External Incompressible Viscous Flow – Boundary Layer

Freestream Velocity, U∞
Approach y Boundary Layer
Velocity Inviscid
of Thickness, δ
V Flow
Viscous
x vx = f (x, y)

Flow over a flat plate

vx = f (x, y) Viscous 2D flow inside BL vx = 0.99U∞

vx = U∞ at y = δ
Inviscid flow outside BL

δ - boundary layer thickness

External Incompressible Viscous Flow – Boundary Layer

Freestream Velocity, U∞
Approach y Boundary Layer
Velocity Inviscid
of Thickness, δ
V Flow
Viscous
x vx = f (x, y)

Flow over a flat plate

vx = f (x, y) Viscous 2D flow inside BL vx = 0.99U∞

vx = U∞ at y = δ
Inviscid flow outside BL

δ - boundary layer thickness

Integral Equation

𝑑𝑁 𝜕
| = ‫ ∀𝑑𝜌 𝜂 ׬‬+ ‫𝑉𝜌 𝜂 𝑆𝐶׬‬. 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉

Displacement and Momentum Thicknesses

𝛿 𝛿
∗
𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥
𝛿 =න 1− 𝑑𝑦, 𝜃=න 1− 𝑑𝑦
𝑈 𝑈 𝑈
0 0

MI Equation

𝝉𝒘 𝒅 𝟐 ∗ 𝒅𝑼
= 𝑼 𝜽 +𝜹 𝑼
𝝆 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 Turbulent Flow

P 1 
Fully developed steady flow 0=− + ( r rz )
Z component of z r r
z z
equation of motion

r P t
 rz = +C
2 z
Instantaneous velocity
r =0  rz = 0 C =0 Time smoothed velocity

Fluctuating component of
 z =  z + z /
r P velocity
 rz =
2 z
( )
2
 z/ = 0 0
/
z

R P
 w = − rz =−
2 z ( z / )
r =R 2

= Measure of Turbulence
z
 Turbulent flow

Using NS equation

  
x component t
( )
  x + x ' = −
x
( ) ( )(
P + P ' −    x + x '  x + x '
 x
)
 
( )(
+    y + y '  x + x ' +
 y
)
z
( )(
 z + z '  x + x '  )
 y ' x '  0
( )
+ 2  x + x ' +  g x
 x' = 0
Take time average
 y' = 0
 P     
 x = − −   x x +  y x +  z x 
t x  x y x 
   ' '
+   x +  g x −   x x +  y  x +  z  x 
2 ' ' ' '

 x y x 
Reynold’s stresses
 Turbulent Flow contd.

Universal velocity profile

 z y *  w = Friction velocity
Viscous  z+  = = y+ 0  y+  5 * =
* 
sublayer 

z y
Transition =  z + = 2.5ln * + 5.0 5  y +  26
region * 

1
Turbulent core  z
+
= ln y +
+ 0.38 y +  26
0.36
 Turbulent Flow contd.

Universal velocity profile

1
z y 7 Distance from
Power law equation =   the wall
U R 1/7th power law profile Re  104 − 105
Radius
Centerline
velocity
 1 
2n 2 = 0.8
= n=
U ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 7
U

y
 0.04 Infinite velocity gradient Does not give zero
R at the wall slope at the centerline

w d  1
u u

=U2  1 −  d
dx 0 U  U 
 Turbulent Boundary Layers

1
x  y 7
1
R P
=   = 7 w = −
U   2 z
MI eqn h = head loss for a
w d P1 − P1

P
=h
=U2 horizontal pipe
 dx  = − R P = + R P = R  h  
2 z
w
2 L 2L 2 v = Average flow
L
2
h= f velocity
R L 1 2 D 2
w = f =  f
2L D 2 8

  
0.25
2
 w = 0.03325    Blasius correlation
 R 
Using 1/7th power law 0.3164
f =
Re 0.25
  
0.25

 w = 0.0225U 2  
 U 
 Turbulent Boundary Layers

   d   7 d
0.25 1 1 1

dx 0 
MI 0.0225   =  7
 1 −  7
d =
equation  U   72 dx

 
0.25
4 54
 = 0.23   +C
5 U 

BC x = 0,  = 0  C = 0

0.37
= 5*105  ( Re x )  105
( Re x )
0.2

w   
0.25
0.0577
Cf = = 0.045   =
 U  ( Re x )
0.2
1
U 2
2
Flow of air ( = 123 kg/m3) develops in a
flat horizontal duct following a well
rounded entrance section. The duct height is
H = 300 mm. Turbulent boundary layer
grows on the duct walls, but the flow is not
yet fully developed. Assume that the
velocity profile in each boundary layer is
given by u/U = (y/δ)1/7. The inlet flow is
uniform with V = 10 m/s at section 1. At V1 = 10 m/s
section 2, the boundary layer thickness on
Vo = 0 H = 300 mm
each wall of the channel is δ2 = 100 mm. Po = 0

(a) Show that for this flow, δ* = δ/8.

(b) Evaluate the static gage pressure at

section 2

(c) Find the average wall shear stress O 1 2

between the entrance and section 2 at L = 5
m.

The region outside the entrance (location O

in the figure) an be taken to be still air with
pressure equal to the atmospheric pressure
 Fluid Flow About Immersed Bodies

F=
Body
 d F Shear + 
Body
d F Pr essure
Surface Surface

Drag
FD
CD = C D = f (Re)
1
V2 A
2

Flow over a flat plate parallel to the flow Friction Drag

F= 
Plate
W dA  W = f ( x)
Surface
 FD  W dA
CD = = PS
1 1
V2 A V2 A
2 2

For laminar flow W 0.664

Cf = =
1 Re x
U2
2
− 0.5
V 
L
1 1
C D =  0.664 Re x dA =
− 0.5
 0.664  x − 0.5 bdx
A bL 0  

1.328
CD =
Re L
If the B.L. Is turbulent from the leading edge
w 0.0577
Cf = = 1/5
1 (Re )
V 2 x
2
−0.2
V 
L
1 1
A A bL 0
−0.2
 CD = 0.0577 Re dA = 0.0577   x −0.2 dx
 
x

0.072
CD = TURBULENT Re L  107
( Re L )
1/5
FLOW

0.455
CD =
10  Re  10
7 9
( log Re L )
2.58 EMPIRICAL
MIXED FLOW

0.074 1740
CD TURB = 1/5
− 105  Re  107
Re L Re L

0.455 1610
CD TURB = − Re  107 Up to 109
( log Re L )
2.58
Re L

TRANSITION FROM LAMINAR TO TURBULENT FLOW TAKES PLACE AT A

Retr  5 105
A particle of 1 mm diameter and density of 1.1 x 103 kg/m3 is falling freely
from rest in an oil of 0.9 x 103 kg/m3 density and 0.03 N S m– 2 viscosity.
Assuming that Stoke’s law applies, how long will the particle take to reach
99% of its terminal velocity? What is the Reynold’s number corresponding to
this velocity and why is this information relevant?
Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Boundary Layer
How does Messi do it ?!!
The Best Free Kick Ever (possibly)
A spinning ball curves in flight --- the Magnus Effect. This phenomenon
was first described by Isaac Newton, who noticed that in tennis, topspin
causes a ball to dip, while backspin flattens out its trajectory.

Magnus Force

Velocity Drag

Spinning ball

As the ball rotates in a free kick, the boundary layer close to the surface is
pulled in the direction of rotation, leading to delayed separation on this
side. On the other side, the rotation leads to earlier separation. This results
in a force that pushes the ball sideways towards the area of lower pressure
– the Magnus Force.
The player kicking the ball applies spin during contact, creating rotation that
makes the ball curve. For a right-footed player, the “natural” technique is to
brush toward the outside of the ball, creating a shot or pass with a right-to-left
hook; a left-footed player’s “natural” shot will curl left-to-right.
The Swinging Yorker
(a) The laminar to turbulent transition on a new cricket ball (of diameter 7.2 cm)
occurs at a ReD of about 1.4x10 5 if the flow does not encounter the seam. But it
can be triggered by the seam e.g., at a ReD as low as 9.5x104 (when it is at 30o to
the airflow). Use the above information to advise a seam bowler (with proper
reasons) about the speed in which he has to bowl to achieve swing of the ball. The
kinematic viscosity of air is 1.5x10- 5 m2/s.

(b) Cricket commentators often talk of late swings referring to balls that swings
unpredictably late in flight. Explain this phenomenon based on the following
facts. Consider a cricket ball of mass 0.156 kg and diameter 7.2 cm, being bowled
at a speed of Vo (greater than the upper critical speed of the previous problem). If
the drag coefficient in this situation is constant at 0.15, estimate the velocity at
which the ball must be bowled so that it starts to late-swing at a distance of 15m
from the bowling end. From your calculations, do you feel that a swing bowler
can plan his delivery for a late swing or whether this delivery is just a matter of
chance? Given ρair = 1.22 kg/m3.
The laminar to turbulent transition on a new cricket ball (of diameter 7.2 cm)
occurs at a ReD of about 1.4x105 if the flow does not encounter the seam. But it
can be triggered by the seam e.g., at a ReD as low as 9.5x104 (when it is at 30o to
the airflow). Use the above information to advise a seam bowler (with proper
reasons) about the speed in which he has to bowl to achieve swing of the ball. The
kinematic viscosity of air is 1.5x10- 5 m2/s.
Cricket commentators often talk of late swings referring to balls that swings
unpredictably late in flight. Explain this phenomenon based on the following
facts. Consider a cricket ball of mass 0.156 kg and diameter 7.2 cm, being bowled
at a speed of Vo (greater than the upper critical speed of the previous problem). If
the drag coefficient in this situation is constant at 0.15, estimate the velocity at
which the ball must be bowled so that it starts to late-swing at a distance of 15m
from the bowling end. From your calculations, do you feel that a swing bowler
can plan his delivery for a late swing or whether this delivery is just a matter of
chance? Given ρair = 1.22 kg/m3.
With a value so close to the Vupper the late swing is more of a matter of chance