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CORRELATION OF MISSING OUT (FOMO), ANXIETY AND AGGRESSION OF

YOUNG ADULTS

Article in International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH · June 2020

DOI: 10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i5.2020.107

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 ISSN (online): 2350-0530 International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH
ISSN (online): 2394-3629 May 2020, Vol 8(05), 132 – 138
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i5.2020.107

CORRELATION OF MISSING OUT (FOMO), ANXIETY AND

AGGRESSION OF YOUNG ADULTS
Priyanka Kacker *1 , Saket Saurav 2
1 Assistant Professor, Institute of Behavior Science, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, India
2 Student, Institute of Behavior Science, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, India

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i5.2020.107

Article Type: Research Article ABSTRACT

Social media now has become integral part of human race. It not only
Article Citation: Priyanka Kacker, helps in knowing about the opportunity one has online but also offline. On
and Saket Saurav. (2020). the upside, these resources provide multiple opportunities for interaction;
CORRELATION OF MISSING OUT
on the downside, they often give us more than required amount of options
(FOMO), ANXIETY AND
AGGRESSION OF YOUNG ADULTS. that often lead to confusion and distress and have practical restrictions.
International Journal of Research - The use of social media is so prevalent that it is leading society towards
GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(5), 132-138. cyber distress. Thus, this study attempts to study the correlation between
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaa FoMo, Social Media Addiction, Personal Relationship, Aggression Factor
layah.v8.i5.2020.107 one, two, three and four and Anxiety. A total of 600 sample population was
selected for this purpose and a total of 60 sample (30- Neutral group and
Received Date: 18 May 2020 30- High score Group) for study of brain electrical wave pattern. The tool
used in this study was FoMo and Social Media Addiction Questionnaire,
Accepted Date: 31 May 2020 Personal Relationship Questionnaire, Buss and Perry aggression scale and
Zung Anxiety scale. The result reveals that there is a positive significant
Keywords:
FoMo correlation between FoMo, Social Media Addiction and Psychological
Social Media Addiction Factors at (p<0.001 and p<0.005).
Anxiety
Depression

1. INTRODUCTION

FEAR OF MISSING OUT (FOMO)

FoMo refers to the uneasy and often all-consuming sense that friends or others are having rewarding
experiences from which one is absent [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. It is characterized by a desire to remain socially connected
and may manifest itself as a form of social anxiety [3],[4], [5], [6]and has been linked to low levels of mood and life
satisfaction [6].
FoMo appears to be a universal phenomenon across cultures. For example, the word kiasu originating from the
Hokkien (Chinese) dialect, is generally translated as the “fear of missing out” or the fear of losing out to someone
else While FoMo has garnered widespread attention in the media for several years [5],[6], it has only recently come
under the scrutiny of academic researchers [8],[10]Drawing upon the framework of Self-Determination theory [9],
to date, the literature has predominantly focused on FoMo as a mediator, linking deficits in psychological needs to
negative social networking use [8] and academic motivational styles [10]. More specifically, these studies have found
that those higher in FoMo tend to have an unhealthy relationship with social networking sites [10]. For example,
these people are more likely to check text messages while driving and use Facebook immediately upon waking,
© 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 132
 Priyanka Kacker, and Saket Saurav

directly before going to sleep, and during college lectures [10]. However, FoMO may have implications beyond social
networking or social media use and academic motivation.
Wanting to be socially connected, a desire to know what others are doing and to be a part of rewarding experi-
ences is a basic human need present from infancy and is therefore not restricted to social media use. However, the
options for connecting, sharing, and having rewarding experiences with acquaintances have increased considerably
due to the permanent accessibility of social media via portable devices.
Fear of missing out is described as «(...) a pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding
experiences from which one is absent (...)» and «(...) a desire to stay continually connected with what others are
doing» (Przybylski et al., 2013, p.1). Although FoMO is not necessarily a phenomenon exclusive to social media users,
individuals with high FoMO might feel compelled to check their social media more often. to keep up to date on their
friends’ plans and activities. Frequent use of social media may also trigger or increase this fear of missing out,
because of the individual’s heightened awareness of the numerous possibilities for interaction. Przybylski was the
first to present an operationalized and empirically-based account of the FoMO phenomenon, together with a self-
report questionnaire – the FoMO scale (FoMO), published in a study that also gathered empirical evidence of the
concept’s construct validity and psychological correlates (Przybylski et al., 2013). According to these authors, the
scale is meant to reflect the fears and worries people may have in relation to being out of touch with experiences
across their extended social environment.

SOCIAL MEDIA USE

FoMO relates to social media use both in its experience and origins (e.g., J. Walter Thompson Intelligence, 2011,
2012); thus, research on social media use is important to consider in the current investigation. With the increase in
social media use over the last decade, parents and researchers have become concerned over whether social media
use may harm more than it may help, perpetuating a host of research investigations related to negative consequences
stemming from social media use. Social media
Research paints two different pictures of the effects of social media: One illustrates social media as a budding
resource of positive effects on the psyche (e.g., boosting self-worth, self-integrity, & self-esteem; Gentile et al., 2012;
Toma & Hancock, 2013); the other offers a darker, more negative outlook (e.g., social media negatively affecting
emotional states; Sagioglou & Greitemeyer, 2014). When we evaluate the specific outcomes examined, however, it
appears that the extent to which researchers Have investigated psychological factors does not extend far past basic
positive and negative emotions. Measures used in previous studies (e.g., the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule),
although emotionally related, may not be clinically relevant measures. For example, how the research related to
social media and positive and negative emotions extends to clinical psychological disorders such as depression has
been examined in only two studies, which did not include FoMO (Moreno et al., 2011; Steers, Wickham, & Acitelli,
2014). Additionally, while the psychological impact of social media has been examined, cognitive factors and physical
health outcomes have gone almost completely unexamined.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF FOMO:

Whereas the above-surveyed studies have focused on the impact of social media use on psychological outcomes,
such as well-being, a recent study (Przybylski et al., 2013) examined possible potential personal predictors of social
media engagement, in particular aspects of deficits in psychological need satisfactions. Drawing on the self-
determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2008), Przybylski et al. contend that FoMO could serve as a mediator
linking deficits in psychological needs to social media engagement. Their study’s results indicated that individuals
who evidenced less satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for competence (efficacy), autonomy (meaningful
choice), and relatedness (connectedness to others) also reported higher levels of FoMO. In the field of educational
psychology, the psychological construct of motivation for learning, is one of the most highly studied variables, and
has been extensively investigated in previous research (Donche et al., 2014; Linnenbrink & Pintrich, 2002; Ratelle et
al., 2007). Therefore, in the context of higher education, the SDT regarding learning motivation appears to be a
particularly useful perspective to empirically explore FoMO.
Previous studies on learning motivations have placed an emphasis on the motivation behind the choices that
students make, and on how social factors affect their sense of volition and initiative, as well as their well-being and
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 133
 Correlation of Missing Out (Fomo), Anxiety and Aggression of Young Adults

the quality of their academic performance (Linnenbrink & Pintrich, 2002; Ratelleet al., 2007). The SDT defines
intrinsic and extrinsic sources of motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to internal factors, such as enthusiasm and
pleasure experienced while engaging in a task. In contrast, extrinsic motivation refers to external factors, such as
obtaining good grades or passing exams. Studies on the quality of motivation (e.g., Donche et al., 2014) suggest that
although basically distinguished as intrinsic and extrinsic, it can be further refined by making a distinction between
autonomous and controlled motivation. Studies assessing the connections between these motivations, learning
strategies and achievements have associated controlled motivation with surface processing and weak coping
strategies in the case of failing (Ryan & Connell, 1989). The surface approach to learning is based on an intention
that is extrinsic to the real purpose of the task (Biggs, 2001). One of the most common strategies for the surface
approach is rote learning content without understanding, in order to subsequently reproduce the material.

2. METHODOLOGY

Aim of this study is to examine the relationship between FOMO, Social Media Addiction, Aggression and Anxiety
among Indian young adults.

HYPOTHESIS

H1: There is a significant association between FOMO, Social Media Addiction and Psychologically relevant health
outcomes such as Aggression and Anxiety.

SAMPLE

Purposive sampling method was used. Since the sample was young adults, participant between the age group of
18-25 years were contacted individually. Informed consent was obtained from each participant before initiating
research. Sample Data was collected from 600 undergraduate and postgraduate students through google form and
offline questionnaire distribution method from university students of Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar
(Gujarat), Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar (Gujarat), Institute of Advance Research, Gandhinagar
(Gujarat), Delhi University (Delhi), Amity University (Delhi NCR), AIIMS (Delhi), VIT Vellore and Dr Hari Singh Gaur
University, Sagar (Madhya Pradesh).

TOOLS

The socio demographic datasheet was prepared to obtain demographic variables. Enquiries were made
regarding name, age, gender, education, social media details, email id, number of social media friends and number
of real-life friends, domicile, user name of social media account.

SCREENING MEASURES

Sample Data was collected using a questionnaire aimed at measuring the student’s Social Media Addiction, Fear
of Missing Out, Anxiety and Aggression.

PROCEDURE

A total of 600 participants were contacted individually from university students. The questionnaires were
administered by researcher to the participants in the classrooms in which they studied without the instructor being
present. The purpose of the study was explained as examining Fear of missing out, social media engagement and its
correlation with anxiety and depression. Prior to obtaining participants’ consent, it was specified that the
questionnaire was anonymous and that no pressure would be applied should they choose to return the questionnaire
unfilled or incomplete. Debriefing information was sent to the participants on the completion of the study via
electronic mail, in which they could raise questions. Finally, participants were assured that no specific identifying
information about the subjects will be made public.
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 134
 Priyanka Kacker, and Saket Saurav

3. RESULTS

SPSS 16.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science) was used to analyze the obtained data. All the statistical test
was considered significant at p<0.05. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Socio-
Demographic data such as age, gender, domicile, Real life friends and Social Media Friends were analyzed using mean
and standard deviation and gender, relationship status were analyzed using frequency. Screening measures of
FOMO, Social Media Addiction, Aggression and Anxiety were described in terms of mean, standard deviation. Further
Pearson Correlational analysis was done to examine relationship between FoMO, Social Media Addiction, Aggression.
and Anxiety. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to asses relative contribution of gender, age, FoMO,
social media addiction, aggression and anxiety.
Results were divided into the following sections:
Section 1: Socio Demographic Details
Section 2: Relationship between FoMO. Social Media Addiction, aggression and Anxiety.

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of FoMo and Psychological Factors

Factors Mean Std. Deviation
Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) 6.60 3.347
Social Media Addiction (SM) 14.09 4.707
Personal Relationship (PR) .76 .818
Aggression Factor 1(AGG1) 20.21 5.240
Aggression Factor 2(AGG2) 16.89 4.881
Aggression Factor 3(AGG3) 24.20 5.701
Aggression Factor 4(AGG4) 26.57 5.839
Anxiety 43.21 10.993

Table 2: Correlation between FoMo and Psychological Factors

FOMO SM PR AGG1 AGG 2 AGG 3 AGG4 ANXIETY
FOMO - 0.128** 0.078 0.086* -0.074 -0.113** -0.229 -0.099**
SM -0.128** - -0.221* 0.011 -0.061 0.0146* -0.011** -0.048
PR 0.078 -0.221** - -0.003 0.088* -0.040 0.029 0.002**
AGG1 -0.086* 0.011 -0.003* - 0.110** 0.115** 0.164* 0.165**
AGG2 -0.074 0.061 0.088 0.0110 - 0.0134**0.0244** 0.0220**
AGG3 -0.0113* 0.146** -0.040 0.115* 0.134* - 0.0221** 0.0211**
AGG4 -0.229** -0.11* 0.029 0.164**0.178** 0.224** - 0.276*
ANXIETY -0.99** -0.048* 0.002* 0.165* 0.062** 0.220** 0.277** -
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

4. DISCUSSION

A total of 600 sample were selected for the study, out of which 269 are female and 331 are male and they were
highly educated. This is because the sample was collected from the university students. The highest percentage
sample data belongs to the age group of 22 years followed by age group of 23 years, 21 years, 24 years, 20 years and
25 years. 98.7% of the sample data belongs to the urban area compare to the 1.3% of the belongs to the rural area.
Majority of the sample data had more friends on social media than the real life. Amongst them majority of the
sample data have never meet majority of their social media friends. 89% of the sample data had no idea about
majority of their social media friends. They don’t know each other. Out of 89% of the sample data 83% sample had
never talked to majority of their social media friends ever.77.8% sample population had once or twice had a
conversation with the social media friends but they have never meet each other.
Out of male and female 83% female had no idea about majority of their social media friends while 86.3% of male
had no idea about the social media friends. 47% of the male agreed that they accept the friend request of the random
people while 31.3% of the female also accept the friend request of the random people.
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 135
 Correlation of Missing Out (Fomo), Anxiety and Aggression of Young Adults

Few participants accepted that they accept the friend request just to increase the number of friends in their
profile. Also 3.4% of the sample population had zero real life friends with whom they can spend some quality time.
67.9% of the sample data had less than 10 real life friends while 23.3% had less than 5 real life friends. . Out of
67.9% 62.3% belongs to the category of male while 37.7% belongs to the category of female. Out of 23.3% 77.1%
are male while 22.9% are female.
69.8% of the sample population belonging to the age group of 22 years had more unknown friends in their social
media account than the others. Out of 69.8%, 73.7% are male and 22.3% are female. Sample population belonging
to the age group of 23years had more known friends in their social media account compare to the other age groups
sample population.
In the present study, significant relationship was found between FoMO, Social Media Addiction, Personal
Relationship, Aggression factor 1,2,3 and 4 and Anxiety.
A positive significant correlation had been obtained between FoMO and Social media addiction, Aggression
factor 1 and 2 with significant level of 0.001,0.001 and 0.005 respectively. Further, FoMO was also detected with a
significant negative correlation with aggression factor 2 with significance level of 0.005.
Significant positive correlation had been obtained between Social Media Addiction and Aggression factor 3 with
significance level of 0.001 while, Social Media Addiction also had a significant negative correlation with FoMO,
Personal relationship and aggression factor 2 with significance level of 0.001,0.005,0.005 respectively.
Personal Relationship had negative significant correlation with Social Media Addiction and aggression factor 3
with significance level of 0.001 and 0.005 respectively. A positive significant correlation is also obtained with
aggression factor 3 at significance level 0.005.
Aggression Factor 1 had positive significant correlation with aggression factor 2 and aggression factor 3 at
significance level 0.001. A negative significant correlation had been also obtained with FoMO and Personal
Relationship with significance level 0.005 and 0.001 respectively.
Aggression factor 2 had positive significant correlation with Personal Relationship, Aggression Factor 1 and
Aggression Factor 3 at significance level 0.005,0.001 and 0.001 respectively.
Aggression factor 3 had positive significant correlation with Social Media Addiction, Aggression factor 1 and
Aggression Factor 3 at significance level 0.001,0.001 and 0.005 respectively. A negative significant correlation had
been obtained between aggression factor 3 with FoMO at significance level 0.001.
Aggression factor 4 had positive significant correlation with Aggression factor 1, 2 and 3 at significance level
0.001, 0.001 and 0.005 respectively. A negative significant correlation was also obtained between Aggression Factor
4 and FoMO at significance level 0.001.

5. CONCLUSION

Significant positive correlation was found between Fomo, Social media Addiction, Aggression factor one, two,
three, four and Anxiety. With the help of event related potential setup specific area and probe can be identified .It
can be also studied further on the scale of depression FoMo leads to and probability of the person committing any
crime due to the effect of depression or showing suicidal symptoms.

SOURCES OF FUNDING

None.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We thank our colleagues who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research. The authors
received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 136

 Priyanka Kacker, and Saket Saurav

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