Power System Protection Lab.

Manual
Name: Awais Afzal DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reg. no: 2015-EE-531 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

EXPERIMENT # 13

Modelling of a Power Plant Generation and its Auxiliary System

in ETAP Software
Objective:

At the end of this lab I will be able to

 Draw Interconnected Power System Diagram of the power system in ETAP and
load flow analysis of that circuit.
 Setting of current transformer, potential transformer, Relay and contactor according
to load flow analysis.
 Setting of Differential Relay and co-ordination time of relays for appropriate
operation.
 Perform Short Circuit Analysis of Interconnected Power System in ETAP and
Observation of relay tripping for different kind of faults.

What is Power Plant Auxiliary System?

The combination of motors, transformers, and other electrically driven devices

that form an auxiliary system for a power plant presents a protection problem that is,
in effect, a microcosm of power system relaying and deserves special mention. In
addition to the protection of each of the elements of the auxiliary system, there is the
overall system which must be considered. The following comments are also
applicable to an industrial complex where the auxiliary system is required to sustain
the main production facilities. Our interest here does not involve the protection, per
se, of the motors, transformers, or other devices but the coordination of the protection
of each of these devices from the point of view of the normal and emergency
operation of the entire plant.

Faulted equipment must be removed from service as fast as possible. For

many faults or abnormal events within the plant, this may require that the generator be
removed from the system, the excitation system tripped, the turbine valves closed, and
the boiler fires extinguished. However, it is necessary that vital services such as
bearing oil pumps, instrument air compressors, exhaust, and purging fans, be
maintained even though the unit has been tripped and is in the process of being shut
down. In addition, the auxiliary system must be configured to allow the unit to return
to service as soon as possible

Transformer:
The transformer is one of the major equipment in power system. It is a static device,
totally enclosed and usually oil immersed, and therefore the fault occurs on them are
usually rare
The fault occurs on the transformer is mainly divided into two types:

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Power System Protection Lab. Manual
Name: Awais Afzal DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reg. no: 2015-EE-531 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

1. External faults
2. Internal fault

The protection for internal fault in such type of transformer is to be provided by using
differential protection system Differential protection schemes are mainly used for protection
against phase-to-phase fault and phase to earth faults. The differential protection used for
power transformers is based on Merz-Prize circulating current principle. [1]

Differential Protection Relay

The relay whose operation depends on the phase difference of two or more electrical
quantities is known as the differential protection relay. It works on the principle of
comparison between the phase angle and the magnitude of the same electrical
quantities.
For example: Consider the comparison of the input and output current of the
transmission line. If the magnitude of the input current of the transmission line is
more than that of output current that means the additional current flows through it
because of the fault.
The differential protection relay is used for the protection of the generator,
transformer, feeder, large motor, bus-bars etc.

Connection for Differential Protection for Transformer

The power transformer is star connected on one side and delta connected on
the other side. The CTs on the star connected side are delta-connected and those on
delta-connected side are star-connected. The neutral of the current transformer star
connection and power transformer star connections are grounded. [2]

The restraining coil is connected between the secondary winding of the current
transformers. Restraining coils controls the sensitive activity occurs on the system.
The operating coil is placed between the tapping point of the restraining coil and the
star point of the current transformer secondary windings.

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Power System Protection Lab. Manual
Name: Awais Afzal DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reg. no: 2015-EE-531 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Phase Fault Protection:

The phase overcurrent relays (51A and 51B) on the secondary of the unit auxiliary
and start up transformers provide bus protection and backup relaying for individual
motor protection and switchgear. Figure 7.22 indicates the general arrangement of the
buses and loads and shows the protection of the 2000 hp motor and the 7500 hp motor
as discussed Rotating Machinery Protection 193 in Examples 7.5 and 7.6. Ideally, the
backup overcurrent relays 51A and 51B should have pickup settings greater than the
highest motor protection relay, and time delays longer than the longest starting time.
These settings may be so high, or the times so long, that the protection is not
acceptable, and modifications or compromises are required as discussed below. If the
relays are also the primary bus protective relays, the settings may be so high that there
may not be enough bus fault current to provide sufficient margin to ensure pickup for
the minimum bus fault.

Ground Fault Protection:

Ground is involved in 75–85% of all faults. In addition, phase overcurrent may often
reflect a temporary process overloading, while ground current is almost invariably an
indication of a fault. Auxiliary systems may be either delta- or wye-connected. A
delta system is normally operated ungrounded and can remain in service when the
first ground indication appears. It is generally assumed that the first ground can be
isolated and corrected before a second ground occurs. It is not uncommon for systems
of 600 V and less to be delta-connected. Medium-voltage systems (601 V to 15 kV)
are generally operated in wye, with a neutral resistor to limit the ground current to
some definite value.

Simulation:
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Power System Protection Lab. Manual
Name: Awais Afzal DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reg. no: 2015-EE-531 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Step-1
Draw an One Line Diagram and Perform Load Flow Analysis to check bus voltage,
current, impedance and other parameters.

Differential Relay Setting in ETAP

Step-1
Select CT ratio by observing the current and perform calculation as given below.
As from above diagram the current is 786 Ampere.

I = 786A
IL max = 1.25*786 = 983 A
Hence available CT is 1000:1
Step-2
After CT ratio select he Differential relay for protection of T/F. Here we use relay of
ABB-RET-541

Step-3

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Power System Protection Lab. Manual
Name: Awais Afzal DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reg. no: 2015-EE-531 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Pickup Setting of Relay:

IPu = 2*IL=1965 A
Ipu sy = 1965/1000 = 1.965A
Plug setting = 1.965/1 = 1.965
TDS = 0.05
CB TD=0.08

Step-4 Perform Short Circuit

After selecting CT, Relay setting and CB setting now perform short circuit analysis on circuit
to check our relay work well. As it must operate for Internal fault and do not operate for
External fault.
Differential Protection

Fault at Busbar

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Power System Protection Lab. Manual
Name: Awais Afzal DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reg. no: 2015-EE-531 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Results:
As the fault occur on system the relay give signal to Contactor as shown in figure
above. For Busbar fault it does not operate hence our setting is correct.

Setting of Relay for Transformer-2

CT Ratio
I=A
IL max = 1.25* = A
Hence available CT is 1200:1

Setting of Relay-2:
IPu = 2*IL=2012.5 A

Ipu sy = 2012.5/1200 = 1.67A

Plug setting = 1.67/1 = 1.67

Contactor TD=0.08

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Power System Protection Lab. Manual
Name: Awais Afzal DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reg. no: 2015-EE-531 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

TDS = 0.05

Setting of Contactors
Select Contactors of rated rating according to our circuit from Library and write down all
values rated current rated voltage and delay.

Setting of Relay for Generator

I = 708.9A
IL max = 1.25*708.9 = 887 A
Hence available CT is 1000:5

Setting of Overcurrent-Relay:
IPu = 2*IL
Imax = 1774 A
Ipu sy = 1774/200 = 8.87
Plug setting = 8.87/5 = 1.774
IF = 45 KA
IFsy = 45K*(5/1000) = 225
P.S.M = 225/8.75 = 25.7
TDS = 0.1
Operating time = 0.21s
Setting of Contactors

Select Contactors of rated rating according to our circuit from Library and write down
all values rated current rated voltage and delay.

Back-Up Protection

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Power System Protection Lab. Manual
Name: Awais Afzal DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reg. no: 2015-EE-531 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Performance measures
Performance and design criteria for system-protection devices include reliability, selectivity,
speed, cost, and simplicity.

 Reliability: Devices must function consistently when fault conditions occur,

regardless of possibly being idle for months or years. Without this reliability, systems
may cause costly damages.
 Selectivity: Devices must avoid unwarranted, false trips.
 Speed: Devices must function quickly to reduce equipment damage and fault duration,
with only very precise intentional time delays.
 Economy: Devices must provide maximum protection at minimum cost.
 Simplicity: Devices must minimize protection circuitry and equipment.

Learning Outcomes
By performing this lab, I am able

 To draw circuit of Auxiliary Power System on ETAP and load flow analysis of that
circuit.
 Calculate the CT ratio and relay’s pick-up value.
 Differential Relay setting.
 Setting of CT, Relay and Circuit breaker on ETAP Software.
 Draw the operating curve of different Relays.

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Power System Protection Lab. Manual
Name: Awais Afzal DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reg. no: 2015-EE-531 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Circuit Diagram:

Part (A)

For Coordination:

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Power System Protection Lab. Manual
Name: Awais Afzal DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Reg. no: 2015-EE-531 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

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