ ) = cos 20◦

(b) tan(−20◦ ) = tan 20◦ (d) sec(−20◦ ) = − sec 20◦

4. Which of the following is not always true?

r
(a) sin2 25◦ + cos2 25◦ = 1 1 + cos 100◦
r (c) cos 200◦ = −
1 − cos 30◦ 2
◦
(b) sin 15 = (d) sec 3◦ = csc 87◦
2
4.6. PRODUCT-TO-SUM AND SUM-TOPRODUCT IDENTITIES 67

5. Which of the following will not have the same value with sin 15◦

(a) cos 75◦ (c) sin 195◦

1
(b) sin 165◦ (d)
csc 15◦

6. Which of the following is equivalent to cos 10◦ sin 15◦ ?

1 1
(a) [sin 25◦ + sin 5◦ ] (c) [cos 25◦ + cos 5◦ ]
2 2
1 1
(b) [sin 25◦ − sin 5◦ ] (d) [cos 25◦ − cos 5◦ ]
2 2

7. Which of the following is equivalent to sin 10◦ sin 15◦ ?

1 1

e
(a) [sin 25◦ + sin 5◦ ] (c) [cos 25◦ + cos 5◦ ]

Us
2 2
1 1
(b) [sin 25◦ − sin 5◦ ] (d) [cos 25◦ − cos 5◦ ]
ial
2 2
erc
B. Let A be an angle whose terminal side contains the point (−3, −4) and B an
mm

angle whose terminal side contains the point (24, −25). Determine the following:
for A: for B:
p p
Co

r = x +y2 2 r = x2 + y 2
sin A = sin B =
or

cos A = cos B =
tf

tan A = tan B =
No

cot A = cot B =
sec A = sec B =
csc A = csc B =
C. From test B, determine the following and write final answers in simplest form.

1.) csc(B − A)

2.) sec 2B
A
3.) tan
2
68 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

e
Us
ial
erc
mm
Co
or
tf
No
Chapter 5

Graphs of Circular Function

Chapter Overview

e
Us
In this chapter focused on visualizing the graphs of circular functions.

Learning Objectives ial

erc
At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to
mm

1. illustrate the graphs of circular functions

Co
or

5.1 Properties of Sine and Cosine Functions

tf

1. The domain of both sine and cosine functions is R.

No

2. The range of both the sine and cosine functions is [−1, 1].

3. The sine and cosine functions have period 2π.

4. The zeros of the sine function are multiples of π, that is kπ where k ∈ Z.

(2k + 1)π
5. The zeros of cosine function are of the form , k ∈ Z.
2
(4k + 1)π
6. The maximum values of the sine function occur at , k ∈ Z, and the minimum
2
(4k + 3)π
values occur at ,k ∈ Z.
2
7. The maximum values of the cosine function occur at even multiples of π, and the
minimum values occur at odd multiples of π.

69
70 CHAPTER 5. GRAPHS OF CIRCULAR FUNCTION

1.
0.5

−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

−0.5
f −1.

Sine function f (x) = sin(x)

1.
0.5

−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

−0.5
f −1.

e
Us
Cosine function f (x) = cos(x)
ial
5.2 Graphs of Sine Waves
erc
mm

Sine waves or sinusoidal waves are graphs that behave like the graphs of the sine and cosine
functions. Given the graph of the a function f (x), we can easily obtain the graphs of the
Co

equations of the form

or

y = f (x), y = f (x − c), and y = f (x) + d

tf
No

We can apply these properties in graphing functions of the similar form

g(x) = a sin[b(x − c)] + d and h(x) = a cos[b(x − c)] + d.

Definition 1. The amplitude of a sine wave is

(maximum value of y-value) − (minimum value of y-value)

.
2

Theorem 1. Any function with the form f (x) = a sin x or g(x) = a cos x satisfies the
following:

• The amplitude is |a|.

• If a < 0 , graphs of f (x) and g(x) are graphs , respectively, of y = |a| sin x and
y = |a| cos x reflected about the x− axis.
5.3. PROPERTIES OF THE TANGENT FUNCTION 71

Theorem. Let b > 0. Any function of the form f (x) = a sin bx or g(x) = a cos bx has period
2π
.
b
Theorem. The graph of a function of the form f (x) = a sin b(x − c) or g(x) = a cos b(x − c),
is the graph of f (x) = a sin bx or g(x) = a cos bx shifted |c| units right if c > 0 or |c| units
left if c < 0.

Theorem. The graph of the a function of the form f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] + d or g(x) =
a cos[b(x − c)] + d is the graph of of f (x) = a sin b(x − c) or g(x) = a cos b(x − c) shifted |d|
units up if d > 0 or |d| units down if d < 0.

e
Remarks. Functions of the form f (x) = a sin[b(x − c)] + d or g(x) = a cos[b(x − c)] + d, for

Us
any real number a, b, c, andd has the ff. properties:

1. a corresponds to the amplitude of the graph.

ial
erc

2. b corresponds to the period, which is given by 2π|b|.

mm

3. c corresponds to the phase shift, to the right by |c| units if c >) , to the left by |c| units
Co

if c < 0.
or

4. d corresponds to the vertical shift, upward by d units if d > 0 and downward by |d|
tf

units if d < 0.
No

5.3 Properties of the Tangent Function

π
1. The tangent function is not defined for odd multiple of , thus
2
n πo
dom tan = R − odd multiples of
2

π
2. Its graph does not intersect vertical lines at odd multiple of .
2
3. ran tan = R.

4. The tangent function is periodic with period π.

5. Zeros of the tangent function occur at multiples of π.

72 CHAPTER 5. GRAPHS OF CIRCULAR FUNCTION

e
Us
5.4 Properties of the Cotangent Function
ial
1. The cotangent function is not defined when sin θ = 0. Thus
erc

dom cot = R − {multiples of π}.

mm
Co

2. Its graph does not intersect vertical lines at multiples of π.

or

3. ran cot = R.
tf
No

4. The cotangent function is periodic with period π.

π
5. The zeros occur at odd multiples of .
2
5.5. PROPERTIES OF THE COSECANT FUNCTION 73

5.5 Properties of the Cosecant Function

1. The domain of the cosecant is the set

dom csc = R − {multiples of π}.

2. Its graph does not intersect vertical lines at multiples of π.

3. The cosecant function is periodic with period 2π.

4. ran csc = (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).

5. The cosecant function has no zeros.

e
6. The minimum positive value attained at 1.

Us
7. The maximum negative value attained at -1. ial
erc
mm
Co
or
tf
No

5.6 Properties of the Secant Function

1. The domain of the secant is the set
n πo
dom sec = R − odd multiples of .
2

π
2. Its graph does not intersect vertical lines at odd multiples of .
2
74 CHAPTER 5. GRAPHS OF CIRCULAR FUNCTION

3. The secant function is periodic with period 2π.

4. ran sec = (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).

5. The secant function has no zeros.

6. The minimum positive value attained at 1.

7. The maximum negative value attained at -1.

e
Us
ial
erc
mm
Co
or
tf
No
5.6. PROPERTIES OF THE SECANT FUNCTION 75

Exercise 12
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Work INDEPENDENTLY and HONESTLY.

2. Use permanent black or blue-inked pens only.

3. Write your answers and solutions in short white bond paper (8.5” × 11”).

4. Write your FULL NAME, COURSE, YEAR, SECTION on the upper left part
of each page of your answer sheets.

Write the equation of a sine wave that has the given amplitude, period, phase shift, and
vertical shift, respectively , and draw its graph:

e
Us
π π
1. 2, , , 1
2 8 ial
π
2. 4, π, − , 0
erc
3
π
mm

3. −2, 2, , 1
2
4. 4, 3, 2, −1
Co
or
tf
No
 MATH03BC: Plane Trigonometry
Final Examination

Instructions. This is a multiple choice exam. Fully shade the circle corresponding to your answer. If your
answer is not among the choices, shade the circle corresponding to choice E. Avoid erasures and do not put
unnecessary markings on the answer sheet. Turn to the next page for the problems.

e
Us
ial
erc
mm
Co
or
tf
No
 Identities

sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A

sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B tan A ± tan B
tan(A ± B) =
cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B 1 ∓ tan A tan B
2 tan A
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A tan 2A =
1 − tan2 A

Multiple Choice.
7π
1. What is the exact value of tan ?
3
√ √
(A) 1 (B) 3 3 1
(C) (D) √
2 3
9
2. Given sec θ = − , θ in quadrant III. Find tan θ.
2
√ √ √ √
77 77 77 77
(A) − (B) (C) − (D) −
9 2 2 9

3. Evaluate: sin(−120◦ )
√ √
3 3 1 1

e
(A) (B) − (C) − (D) −

Us
2 2 2 2

4. 2 cos2 6 is identical to
ial
erc
1 2 (B) 1 − cos 12 (C) 1 + cos 3 (D) 1 + cos 12
(A) sin 6
mm

5. The maximum values of the sine function occur at

Co

(4k + 3)π (C) odd multiples of π

(A) ,k ∈ Z
2 (4k + 1)π
or

(B) even multiples of π (D) ,k ∈ Z

2
tf

6. The minimum values of the cosine function occur at

No

(4k + 3)π (C) odd multiples of π

(A) ,k ∈ Z
2 (4k + 1)π
(B) even multiples of π (D) ,k ∈ Z
2
x
7. What is the range of f (x) = 2 sin ?
2
(A) [−1, 1] (B) [−3, 3] (C) [−2, 2] (D) [−4, 4]
α α
8. The numerical value of the expression csc2 (3α) − tan2 + sec2 − cot2 (3α) is
2 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) -1

9. What is the domain of sine function?

π
(A) all real numbers (C) R \ {odd multiple of }
2
π
(B) [−1, 1] (D) R \ { even multiple of }
2
π π
tan + tan
 3 4 
10. Evaluate: π π
1 − tan tan
3 4
 π π 7π 7π
(A) tan (B) cot (C) tan (D) cos
12 12 12 12

11. If cos x = 1 when x ∈ [0, π] then

π 3π
(A) x = π (B) x = 0 (C) x = (D) x =
2 2

12. Which of the following is an identity?

(A) cos 6 = 2 sin2 3 − 1 2 tan 4

(C) tan 2 =
sin 10 1 − tan2 4
(B) 2 sin 5 = (D) cos 4 = cos 3 cos 1 + sin 3 sin 1
cos 5
4 3π
13. Given cos θ = , < θ < 2π.Find sin 2θ.
5 2
24 7 7 24
(A) − (B) (C) − (D)
25 25 25 25
h  π   π i
14. cos −7 + is equal to
2 10

π π π π

e
(A) cos (B) sin (C) − cos (D) − sin

Us
10 10 10 10

15. Which of the following is not an identity?

ial
tan x + cot x cos 7x − cos 2x tan 3x
erc
(A) = sec 2x (C) =−
cot x − tan x cos 7x + cos 2x cot x
 
1 + 2 cos 2θ 1 + cos 4θ
mm

4
(B) cos 3x = 4 cos2 x − 3 cos x (D) cos θ = +
4 8
1 π θ
Co

16. If cos θ = when 0 < θ < then sin is equal to

3 2 2
r r
1 2 1 2
(C) (D)
or

(A) (B) 3 3
3 3
 
tf

11π
17. Evaluate: sin −
No

12
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
6− 2 2− 6 6+ 2 2+ 6
(A) (B) (C) − (D)
4 4 4 4

18. Evaluate: sin 245◦ cos 5◦ − cos 245◦ sin 5◦

√ √
49 3 3 1
(A) − (B) (C) − (D) −
12 2 2 2
12 3π θ
19. Given tan θ = ,π<θ< .Find sin .
5 2 2
√ √ √ √
3 13 2 13 2 13 3 13
(A) (B) (C) − (D) −
13 13 13 13
  π
20. Which of the following is the best describe as the graph of the function y = −2 sin x + ?
3

e
Us
ial
erc
mm
Co

For number 21 to number 30.Read the following statements carefully. Each item has two
statements: I and II. Shade
or
tf

A if both statements I and II are false;

B if statement I is false and statement II is true;
No

C if statement I is true and statement II is false; or

D if both statements I and II are true

2π
21. I. 120◦ is equivalent to radians.
3
1
II. 120◦ is equivalent to of a revolution.
3

5π
22. I. rad is equivalent to 225◦ .
4
5π 5
II. rad is equivalent to of a revolution.
4 2

For item 23-24, refer to this word problem. Given the circle C: x2 +y 2 = 16 on the Cartesian
plane.
2π 8π
23. I. The length of the arc intercepted by the angle measuring rad is units long.
3 3
3π
II. The length of the arc intercepted by the angle measuring rad is 6π units long.
2
 2π 28π
24. I. The area of the sector arc intercepted by the angle measuring rad is square units.
3 3
3π
II. The area of the sector arc intercepted by the angle measuring rad is 12π square units.
2
π −π
25. I. Angles of measures and are coterminal.
6 6
3π 7π
II. Angles of measures and are coterminal.
4 4
26. I. Let y − f (x) = 2 sin(4x + 8) + 5.Then, domf = R.

II. Let y − f (x) = 2 sin(4x + 8) + 5.Then, ranf = [3, 9]

27. I. csc θ − cos θ cot θ = sin θ

II. (sin θ − cos θ)2 = −1
cot2 θ + 1
28. I. = tan θ
cot θ sec2 θ
sin2 θ(cot2 θ + 1)
II. = sec θ
cos θ
1 − sec θ cos θ − 1
29. I. =
tan θ sin θ

e
cos θ + sin θ

Us
II. = cos θ sin θ
sec θ + csc θ
csc θ
30. I.
tan θ + cot θ
= csc θ ial
erc
sec θ − csc θ
II. =1
sec θ + csc θ
mm

For items 31 and 32, refer to this word problem. Given right 4ABC, right angle at C, has legs AC = 10
and BC = 24.
Co

12
31. I. sin A =
13
or

5
II. cos A =
tf

13
5
No

32. I. tan B =
12
13
II.cot B =
5

For items 33 and 34, refer to this word problem. Given right 4P QR, right angle at R, has legs P R = 9
and P Q = 15.
2
33. I. sin Q =
5
4
II. cos Q =
5
5
34. I. sec P =
3
15
II. csc P =
4
√
For items 35, refer to this word problem. Given right 4XY Z, right angle at Z, has legs XZ = 26
√
and Y Z = 10.
√
65
35. I.tan X =
10
√
10
II. sec Y =
6
5.6. PROPERTIES OF THE SECANT FUNCTION 81

References:
1. Math 17 Module, Institute of Mathematics ,University of the Philippines

2. Algebra and Trigonometry, Louis Leithold

3. Trigonometry; Reyes, Fe N., et. al, Second Edition

4. Hagos, L.C., Ymas, S.E. & Yanson, E.A,Plane and Spherical Trigonometry,Sta. Mon-
ica Printing Corporation 2002

e
Us
ial
erc
mm
Co
or
tf
No