Dec. 2023| Vol.

3| Issue 3-4

SPRAYTODAY ™
An INSCIENCEIN publication | Affiliated to The Indian Thermal Spray Association® as its official Newsletter

Issue Highlights

• Featured Article: Thermal Spray in India - Opportunities and Challenges

• Technical Note: Process Gas and Its Influence on Cold Spray Process
• Academia Research: New Emerging Field: High Entropy Ceramics for Next-Generation
Thermal Barrier Coatings
• Highlights of Asian Thermal Spray Conference & Expo 2023 (ATSC2023)

www.inscience.in/spraytoday
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 Dec. 2023| Vol. 3| Issue 3-4

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SPRAYTODAY ™
An INSCIENCEIN publication | Affiliated to the Indian Thermal Spray Association® as its official Newsletter

CHIEF EDITOR
Dr. Satish Tailor, MECPL Jodhpur Contents
INDIAN THERMAL SPRAY ASSOCIATION
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE & Editorial Board
Prof. Harpreet Singh, President

9
Prof. S Bakshi, VP (Academia)
Dr. RM Mohanty, VP (Industry & Lab)
Dr. Satish Tailor, General Secretary
Prof. Anup Kumar Keshri, Joint Secretary
Prof. Kamaraj M, Senior Executive Member
Prof. Jyotsna Dutta Majumdar, Executive Member
Dr. Sisir Mantry, Executive Member
Prof. Shashi Bhushan Arya, Executive Member Featured Article: Thermal Spray in India -
Mission: Our mission is to deliver the most recent thermal
Opportunities and Challenges
spray industry news and keep up to date to thermal spray
community by providing company, event, people, product,
research, and membership news of interest to industrial

11
leaders, engineers, researchers, scholars, policymakers,
and the public thermal spray community.

SPRAYTODAYTM is a quarterly publication of the

INSCIENCEIN Publishing, affiliated to the Indian Thermal
Spray Association® [iTSA] as its official newsletter.
Published and distributed digitally INSCIENCEIN
Technical Note: Process Gas and Its
Publishing. Copyright© 2022
The Indian Thermal Spray Association is a standing Influence on Cold Spray Process
committee of the “ITSA Association for Thermal Spray
Technology and Research®”, India.
iTSA and INSCIENCEIN Publishing are not responsible for
the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and

14
advertising sections of this publication. Readers should
independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in
the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this
publication that are important to him/her and rely on
his/her independent evaluation.

A subscription to SPRAYTODAYTM is free for individuals

interested in the thermal spray and coatings industry.
Academic Research: New Emerging Field:
http://www.inscience.in/spraytoday.html High Entropy Ceramics for Next-
Write us [email protected] Generation Thermal Barrier Coatings
 Dec. 2023| Vol. 3| Issue 3-4
6
SPRAYTODAY ™

An INSCIENCEIN publication | Affiliated to the Indian Thermal Spray Association® as its official Newsletter
Highlights of Asian Thermal Spray
Conference & Expo 2023 (ATSC 2023) 18 To contribute an article, advertisement,
subscription request, back issue copies, and
Indian Thermal Spray Asso. Membership 21 changes of address should be sent to:
[email protected]
Official Journal Publication of the iTSA 21

ABOUT THE COVER

Arc Spray in action by MECPL Jodhpur
 Editorial SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA
7
Editor’s Note
Dear Readers,

We are thrilled to share highlights of the recently organized Asian

Thermal Spray Conference and Expo 2023 (ATSC2023) hosted at the Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras; jointly organized by The Indian
Thermal Spray Association (iTSA), Asian Thermal Spray Society (ATSS) and
Indian Institute of Technology Madras on 2-4 Nov 2023. The conference
served as a vibrant hub for experts, researchers, and industry
professionals, fostering a rich exchange of ideas and experiences.

Attendees were immersed in a diverse array of presentations, ranging

from the latest breakthroughs in thermal spray materials to novel
applications across sectors. The event provided a unique platform for
networking, facilitating collaborations that promise to shape the
trajectory of thermal spray technology not only in India but across the
Asian continent.

As we delve into the latest edition of our SPRAYTODAY Magazine, we are

excited to explore the dynamic landscape of thermal spray technology
and its transformative impact on various industries in India. This issue
encapsulates a myriad of developments, showcasing the prowess of
thermal spray applications and the innovative strides taken by Indian
researchers, engineers, and industry leaders.

I am particularly pleased to be allowed to recommend to you the latest

issue of the SPRAYTODAY. This issue includes invited innovative featured
articles from industry and academia experts on Thermal Spray in India -
Opportunities and Challenges; Process Gas and Its Influence on Cold Spray
Process; and New Emerging Field: High Entropy Ceramics for Next-
Generation Thermal Barrier Coatings, that illustrate current research
trends in thermal spray development.

As we navigate the pages of this magazine, let's collectively embrace the

spirit of innovation and collaboration. The thermal spray community in
India is not just witnessing change; it is driving it. We hope this edition
sparks inspiration, fosters knowledge exchange, and fuels the passion for
pushing the boundaries of thermal spray technology.

Thank you for being part of our journey. Be healthy, active, and curious!
Merry Christmas & Happy New Year 2024!

Best Regards,

(Dr. Satish Tailor)

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 FEATURE SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA
9
Thermal Spray in India - Opportunities
and Challenges

By Subramaniam Rangaswamy, PhD, TSS-HOF, USA.

Email: [email protected]

Thermal Spray (TS) is a widely used coating process in generation (both Thermal and Hydro); Steel industry and
many industrial applications around the world. Some Aviation MRO work. These opportunities come with
estimates put the market size at more than US$7.5 challenges as well.
billion. On a relative basis, growth of this technology in
India has been somewhat sluggish until the early 2000’s. Hydroelectric and Thermal Power Generation
Thermal Spray probably started in India around the 1950's Many of the rivers used for Hydropower generation in the
and for nearly 3 decades it was mostly focused on Wire Himalayan region of India contain a high amount of Silt
Arc and Flamespray metallizing. The first few Air Plasma (fine dust like mineral sediments). These minerals cause
Spray systems came to India in the late 1970's and early havoc on the turbine runners during operation and can
1980's. Plasma spray activities began to grow in military degrade the runners by solid particle erosion and
aviation and commercial job shops between 1980 to 2000. cavitation erosion. To minimize the erosion and extend
HVOF activities began to pick up from the early to mid- the life of the runners, several types of hard coatings
1990's. Since then, there has been a moderate growth of were tested on the runners. TS coatings of WC-Co-Cr
Thermal Spray activities in power generation and several materials applied by High Velocity Thermal Spray
other industrial applications. processes offer some level of protection for these
There are a few critical reasons for the slow growth of TS applications. Coatings with low porosity (less than 0.5%);
in India compared to elsewhere in Europe and North hardness in the range of HV 1100- 1300 and coating
America. First, there was a widespread lack of thickness up to 300 microns are the industry standard.
'awareness’ about this technology and its benefits for Notwithstanding the success of the HVOF applied WC-
many applications. Second, there was a lack of locally CoCr coatings, there are some technical challenges to be
manufactured feedstock powders and advanced spray overcome. In many instances, transportation/logistics to
equipment which affected coating costs significantly. remote areas for onsite work pose their own challenges.
Finally, there has been very limited aero MRO activity in When the turbines are very large (for e.g.: 80T or 100T or
India which could otherwise have helped move this 150 T), they will need very sophisticated handling systems
technology forward. to apply uniform coatings on the profiles of large runners.

What are some of the growth opportunities now? When it comes to Thermal Power Generation, a typical
boiler has various components such as water wall tubes,
India is a complex country; the huge population, GDP super heater tubes and others that require protection
growth, rising household income, infrastructure from corrosion and erosion. For HT corrosion resistance,
development…. All present some good growth powders or wires of Nickel based, high Chrome
opportunities for thermal spray now. Significant among containing alloys are used. Coatings up to a thickness of
these opportunities are in the sectors of Electric Power 250 microns with a hardness HV 600 to 700 are employed.
 SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA FEATURE
10 These types of coatings are generally used in the application technology to meet the needs of CAL and CGL
incinerator areas (superheater, screen tubes and water rolls. This technology is still in the early stages in India.
wall), BLRB (superheater, Water walls) and Crude Oil
(Water wall) areas. In areas where high erosion is Aviation Sector in India
anticipated, harder Chrome Carbide-Nichrome composite Civil Aviation -Opportunities and Challenges
powders are applied using HVOF processes. These In the Civil Aviation sector, consumer demand is
Chrome Carbide coatings typically have hardness’s of constantly increasing resulting in increased fleet size.
around HV 800 – 900 and are applied to a thickness of Several Government policies such as the MRO Policy of
about 200 microns. 2021; National Civil Aviation Policy of 2016; Rationalization
Thermal Power Plants in India see wide variations in the of GST and removal of GTO are incentives for the growth
types of hot corrosion and erosion at various locations of MRO in the civil sector.
inside the boilers. Also, onsite application of these
coatings is not trivial. Finally, the variability in the quality While there is potential upside to the growth of MRO
and ash content of Indian sourced coal will be a factor to activity and Engine maintenance work within India, there
predict the success of these coatings. are also many significant challenges. The ability to break
into value chains cannot be trivial. Significant barriers
Steel Industry Applications for Thermal Spray will be present from OEM’s, International MRO’s, and
many airline operators. Additionally, dealing with offset
Steel sector in India is on a significant growth pattern due clauses, credit availability, Licensing/certifications, IPO
to projected increase in per capita consumption; controls and many other factors will not be easy.
liberalized policies and significant investments by the
government of India. There are a vast number of Military Aviation - Opportunities
applications for thermal spray in the steel industry from
Furnace areas (Hoods, Ducting, Tuyeres and Nozzles) to More recently, there are several published reports about
the Continuous Casting and Processing rolls (including the French Indian collaboration for the supply of Rafale
Caster rolls, Wrapper and Process rolls, Bridle rolls, fighter jets and engines to the Indian Navy and Airforce.
Deflector rolls), Annealing line rolls and Galvanizing Line Government of India plans to invest roughly $1 Trillion of
rolls. funding in the next 25 years.

Many of the transport rolls are spray-fused with NiCrBSiC Summary

based alloys sometimes blended with WC -Co powders In a nutshell, there are significant opportunities for the
for increased wear resistance. Continuous Annealing Line growth of Thermal Spray in India. In addition to the above
(CAL) rolls (also known as Hearth Rolls) are coated with sectors (Power Generation, Steel Industry and MRO in the
specialized MCrAlY-Oxide strengthened composites by Aviation sector), Government of India through the
HVOF. Galvanizing Line rolls (also sometimes known as Department of Science and Technology has identified
Sink Rolls) are coated with WC Cermet type coatings. Surface Engineering as a thrust area and making funds
There are a number of opportunities to expand thermal available for R&D. Indian Government is also investing
spray in the steel industry such as a) development of huge amounts in infrastructure developments (USD 500
replacements for Hard Chrome Plating b) Improved TBC’s Billion plus). Liberalized government policies are
for furnace hardware c) Development of High Entropy attracting FDI (Foreign Direct Investments). Finally, it is a
alloys (HEA) d) New non skid coatings and e) multilayer very positive sign that the TS community in India
coatings for Galvanizing Line hardware. Among the (comprising of many academic institutions and industrial
challenges is the ability to develop fusing techniques for partners) is coming together under the new iTSA. This
large size transport rolls when applying self-fluxing bodes well for TS growth in India for the next several
alloys. Another challenge is to develop coatings and years.
 FEATURE – Technical Note SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA
11
Process Gas and its Influence on
Cold Spray Process

By Eklavya Calla, PhD

Principal Engineer, GE Vernova, Bangaluru, India.
Email: [email protected]

Cold spraying as a deposition technique with niche A schematic of the cold spray nozzle can be seen in
applications in repair and additive manufacturing has Figure 1 (2).
become very popular in recent times. Cold spray process
uses a converging-diverging (CD) nozzle to accelerate
process gas to supersonic velocities. The process gas
accelerates feedstock particles due to its drag force and
the subsequent impact of these particles on substrate
creates the bonding between substrate and feedstock
particles due to rapid deformation and adiabatic shear
instability at the site of impact. Helium and nitrogen are
the commonly used process gases in cold spray. Cold
spray can deposit materials that are metallurgically
bonded to the substrate, have negligible in-flight
Figure 1: Cold spray nozzle
oxidation or phase change with ~99% density (1-4).
(dimensions for reference only)
Cold spray process can be well understood using
Compressibility effects are important when the gas
compressible fluid flow equations under the following
velocity is >0.3 Mach (6). A counter intuitive phenomenon
assumptions (5):
for compressible fluid flows would be increase in velocity
1. The flow is one dimensional with increase in area whereas, for sub-sonic non-
2. The gas flow is isentropic (adiabatic and frictionless) compressible flows constriction of area increases
3. The gas is approximated as a perfect gas with pressure and increases flow velocity e.g. a water hose.
constant specific heats For compressible fluid flow, a nozzle where the throat
4. The gas flow is calculated without considering the has velocity of Mach 1 is considered to be running in
influence of the powder flux choked condition. Any further increase in gas mass flow
in this nozzle will not increase the velocity at the throat
Above assumptions largely hold true as bulk of the flow but will result in higher density of gas. Supersonic flow is
occurs in the middle of the nozzle and its interactions achieved in CD nozzle after the throat as cross-section
with the nozzle wall can be ignored. Similarly, heat area increase results in expansion of the compressed
transfer through the nozzle walls and effect of feedstock gases and their acceleration. Cross-section area of throat
powder flux can be ignored as gases are moving rapidly of a cold spray CD nozzle is important because this area
through the nozzle with little time for heat exchange and determines the gas mass flow required for choked nozzle
powder flux is maintained at a level where efficient and subsequent expansion of nozzle to generate
deposition takes place. supersonic flow (5), (7).
 SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA FEATURE – Technical Note
12 The exit Mach number (M) in a CD nozzle that is running relatively simpler. Nitrogen on the other hand does not
in choked condition (i.e. Mach 1 velocity at throat) is given achieve such high velocities in the nozzle and thus
by the following equation (5): parameters to get good quality deposits can be a
challenge. Methods to improve deposition with nitrogen
γ +1
2 (γ −1) have primarily focused on increasing gas temperature to
A 1  2   γ −1 2  achieve higher sonic velocities.
= 1+ ( )M 
A*
M  γ +1  2  (1)

A is area of exit, A* is area of throat, g is Cp/Cv of the gas

used. A choked nozzle achieves supersonic flow at exit
where a normal shock occurs and turns the flow to sub-
sonic.

The nozzle in above example (Figure 1) will have an exit

Mach number of 4.9 for helium gas as per equation 1 and
if sufficient gas mass flow is maintained, the normal
shock can be extended beyond the nozzle exit and a
supersonic flow can be obtained throughout the nozzle
and at the exit (2). As can be seen in equation 1, the exit
Mach for a choked nozzle is influenced only by the area
ratio (A/A*) and the g value of gas. g for helium is 1.66
while for nitrogen it is 1.41. The velocity of sound at room
temperature itself is dependent on the type of gas; ~1000
m/s in helium and ~330 m/s in nitrogen. There is another Figure 2: Particle velocity and temperature for He and N2
influence on the sonic velocity (a), and that is absolute at different process gas temperatures
temperature (T) of the gas. The relation between T and
Figure 2 (8) shows the particle velocity and temperature
sonic velocity is given by the relationship (5):
versus different process gas temperatures for helium and
nitrogen.
a = γ RT (2)
R Although increasing process gas temperature can
R= increase gas velocity, it comes at the cost of lower gas
Where, R is the specific gas constant and m ; m is
density in nozzle. The area in the nozzle is constant and
the molecular weight of the gas. Increasing process gas
since dimensions of the nozzle used are constant and
temperature increases sonic velocity and helps with
there is a limit to the pressure that a cold spray
higher exit gas velocities in CD nozzles.
equipment can achieve, increase in temperature is
Thus, helium is a very effective gas to achieve high associated with decreasing mass flow to maintain the gas
velocities in cold spray. Typical cold spray nozzles can pressure thus lower gas flow results in lower gas density
accelerate process gas to 4-6 Mach (2). The higher g of which has an adverse impact on the ability of the gas to
Helium aids in achieving higher Mach number for the accelerate feedstock particles which in turn influences
same nozzle expansion ratio while lower molecular mass the amount of feedstock which the gas can effectively
carry. There have been studies to show that cold spray
of helium results in higher R , thus higher sonic velocity.
gas flow can manage ~20-25% of the total gas mass as
Due to its ability to achieve higher velocities helium gas feed stock feed rate and any higher feed rate will come at
can very easily accelerate feedstock particles above the the cost of lower deposition rates. Feedstock powder
critical velocity and makes parameter improvement typically comes as a particle size distribution and in
 FEATURE – Technical Note SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA

absence of reaction/oxidation during flight, the most Bibliography

13
important criteria for deposition in cold spray is for 1. Alkhimov, A.P., A.N. Papyrin, N.I. Nesterovich, and
feedstock particles to achieve or exceed critical velocity. M.M. Shuspanov. 5302414 United States of
America, 1994.
A larger particle will accelerate less while a smaller
2. Eklavya, Calla. Cold Gas Dynamic Spray of Tin
particle will experience bow shock near the substrate and Copper. Nottingham : University of
and deflect away. Thus, there will be an optimum particle Nottingham, 2005.
size distribution for cold spray nozzle that can form a 3. Particle-substrate interactions in cold gas
deposit and when parameters are optimized to achieve dynamic spraying. Zhang, D., P.H. Shipway, and
the critical velocity for a particle size distribution, very D.G. McCartney. Ohio, USA : ASM International,
high deposition efficiencies (>90%) can be achieved (9). 2003. Thermal Spray 2003: Advancing the
Science and Applying the Technology. pp. 45-52.
Cold spray feedstock when accelerated above critical 4. Bonding mechanism in cold gas spraying. Assadi,
velocity experiences high strain rate deformation upon H., F. Gartner, T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye. 15,
2003, Acta Materialia, Vol. 51, pp. 4379-4394.
impact on substrate. strain rates up to 0.5 x 109 s-1 and
5. Oosthuizen, P.H. and Carscallen, E. Compressible
strains up to 4 are observed in cold spray deposition. fluid flow. New York : McGraw Hill, 1998.
Such rapid deformation at the nodes of maximum strain 6. Mbuyamba, Jean-Baptiste Mulumba. Calculation
and the short time does not allow heat of deformation to and design of supersonic nozzles for cold gas
escape thus raising the local temperature at nodes to dynamic spraying using Matlab and Fluent.
above the melting point of the material. The bonding of Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand,
2013.
impacting particle takes place by the following
7. Gas dynamic principles of cold spray. Dykhuizen,
phenomena (4) (10) (3): R.C. and M.F. Smith. 2, 1998, Journal of thermal
spray technology, Vol. 7, pp. 205-212.
1. High velocity impact ruptures the surface oxide film
8. Development of cold gas sprayed coatings. Voyer,
on substrate and impacting particles J., T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye. s.l. : ASM
2. High strain rates and localization of heat raises the International, 2003. Advancing the Science and
temperature to above melting point at the nodes. Applying the Technology. pp. 71-78.
3. Close contact of clean surfaces at high 9. Deposition of copper by cold gas dynamic
temperatures creates incipient bonding at the spraying: an investigation of dependence of
substrate-particle interface. microstructure and properties of the deposits on
the spraying conditions. Calla, E., D. McCartney,
The purpose of process gas is to accelerate feedstock and P. Shipway. Osaka : s.n., 2004. Thermal Spray
particles sufficiently aiming to ensure participation of 2004: Advances in Technology and Application:
larger surface areas of impacting particles in the above Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray
process, larger surface participation results in better Conference.
bonding. 10. Cold spray nozzle Mach number limitation.
Jodoin, B. 4, 2002, Journal of thermal spray
Helium gas due to higher velocity is more effective in technology, Vol. 11, pp. 496-507.
achieving the above phenomenon. Studies have
demonstrated that deposition efficiency of above 90% can
be achieved with helium gas. A major drawback of helium
is that it is scarce and expensive. Most helium used To contribute an article, advertisement,
commercially is obtained from some oil and gas wells subscription request, back issue copies, and
where it is a byproduct. Thus, attention in cold spray is changes of address should be sent to:
focused on improving parameters with nitrogen while [email protected]
reserving the use of helium for some niche applications.
 SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA FEATURE – Academic Research
14
New Emerging Field: High Entropy
Ceramics for Next-Generation Thermal
Barrier Coatings

By Kunal Bhalchandra Bhole, Rahul Kumar, Shashi Bhushan Arya

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology,

Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore, 575025, India.
Email: [email protected]

Abstract Thermal barrier coatings often termed thermal protection

coatings are usually applied on metallic surfaces as
High Entropy materials including the Alloy (HEAs) and thermal insulation for high-temperature components
Ceramics (H-ECs) namely high entropy oxides, nitrides, such as gas turbine engines for protection against the
carbides, and borides, have evolved as a promising group harshest environments (Hot corrosion, Oxidation, CMAS
of engineering materials with diverse applications, penetration, and Cyclic thermal effects) [1]. The
prominently featuring their pivotal role in thermal barrier conventional ceramic material yttria-stabilized zirconia
coatings (TBCs). It is still a new concept of high entropy (YSZ) is a commercial TBC material that is extensively
materials which offers a broad spectrum of research used because of its beneficial thermal and mechanical
potential. H-ECs, represent equimolar or near equimolar properties. Despite this, its practical application has been
ratios of cations or anions with a high configurational restricted due to phase transformation above 1200°C as it
disorder. The configurational entropy for high entropy fails to maintain its phase stability and causes volumetric
materials must be greater than or equal to 1.5 times the expansion on the coating thus leading to premature
universal gas constant (ΔSconfig ≥ 1.5R). The synergy of failure of the TBC system [2]. Hence, a need to explore
H-ECs allows the opportunities for tailoring the material novel candidates for innovative TBCs that exhibit
properties to particularly satisfy the specific exceptional thermo-physical and mechanical properties
requirements for thermal insulation and protection arises as the demand for greater operating temperatures
against harsh conditions to enhance the TBC within the turbine is increasing for new-generation
performance. H-ECs display exceptional features like low turbines.
thermal conductivity, high thermal expansion coefficient,
high hardness, and higher thermal stability than Over the past few years, there has been a remarkable
conventional ceramics, hence making them the best development in utilizing the idea of high entropy
choice for TBCs in high-temperature applications. The materials in the crafting of ceramic materials for high-
utilization of H-ECs plays a crucial role in mitigating temperature applications. H-ECs attain a significant level
issues related to both CMAS (Calcium-Magnesium- of compositional disorder through the incorporation of
Alumino-Silicates) penetration and hot corrosion in TBCs. five or more atomic species within their lattice structure.
The synthesis route, elemental composition, crystal This increases entropy and improves thermodynamic
structure, type of coating and performance of H-EC- stability, particularly at higher temperatures [3].
based TBCs have been reported.
Fig. (1) illustrates the yearly publication trends for key
Keywords: High Entropy Ceramics, CMAS (Calcium- high-entropy ceramics, including HEOs, HENs, HECs,
Magnesium-Alumino-Silicates), Hot Corrosion. HEBs, and HEHs. This data was retrieved from Scopus on
 FEATURE - Academic Research SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA
15

Figure 1: The annual publication counts regarding primary high-entropy ceramics [4]

Figure 2: Primary crystal structures found in high-entropy ceramics [4]

Figure 3: Overview of synthesis routes along with limitations [3]

 SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA FEATURE – Academic Research
16 August 12, 2021, and encompasses a total of 477 In conclusion, the advent of high-entropy ceramics
publications. Presently, HEOs with a significant number of represents a paradigm shift in material science, offering
publications highlight their relevance in the field of H-ECs a diverse range of compositions with unparalleled
due to their specific properties and show potential for properties and opens new frontiers for innovation across
TBC applications. Consequently, the emphasis of the various industries, paving the way for advanced
article is predominantly directed towards HEOs. applications in high-temperature environments.

The properties of high-entropy ceramics are shaped by References

the crystal structures they enact. The Fig. (2) shows the 1. Kailun WANG, Jinpeng ZHU, Hailong WANG, Kaijun
typical crystal structures of H-ECs. YANG, Yameng ZHU, Yubin QING, Zhuang MA, Lihong
GAO, Yanbo LIU, Sihao WEI, Yongchun SHU, Yanchun
Various synthesis methods can be employed to produce ZHOU, and Jilin HE, “Air plasma-sprayed high-
these ceramics which are shown in Fig. (3) along with entropy (Y0.2Yb0.2Lu0.2Eu0.2Er0.2)3Al5O12 coating
limitations. with high thermal protection performance”, Journal
of Advanced Ceramics 2022, 11(10): 1571–1582.
The high-entropy oxide (La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Gd0.2)Ce2O7 2. Yun XUE, Xiaoqin ZHAO, Yulong AN, Yijing WANG,
(HECO) has been successfully synthesized. In comparison Meizhen GAO, Huidi ZHOU, Jianmin CHEN, “High-
to conventional La2Ce2O7 (LCO), HECO demonstrates a entropy (La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Gd0.2)2Ce2O7: A
smaller corrosion depth. The sluggish diffusion effect potential thermal barrier material with improved
observed in HECO significantly hampers the nucleation of thermo-physical properties”, Journal of Advanced
corrosion products, contributing to its enhanced Ceramics 2022, 11(4): 615–628.
resistance against corrosion [5]. The reported high- 3. Tejesh C. Dube and Jing Zhang, “Underpinning the
entropy zirconate ceramic (HEZ) relationship between synthesis and properties of
(Gd0.2Y0.2Er0.2Tm0.2Yb0.2)2Zr2O7 was synthesized high entropy ceramics: A comprehensive review on
through solid-state reaction and sintering at elevated borides, carbides and oxides”, Journal of the
temperature which exhibits a fluorite structure. Key European Ceramic Society 44 (2024) 1335-1350.
attributes include ultra-low thermal conductivity (0.82 W 4. Saeid Akrami, Parisa Edalati, Masayoshi Fuji, and
× m−1 × K−1 at 1200 °C), thermal expansion coefficients Kaveh Edalati, “High-entropy ceramics: Review of
comparable to YSZ (10.61 × 10−6 K−1 at 1300–1400 °C), principles, production and applications”, Materials
superior mechanical properties comprising high Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644.
hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness are 5. Yun Xue, Xiaoqin Zhao, Yulong An, Hengchang Nie,
exhibited by the material. Additionally, it demonstrates Meizhen Gao, Huidi Zhou, and Jianmin Chen,
notable resistance to CMAS corrosion. This positions HEZ “Corrosion behavior of high-entropy
as a promising material for applications in high- (La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Gd0.2)Ce2O7 in different
temperature and corrosive environments [6]. aggressive molten salt”, Corrosion Science 204
(2022) 110414.
It's important to note that research in this area is 6. Rongxue Yan, Wenping Liang, Qiang Miao, Hui Zhao,
ongoing, H-ECs encounter challenges from hot corrosion Ruixiang Liu, Jingli Li, Kai Zang, Meijing Dong, Xiping
and CMAS, and the understanding of how H-ECs He, Xiguang Gao, and Yindong Song, “Mechanical,
specifically interact with the mechanisms of hot thermal and CMAS resistance properties of high-
corrosion in TBCs is evolving. Their unique combination of entropy (Gd0.2Y0.2Er0.2Tm0.2Yb0.2)2Zr2O7
thermal stability, resistance to thermal shock, oxidation ceramics”, Ceramics International 49 (2023) 20729–
resistance, mechanical strength, and tunable properties 20741.
positions H-ECs as promising candidates for the next
generation of TBCs, contributing to improved efficiency
and longevity in aerospace and other high-temperature
applications, further investigation is needed to optimize
To contribute an article, advertisement,
their compositions and assess their performance in subscription request, back issue copies, and
practical applications. changes of address should be sent to:
[email protected]
17
 SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA FEATURE – ATSC2023 Highlights
18
Highlights of Asian Thermal Spray
Conference & Expo 2023 (ATSC 2023)
The 12th International Conference and Expo on Asian Research Board (SERB), and the Board of Research in
Thermal Spray (ATSC 2023) was successfully organized Nuclear Sciences (BRNS), also played a crucial role in
by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras in ensuring the success of this conference through their
association with the Asian Thermal Spray Society (ATSS) contributions.
and The Indian Thermal Spray Association (iTSA), during The conference also included 6 stalls from the exhibitors-
Nov. 2-3, 2023 at the IC&SR building, IIT Madras, Chennai, Metallizing Equipment Company Pvt. Ltd., C&M
India. The event witnessed an overwhelming response Technologies GmbH, Germany, INDO-MIM Pvt. Ltd., Kinetic
from across the world, and had 6 Plenary Talks, 11 Surface technologies, Kothari Metsol Pvt. Ltd. and
Keynote Talks, 34 Invited Talks, 50 Contributory Talks, and Keepsake Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. who
22 Technical Poster Presentations with more than 200 demonstrated state of the art technologies and services
delegates participating from various Industries, Academic in the areas of thermal spray. It is also important to thank
Institutes, and Research Organizations. the advertisers, Uniquecoat Technologies LLC., HVAF
The Conference and Expo was inaugurated on 2nd Nov. Systems, Virginia, USA, Shreenath Engineering Industries,
2023 by the Chief Guest Prof. V. Kamakoti, Director, Indian Nagpur, ATS Techno Pvt. Ltd., India, International
Institute of Technology Madras along with the Head of the Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and
department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, IIT New Materials (ARCI) and Murti Udyog Limited, Rajasthan.
Madras, Prof. N. V. Ravikumar. The convenor, Prof. M. The conference, a dynamic gathering of intellectual
Kamaraj welcomed the gathering and Prof. Srinivasa Rao prowess, featured an ensemble of distinguished speakers
Bakshi, co-convenor presented the details of the Asian whose expertise ignited the room with thought-provoking
Thermal Spray conference & Expo 2023. In the plenary insights. The event served as a vibrant platform, where
talks, all 6 speakers were inducted into the hall of fame brilliant minds converged to share and cultivate
of thermal spray. Prof. V. Kamakoti delivered the innovative concepts, forging new frontiers in the realm of
presidential address and welcomed everyone to the knowledge. Among the multifaceted topics that took
vibrant campus of IIT Madras. He also mentioned the center stage were the domains of wear and corrosion,
importance of collaboration between the industries and thermal barrier coatings, processing and applications,
academia and was overwhelmed with the response for advanced characterization techniques, and the
the conference from different parts of the world. fascinating world of cold spray held in parallel sessions.
The participants belonged to more than 35 universities The conference had the vibrant panel discussion
and were from 13 countries namely, Sweden, UK, moderated by Prof. Vikram Jayaram, Honorary
Germany, France, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru. It was a
Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Korea and India, making it panel consisting of experts from various fields to present
truly international. There were more than 80 delegates their view on thermal spray technologies from an
from the Indian industries catering to the fields of industrial perspective. Shri Abhijit Vaidya, Cummins India
automotive, aerospace, thermal and hydro-power, oil and Ltd., Pune, Shri Srivenkata Subramaniam, Ather Energy,
gas, general manufacturing, defence, nuclear, space and Bangalore, Shri Rahul Sood, Industrial processors and
semiconductor sectors. metallizers, Delhi, Shri Ankur Modi, Metallizing equipment
The generous support of industrial sponsors like Pratt & company Pvt. Ltd., Jodhpur, Shri Malay Choudhury, Tata
Whitney, Metallizing Equipment Company Pvt. Ltd., steel Ltd., Jamshedpur, Shri Nilesh Patil, Kothari Metsol
Carborundum Universal Limited- Electro Minerals Pvt. Ltd., Dhanore and Shri Harish Kumar Sharma, SJVN
Division, SJVN limited, Applied Materials Inc. and Indo- Limited, India participated in the panel discussion. The
MIM Pvt. Ltd. made a significant impact on the event. discussion on the implementation of thermal spray
Government agencies, including the Office of Global technology in their respective fields resulted in various
Engagement, IIT Madras, Defence Research and criteria that need to be addressed. The effect of thermal
Development Organisation (DRDO), Indian Space spray on the market, return on investment, defining the
Research Organisation (ISRO), Science and Engineering problem statement for the thermal spray technology to
 FEATURE - ATSC2023 Highlights SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA
19

Welcome Address by Convener About ATSC by Co-Convener Souvenir Release by Prof. V.

ATSC 2023, Prof. M. Kamaraj ATSC 2023, Prof. S Rao Bakshi Kamakoti, Director, IIT Madras

Plenary Speaker Plenary Speaker

Plenary Speaker
Prof. Christopher Berndt Prof. Robert Vaßen
Prof. Armelle Vardelle

Plenary Speaker Plenary Speaker Plenary Speaker

Prof. Kazuhiro OGAWA Prof. Sanjay Sampath Prof. Shrikant Joshi

Keynote Talk Keynote Talk Keynote Talk

Dr. Sunghun Lee Dr. Rogerio S. Lima Prof. Tanvir Hussain

Felicitation of Sponsors Awarding Best Oral Felicitation of Chief Guest Dr.

Presentation Kamachi Mudali, Vice-
chancellor, HBNI, Mumbai

For more please visit Picture gallery of "Asian Thermal Spray Conference & Expo 2023"
 SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA FEATURE – ATSC2023 Highlights
20 hold its ground in the sector etc. The discussion also During his address, Dr. Kamachi Mudali underscored the
addressed the importance of collaboration between the significance of thermal spray technologies and the
industries and the academia subsequently, large-scale evolving global landscape in various sectors. He
industries and the small-scale industries. The emphasized the pivotal role of thermal spray
refurbishment field is a huge area where thermal spray technologies in India, particularly in the aviation,
technology can have a greater advantage than the automotive, energy, and healthcare industries.
conventional routes. The event also featured a special segment where
The valedictory session featured Dr. Kamachi Mudali, industrial and government sponsors, as well as
Vice-Chancellor of the Homi Bhabha National Institute, exhibitors, were honored for their valuable contributions.
Mumbai, as the presiding dignitary. The welcome address Additionally, outstanding posters and oral presentations
was eloquently delivered by Prof. M. Kamaraj, were recognized and celebrated as an integral part of the
the convenor of the event. Prof. Srinivasa Rao Bakshi, co- conference.
convenor of ATSC 2023, presented a comprehensive Dr. Satish Tailor, the secretary of ATSC 2023, expressed
summary of the conference. Dr. Sisir Mantry, the joint- heartfelt thanks to all participants and officially
secretary of ATSC 2023, introduced the esteemed chief concluded the conference with a vote of thanks.
guest.
 Join iTSA SPRAYTODAY™ | iTSA
21
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Why become a member of iTSA?

The iTSA provides the useful information to all

colleagues interested in thermal spraying in the
large industries, societies, job shops, university
and laboratories. The iTSA members have
access to the additional services such as job
proposition, information about services related
to thermal spraying in different states of India,
forum of users which enables research of missing information related to thermal spraying and
much more. The iTSA membership enables also a reduction in the fees of the events organized
by the Society.
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Our Journal Publication

Journal of Thermal Spray and Engineering (JTSE) ISSN: 2582-1474

JTSE is an international archival journal publishing scientific papers

on thermal spray technology; Journal provides a platform for
researchers to share their original and innovative findings, in addition
to identifying methods of production and application that include, but
are not limited to, HOVF, plasma spray, flame spray, wire arc spray,
and cold spray, Powder technology, Gas flow, particle motion, and heat
transfer, Stress and strain analysis, Coating deposition mechanism,
Single particle deposition and solidification upon impact, Coating
mechanical and thermal properties, Coating microstructures and
phase transformation, Functional coatings, Torch design and
optimization, New thermal spray technology, Robotic programming
and kinematic analysis, Torch trajectory definition and optimization, Novel applications of thermal
spray coating, Mathematical and theoretical analysis on related subjects, Finite Element Analysis
on related subjects. JTSE Covers Review Articles, Research Articles, Letter To Editor, Conference
& Book Review, Notes and Short Communications. All the published articles are available for
Download for Free.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52687/2582-1474/
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Manuscript Submission http://www.inscience.in/manuscript-submission.html
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