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Matrix1 MAT100

The document discusses matrices including their definition, types, order, elements, and basic operations such as transpose, addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication. Matrices allow the representation of data in tabular form and the performance of operations on such data.

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Md. Shafayet Khan
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17 views26 pages

Matrix1 MAT100

The document discusses matrices including their definition, types, order, elements, and basic operations such as transpose, addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication. Matrices allow the representation of data in tabular form and the performance of operations on such data.

Uploaded by

Md. Shafayet Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAT100

Matrix
Reference:

Dowling, Chapter 10 (Sections: 10.1 – 10.6, 10.8)

Ian Jacques, Chapter 7 (Section: 7.1)


Matrix
• Definition
• Dimension
• Types
• Operations
• Transpose
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Scalar Multiplication
• Matrix Multiplication
• Inverse
• Mahin plays three different sports throughout the week,
football (F), tennis (T) and volleyball (V).
• She practices these sports in two different locations:
Dhanmondi (D) and Kalabagan (K).
• Her weekly sporting activities are given in the table below:

• A more concise way to represent this information is by using a


matrix.
What is a matrix?
• An arrangement of numbers in a rectangular form into rows and columns.
• An r × c matrix (read “r by c”) has r rows and c columns = the
order/dimension of the matrix. * Many books use m x n *
• Horizontal lines of elements = Rows.
• Vertical lines of elements = Columns.
• Example: The following is a 3x2 matrix. * Matrices can be represented using round
brackets/parentheses, (), as well *
• We will represent a matrix with uppercase letters, for
example: M, A, R, and so on.
• The numbers are called the elements or the entries of
the matrix and are represented with the corresponding
lowercase letter. Example: a, m , r, and so on.
• Total number of elements in a matrix = number of rows
multiplied by number of columns.
• aij denotes the element in A at row i and column j.

• For example, a12 (read “a one two,” not “a twelve”) is the


element in the first row, second column.

• This is shown below for a 3×3 matrix:


• So, if we represent Mahin’s sporting activities in
the form of a matrix. It will look like:
• We represent the order of a matrix as such:

Or

2x3
• For the following matrix K,

• Identify:
• The order of the matrix
• The elements: k12, k23, k33 and k41

K
Types of Matrices
1. Row Vector 2. Column Vector
• Made up of only one row. • Made up of only one column.
• Order will be 1 x c • Order will be r x 1
• Example: • Example:
0
2
A1x2 = 6 −3 C4x1 =
2
−3

B1x3= 11 130 0 10
D2x1=
9
3. Null/Zero Matrix 4. Square Matrix
• All of whose elements are 0. • The number of rows is the same
• Denoted as 0rxc as the number of columns
• A-A = 0 • Order will be r x r (r=c)
• A+0 = A
• Example:
• Multiplication with a null matrix = a
null matrix. 0 3
A2x2=
• Example:
0
1 70
02x1=
0
1 2 0
0 0
02x2=
0 0 B3x3= 0 3 4
0 0 0 0 0 5 0
03x4= 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
5. Diagonal Matrix
• A square matrix were each of its non-diagonal (or off-diagonal)
elements is zero and each of its leading (or principal) diagonal
elements is not zero.
• Leading diagonal = collection of elements starting from the
uppermost-left element to the lowermost-right element.
6. Identity Matrix
• A diagonal matrix were each of its off-diagonal elements is
0 and each of its leading diagonal elements is 1.

• Denoted as Ir or In

• AI = IA = A
7. Upper-triangular Matrix
• A square matrix in which all the elements below the leading
diagonal are zero.

• That is,
8. Lower-triangular Matrix
• A square matrix in which all the elements above the leading
diagonal are zero.

• That is,
Matrix Operations
Transpose
• The transpose of a matrix is found by replacing its rows by its
columns.
• The 1st row becomes the 1st column, the 2nd row becomes the 2nd
column, and so on.
• The transpose of a matrix A will be denoted as AT or A′
• The # of rows of A = the # of columns of A′ and vice versa.
• So if A has order r × c then A′ has order c × r.
Examples

4 11
B=
−2 0

4 −2
B′ =
11 0
Addition/Subtraction
• Only matrices of the same order can be added/subtracted.
• To add/subtract two matrices → add/subtract the corresponding
elements together.
• Example:

The solution is a 2x2 matrix.


• If A and B are both r × c matrices, with elements aij and bij
respectively
• Then A+B is a matrix C, also r × c, such that the elements of C are:
• cij = aij + bij
• In the previous example,
• c11 = a11 + b11 = 1 + 5 = 6
• c21 = a21 + b21 = 3 + 7 = 10
• And so on
Similarly,

The solution is a 2x2 matrix.


Scalar Multiplication
• To multiply a matrix A by a scalar k we simply multiply each
element of A by k.
• Suppose,
11 −2
• A = 3 41
6 6
•k=2

• kA = 2A = =
Some Properties of Matrices
• Matrix addition is commutative: A + B = B + A

• Matrix addition is associative: A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

• The distributive law holds: k(A + B) = kA + kB

• (A + B)T = AT + BT

• (A − B)T = AT − BT

• (AT )T = A

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