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Lecture 8

The document discusses ramp, sampling and impulse signals. It defines the ramp function and compares it to the step function. It also discusses properties of the unit ramp function and how to shift it. The sampling function and sinc function are defined. The unit impulse or Dirac delta function is defined and its properties are explained.

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Md Shahjahan Islam
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43 views

Lecture 8

The document discusses ramp, sampling and impulse signals. It defines the ramp function and compares it to the step function. It also discusses properties of the unit ramp function and how to shift it. The sampling function and sinc function are defined. The unit impulse or Dirac delta function is defined and its properties are explained.

Uploaded by

Md Shahjahan Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE 303

Signals and Linear Systems

Instructor: Dr. Tishna Sabrina


Spring 2020

Lecture 8
Ramp, Sampling and Impulse Signals
The Ramp Function
◼ The continuous time unit ramp function is defined as
𝒕, 𝒕 > 0
𝒓 𝒕 =ቊ
𝟎, 𝒕 < 0

r(t)

m=1

t
0

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 2


The Ramp vs Step Function
◼ The continuous time unit ramp function is defined as
𝒕, 𝒕 > 0
𝒓 𝒕 =ቊ
𝟎, 𝒕 < 0
r(t)

m=1

t
0

𝒅𝒓 𝒕 𝟏, 𝒕 > 0
=൜ =𝒖 𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝟎, 𝒕 < 0

𝒕
𝒓 𝒕 = න 𝒖(𝝉) 𝒅𝝉
−∞

❑ The device that accomplishes this operation is an


integrator.

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 3


The Ramp Function
◼ The continuous time unit ramp function is defined as
r(t)
𝒕, 𝒕 > 0
𝒓 𝒕 =ቊ
𝟎, 𝒕 < 0
𝒅𝒓 𝒕 𝟏, 𝒕 > 0 m=1
=൜ =𝒖 𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝟎, 𝒕 < 0 0
t
𝒕
𝒓 𝒕 = න 𝒖(𝝉) 𝒅𝝉
−∞

◼ In contrast to both unit step and signum functions,


the ramp function is continuous at 𝑡 = 0.
◼ A unit ramp function has a slope of unity, e.g., m=1.
◼ Time scaling of a unit ramp function by ‘a’
corresponds to a ramp function of slope ‘a’.
◼ Also, 𝒓 𝒕 = 𝒕𝒖 𝒕 .
7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 4
Properties of Unit Ramp Function
◼ Is it a power signal or an energy signal?
◼ Is it an odd signal or an even signal?

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 5


Shifting Unit Ramp Function
◼ Shifting operation works same as discussed earlier
𝒓 𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎 =?

𝒓 −𝒕 + 𝒕𝟎 =?

➢ Draw 𝒓 −𝒕 , 𝒓 𝒕 + 𝟏 , 𝒓 𝟑𝒕 − 𝟏

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 6


Mathematical Representation of Signal
Waveforms
1. Waveforms with no discontinuity -> only ramp signal
2. Waveforms with discontinuity and some constant
values -> only step signal, where
number of step signals= number of discontinuities
Steps for case#1:
◼ Waveform taking upward transition -> +ve

◼ Waveform taking downward transition -> -ve

Steps for case#2:


◼ Waveform taking upward level switch -> +ve

◼ Waveform taking downward level switch -> -ve

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 7


Signal Construction
❑ Write x(t) in terms of step signal and ramp signal

❑ Write x(t) in terms of step signal and ramp signal


𝒙(𝒕)

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 8


Example 1.6.3
◼ Express the following signal in terms of step signal
and ramp signal.

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 9


The Sampling Function
◼ A function frequently encountered in spectral
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒕)
analysis is defined as 𝑺𝒂 𝒕 = 𝒕
Sa(t)

-3π -2π -π 0 π 2π 3π t

◼ Since the denominator is an increasing function of t


and the numerator is bounded sin 𝑡 ≤ 1 , 𝑆𝑎 𝑡 is
simply a damped sine wave.
◼ Is it an odd signal or an even signal?
◼ Draw 2𝑆𝑎 𝑡 , −𝑆𝑎 𝑡 , 𝑆𝑎 −𝑡 .

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 10


The Sampling Function
Sa(t)
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒕)
𝑺𝒂 𝒕 = 1
𝒕

-3π -2π -π 0 π 2π 3π t

◼ It has its peak at t=0, and zero-crossings at 𝑡 = ±𝑛𝜋.


𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟎 𝟎
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎, = 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
𝟎 𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒕)
𝓛𝒊𝒎𝒕→𝟎 [𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑳′ 𝑯𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍′𝒔 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆]
𝒕
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒕)
𝓛𝒊𝒎𝒕→𝟎 =𝟏 ∴ 𝑺𝒂 𝟎 = 𝟏
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒏𝝅)
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝝅, 𝟐𝝅, 𝟑𝝅 =𝟎
𝝅

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 11


The Sinc Function
◼ A Sinc function is defined as
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝅𝒕)
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄 𝒕 =
𝝅𝒕
sinc(t)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 t

◼ This is simply a compressed version of 𝑆𝑎 𝑡 where


the compression factor is π.
◼ Is it an odd signal or an even signal?
◼ Draw 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄 𝒕 , −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄 𝒕 , 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄 −𝒕 .

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 12


The Unit Impulse Function
◼ The unit impulse function, often called the Dirac
delta function, or simply the delta function occupies
a central place in signal analysis.
◼ Many physical phenomena such as point sources,
point charges, concentrated load on structures, and
voltage or current sources acting for very short times
can be modeled as delta functions.
◼ Mathematically, it is defined by
𝒕𝟐
‫ 𝟎 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒅 𝒕 𝜹)𝒕(𝒙 𝒕׬‬, 𝒕𝟏 < 𝟎 < 𝒕𝟐
𝟏

provided that x(t) is continuous at t=0.


◼ So 𝜹 𝒕 is graphically a spike at the origin.
7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 13
Properties of Unit Impulse Function
δ(t)
◼ 𝜹 𝟎 →∞
◼ 𝜹 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒕 ≠ 𝟎
∞ t
◼ ‫׬‬−∞ 𝜹 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟏 0

◼ 𝜹 𝒕 is an even function, i.e., 𝜹 𝒕 = 𝜹 −𝒕 .

∞, 𝒕 = 𝟎
◼ So Mathematically, it is defined as 𝜹 𝒕 = ቊ 𝟎,
𝒕≠𝟎

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 14


Engineering Models of 𝜹(𝒕)
◼ Sometimes it is convenient to consider it as the limit
of a conventional function (with following properties)
as some parameter 𝜀 approaches zero.
◼ The value at t=0 is very large as 𝜀 approaches zero.
◼ The duration is relatively very short and becomes
zero as 𝜀 approaches zero.
◼ The total area under the function is constant and
equal to 1.
◼ All even
functions.

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 15


Home Work
◼ Section 1.6.2
◼ Section 1.6.3

◼ Section 1.6.4

◼ Example 1.6.3

◼ Allthe different tasks mentioned in


the slides

7/23/2020 Signals and Linear Systems: Lecture 8 16

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