/CONTROL AND REGULATION (NERVOUS SYSTEM)

QUESTION 1

(a) Draw and label a mammalian motor neuron. [ 4 marks ]

(b) The graph below shows the generative phase and transmission of an impulse along the axon of a
neurone.

Explain what is happening at P and Q as shown in the graph.

P:
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Q:
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[ 6 marks ]
 /CONTROL AND REGULATION (NERVOUS SYSTEM )
QUESTION 2

The diagram below shows changes in the membrane potential of a neurone during the
production of an action potential

(a) Label phases A,B,C and the period labelled D as shown in the diagram. [4 marks]

A : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

B : …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

C : …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

D : …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) Describe how A is maintained [2 marks]

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(c) Distinguish between B and C [2 marks]

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(d) Why is the potential of D less than A? [1 mark]

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(e) State the importance of D [1 mark]

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 /CONTROL AND REGULATION (NERVOUS SYSTEM)
QUESTION 3

The diagram below represents a longitudinal section through part of a striated muscle.

(a)(i) What is the term used to describe the basic unit of muscle contraction shown above? [1m]

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(ii) Identify the parts labelled A, B and C. [3m]

A : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

B : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

C : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) The diagram shows the A band, the I band and the H zone. Which of the structure:
(i) contain actin but no myosin [1m]

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(ii) shortens when the muscle contracts. [1m]

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(c) Describe the role played by ATP and Ca2+ in muscle contraction
(i) ATP : [2m]

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(ii) calcium ions [2m]

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 /NERVOUS SYSTEM
QUESTION 4

The graph below shows the potential difference across an axon membrane.

(a) Explain what happens to the axon between

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(ii) Y and Z [3m]

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(b) Describe the role of Ca2+ ions in the transmission of impulse of impulses across a synape.[1m]

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(c) Explain why the concentration of Ca2+ ions in the cytosol of the synaptic knob remains low, despite
frequent opening of channels. [2m]

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(d) Describe how the transmitter causes depolarization on the postsynaptic membrane. [2m]

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 /NERVOUS SYSTEM
QUESTION 5

The diagram below the changes in membrane potential in a presynaptic nuerone and its postsynaptic
neurone when an impulse passes across a synape.

(i). Explain what happens when an impulse arrives at the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neurone. [3m]

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(ii) The maximum depolarization in the presynaptic neurone is +40mV. What is the maximum
depolarization in the postsynaptic neurone? [1m]

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(iii) How long is the delay between the maximum depolarization in the presynaptic and postsynaptic
neurons? [1m]
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(iv) What is the cause of this delay? [1m]

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(v) Describe how cucare affects synaptic transmission. [2m]

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(Vi) State two advantages of having synapses between neurons. [2m]

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 /NERVOUS SYSTEM
QUESTION 6

The graph below shows the change in membrane potential during the passage of a nerve impulse.

(a)(i). What is meant by the resting membrane potential of an axon? [1m]

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(ii). What is the value of the resting potential? [1m]

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(b) Which labeled part of the graph corresponds to;
(i) depolarization of the axon membrane? [1m]

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(ii). Repolarization of the axon membrane? [1m]

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(c).Describe briefly what happens to the axon membrane;
(i) At P [2m]

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(ii). At R

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(d). Explain why the membrane is more negative at S. [2m]

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 /NERVOUS SYSTEM
QUESTION 7

Diagram shows the regular organization of thick and thin filaments in a striated muscle.

(a)(i). State the theory used to describe muscle contraction [1m]

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(ii). State what happens to the following areas during muscle contraction
A band

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H zone

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I band

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(b) The actin filament is made up of actin protein, tropomyosin and troponin, whereas the myosin
filaments are made up of myosin heads and tails. Each named structure has a specific function during
muscle contraction. Explain the function of the following structures during muscle contraction [4m]
i. Calcium ions

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ii. Troponin

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iii. Tropomysin

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iv. Myosin head

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 /NERVOUS SYSTEM
QUESTION 8

The diagram below shows a synapse as seen with the electron microscope

(a) Explain the function of each of the following

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(ii) The synaptic vesicle [1m]

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(b) The graphs below show the effect of adding acetylcholine to skeletal muscle and heart muscle

(i) Describe the effect of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle. [2m]

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(ii) State how the effect of acetylcholine on heart muscle differ from its effects on skeletal muscle.
[2m]
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(iii) Suggest how these differences may be related to the functions of the two types of muscle.
[2m]
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(c) Suggest why it is important that acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolysed after its release. [2m]

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 /NERVOUS SYSTEM
QUESTION 9

The changes in the potential difference across the axon membrane during an action potential are shown in
the diagram below.

(a) State the function and the importance of sodium-potassium pump at phase K. [2m]

Function : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Importance : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(b) What happens at the axon membrane during phase L ? [2m]

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(c)(i) Name phase M. [1m]

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(ii). Why are the membrane potential of phase M less than that of phase K ? [2m]

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 /NERVOUS SYSTEM
QUESTION 10

A synape of a neuromuscular junction is shown in the diagram below

(a) Name structures X and Y. [2m]

X : ……………………………………………………………………

Y : ………………………………………………………………….

(b) Describe the movement of Ca2+ in the neuron. [3m]

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(c) State the function of Z. [1m]

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(d) Name the neurotransmitter in X. [1m]

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