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SQL

SQL is a language for interacting with databases. It allows selecting, filtering, sorting, and aggregating data. Common SQL commands retrieve data from one or more tables and can join, group, and filter results using operators, functions and subqueries.

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10 views

SQL

SQL is a language for interacting with databases. It allows selecting, filtering, sorting, and aggregating data. Common SQL commands retrieve data from one or more tables and can join, group, and filter results using operators, functions and subqueries.

Uploaded by

shreeveni05
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a language to talk to databases.

It allows you to select specific


data and to build complex reports. Today, SQL is a universal language of data. It is used in practically all
technologies that process data..Fetch all columns from the country table: SELECT * FROM country;
Fetch id and name columns from the city table: SELECT id, name FROM city; Fetch city names sorted
by the rating column in the default ASCending order: SELECT name FROM city ORDER BY rating
[ASC]; Fetch city names sorted by the rating column in the DESCending order: SELECT name FROM
city ORDER BY rating DESC;..ALIASES COLUMNS SELECT name AS city_name FROM city;
TABLES SELECT co.name, ci.name FROM city AS ci JOIN country AS co ON ci.country_id =
co.id;..FILTERING THE OUTPUT COMPARISON OPERATORS Fetch names of cities that have a
rating above 3: SELECT name FROM city WHERE rating > 3; Fetch names of cities that are neither
Berlin nor Madrid: SELECT name FROM city WHERE name != 'Berlin' AND name != 'Madrid'; TEXT
OPERATORS Fetch names of cities that start with a 'P' or end with an 's': SELECT name FROM city
WHERE name LIKE 'P%' OR name LIKE '%s'; Fetch names of cities that start with any letter followed
by 'ublin' (like Dublin in Ireland or Lublin in Poland): SELECT name FROM city WHERE name LIKE
'_ublin'; OTHER OPERATORS Fetch names of cities that have a population between 500K and 5M:
SELECT name FROM city WHERE population BETWEEN 500000 AND 5000000; Fetch names of
cities that don't miss a rating value: SELECT name FROM city WHERE rating IS NOT NULL; Fetch
names of cities that are in countries with IDs 1, 4, 7, or 8: SELECT name FROM city WHERE country_id
IN (1, 4, 7, 8);..JOIN (or explicitly INNER JOIN) returns rows that have matching values in both tables.
SELECT city.name, country.name FROM city [INNER] JOIN country ON city.country_id =
country.id;..LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table with corresponding rows from the right table.
If there's no matching row, NULLs are returned as values from the second table. SELECT city.name,
country.name FROM city LEFT JOIN country ON city.country_id = country.id;..RIGHT JOIN returns all
rows from the right table with corresponding rows from the left table. If there's no matching row, NULLs
are returned as values from the left table. SELECT city.name, country.name FROM city RIGHT JOIN
country ON city.country_id = country.id;

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS avg(expr) − average value for rows within the group count(expr) − count of values for
rows within the group max(expr) − maximum value within the group min(expr) − minimum value within the group
sum(expr) − sum of values within the group EXAMPLE QUERIES Find out the number of cities: SELECT
COUNT(*) FROM city; Find out the number of cities with non-null ratings: SELECT COUNT(rating) FROM city;
Find out the number of distinctive country values: SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT country_id) FROM city; Find out
the smallest and the greatest country populations: SELECT MIN(population), MAX(population) FROM country;
Find out the total population of cities in respective countries: SELECT country_id, SUM(population) FROM city
GROUP BY country_id; Find out the average rating for cities in respective countries if the average is above 3.0:
SELECT country_id, AVG(rating) FROM city GROUP BY country_id HAVING AVG(rating) > 3.0; ..A subquery is
a query that is nested inside another query, or inside another subquery. There are different types of subqueries.
SINGLE VALUE The simplest subquery returns exactly one column and exactly one row. It can be used with
comparison operators =, <=, >, or >=. This query finds cities with the same rating as Paris: SELECT name FROM
city WHERE rating = ( SELECT rating FROM city WHERE name = 'Paris' ); MULTIPLE VALUES A subquery can
also return multiple columns or multiple rows. Such subqueries can be used with operators IN, EXISTS, ALL, or
ANY. This query finds cities in countries that have a population above 20M: SELECT name FROM city WHERE
country_id IN ( SELECT country_id FROM country WHERE population > 20000000 ); CORRELATED A
correlated subquery refers to the tables introduced in the outer query. A correlated subquery depends on the outer
query. It cannot be run independently from the outer query. This query finds cities with a population greater than the
average population in the country: SELECT * FROM city main_city WHERE population > ( SELECT
AVG(population) FROM city average_city WHERE average_city.country_id = main_city.country_id ); This query
finds countries that have at least one city: SELECT name FROM country WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM city
WHERE country_id = country.id );.. UNION combines the results of two result sets and removes duplicates.
UNION ALL doesn't remove duplicate rows. This query displays German cyclists together with German skaters:
SELECT name FROM cycling WHERE country = 'DE' UNION / UNION ALL SELECT name FROM skating
WHERE country = 'DE'; INTERSECT INTERSECT returns only rows that appear in both result sets. This query
displays German cyclists who are also German skaters at the same time: SELECT name FROM cycling WHERE
country = 'DE' INTERSECT SELECT name FROM skating WHERE country = 'DE'; EXCEPT EXCEPT returns
only the rows that appear in the first result set but do not appear in the second result set. This query displays German
cyclists unless they are also German skaters at the same time: SELECT name FROM cycling WHERE country =
'DE' EXCEPT / MINUS SELECT name FROM skating WHERE country = 'DE';

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