MODULE 7 HEAT

Module 7 Heat
7.1 Heat and Temperature
Heat is a form of energy, while Temperature is a measurement of heat
7.1.1 Difference between Heat and temperature
Heat is the total energy of motion of the molecules/particles inside an object, where as
temperature is a measure of heat that indicates how hot or how cold is a substance.
7.1.2 Relationship between heat and temperature
The heat energy is directly proportional to the temperature of a substance. This means that
the more heat added onto a substance the temperature of a substance will increase and
likewise the more heat emitted by a substance its temperature will decrease.
For an example: When you consider two metal bars, one is hot and the other is cold. The
molecules in a hot metal bar will be moving faster due to higher temperature and molecules
in a cold metal bar will be moving slowly due to low temperature. If the two bars come
into contact, the heat energy will move from the hotter bar into a cold bar. The hot bar will
lose heat energy and its temperature will decrease, while the cold bar will receive the
temperature and its temperature will increase. The het transfer will occur unaided from hot
bar to cold bar until the speed off motion of the molecules in the two bars is the same,
which means that their temperature will be the same.
7.2 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity/Molar heat capacity is a measure of amount of heat energy necessary to
raise the temperature of one mole of a pure substance by 1 degree Celsius or 1 Kelvin. The
Specific Heat Capacity is a measure of amount of heat necessary to raise a temperature of
one kilogram of a pure substance by 1 degree Celsius or 1 Kelvin.
Specific heat capacity for:
1. Water = 4 187 J/kg. 0C
2. Steam = 2 100 J/kg. 0C
3. Steel = 500 J/kg. 0C
4. Copper = 390 J/kg. 0C
5. Aluminum = 900 J/kg. 0C

7.3 Unit of Heat

Since heat is a form of energy, which is an ability to do work, it is measured in Joules. A
Joule is an amount of work done when a point of application of a force of 1 N moves
through a distance of 1 m in the direction of the applied force.

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7.4 Unit of Temperature

Temperature as a measurement of heat gives an indication of how hot or cold is a substance.
The general purpose measuring scale of temperature is Degree Celsius (0C) and for
thermodynamic calculations the measuring scale is Kevin (K). To convert between 0C and
K scales, the relationship is like this:
K = 0C + 273 and 0C = K – 273
-273 0C is known as absolute 0 temperature which is 0 K, because it is a temperature at
which molecules are at rest, which means there is no motion. It must be noted that
temperature is not restricted to measure how hot or cold is a substance but further to that it
is an indication of the molecular speed of a substance. At low temperature the molecular is
speed is slow and at high temperature the molecular speed is faster.
7.5 The difference between Heat and Temperature

HEAT TEMPERATURE
Form of energy Measurement of heat, how hot or cold a body is
Has ability to do work Doesn’t have ability to do work
The symbol used is “Q” The symbol used is “t” for 0C and “T” for K
It is measured in Joule (J) It is measured in 0C or K
It is measured using a calorimeter It is measured using a thermometer
It can be transferred between objects It can not be transferred but only rise or drop

7.6 Factors affecting amount of heat gained, lost or contained by an object

The heat energy either contained, gained or loss by an object depends on the following
factors:
1. Mass of a substance . The mass determines the amount of matter available to hold
heat energy. This amount of matter is measured in kilograms (kg).
2. Specific heat capacity of a substance. The specific heat capacity of each material
differs and it helps determine the ability of that material to transmit heat energy.
3. The change in temperature in a substance. The change in temperature is also
directly proportional to the amount of heat energy either lost or gained by an object.
An object gaining heat will have its temperature increased above its initial
temperature, and therefore the change in temperature = t2 – t1.
An object losing heat energy will have its temperature decreased below its initial
temperature and therefore its change in temperature = t1 – t2

Q = m.c.∆t (J)
m = mass in kg, c = specific heat capacity in J/kg.0C, t = temperature (0C)

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7.7 The Law of conservation of heat transfer

The law of conservation of energy clearly stipulates that energy cannot be created or
destroyed but can only change from one form to another. Similarly, heat as form of energy
cannot be destroyed but can be transferred from one object to another. The law of
conservation of heat transfer between objects then says, if two objects are closed to each
other and at different temperatures, heat energy will be transferred from the object at high
temperature to the object at low temperature until such point both objects are at the same
temperature. This implies that the heat energy emitted by a hot object is equal to the heat
energy absorbed by the cold object. The objected losing heat will have its temperature
decreasing to final temperature t2, and the object gaining heat will have its temperature
increasing to final temperature t2. It must be noted that at the end of heat transfer both
objects will have equal final temperature t2.

Heatgain = Heatloss
7.8 The Heat Value (hv) or Calorific Value (cv)
Fuel
Fuel is any combustible (able to burn) material containing mainly of carbon, which is burnt
to produce useful heat energy. Some fuels are natural > [e.g., anthracite(natural coal), crude
oil, and natural gas(methane)] and others are artificial > [charcoal, diesel, propane].
Solid Fuels - anthracite, wood, paper
Liquid Fuels - crude oil, diesel, petrol, paraffin
Gas Fuels - methane, propane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide
Heat Value – hv
The heat value of fuel is that amount of useful heat energy released by complete
combustion of unit amount of fuel(1 kg or 1m3) under specific pressure.
𝑸 𝑴𝑱
𝒉𝒗 =
𝒎 𝒌𝒈
Therefore : Q = hv.m (MJ)
𝑸
And 𝒎 = 𝒉𝒗 (kg)

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7.8 Linear Expansion

Expansion
It is an increase in dimensions of a substance due increase in its temperature as a result of
heating.
Linear Expansion
It is an increase in length of a solid substance when it is heated. It is proportional to the
original length of an object, its coefficient of linear expansion and change in temperature.
Coefficient of linear expansion
The coefficient of linear expansion is ratio between the change in length as opposed to an
original length and change in the temperature.
∆𝑳
∝= 𝑳.∆𝒕

∝ = coefficient of friction,
∆𝑳 = 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐡𝐭, ∆𝐭 = 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 , 𝐋 = 𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐡𝐭
∆𝑳 = 𝑳. ∝. ∆𝒕
And then 𝑳𝒇 = 𝑳 ∓ ∆𝑳 Lf = final length

+ during temperature rise - during temperatures drop

7.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of linear expansion

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Contraction of parts into each other Cause undesired change in shape in metallic
objects
Achieve effective tension due to contraction Causes cracks on buildings due to expansion
Used in bimetal strip for fire alarms, Undesired increase in tension of electric
thermostat and thermometers power lines, telecommunication lines, and
metallic pipes.

7.10 Steam
Steam is a clear vapour formed by boiling water in a device called a boiler. There are three
main types of steam namely, wet steam, dry saturated steam and superheated steam. A wet
steam is the type of steam which is a mixture of dry steam and suspended water droplets,
while a dry saturated steam is a dry steam without water in it. Both wet and dry steam are
at the boiling temperature of water. Superheated steam is the steam that has its temperature
increased above the boiling point of water and in a complete state of dry and hot gas.

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Stages in steam generation

1st Stage Water in the boiler is heated up from its initial temperature until it reaches
boiling point also know as saturation temperature (ts). The heat energy responsible for
bringing water to saturation temperature is called sensible heat, or liquid enthalpy (hf).
Saturation temperature is dependent on the pressure under which water is heated and the
relationship is directly proportional.

2nd Stage Once saturation temperature has been reached, meaning water is boiling,
heating water further does not cause its temperature to rise instead it causes boiling water
to evaporate into steam. This process of water converting into steam is called evaporation
and the heat energy causing this to happen is called latent heat or enthalpy of evaporation
(hfg). At this stage either wet steam or dry saturated steam will be generated.

3rd Stage Steam that has been generated in stage 2, will be further heated up in a heat
exchanger device called superheater and the temperature of the steam will be increased
above the saturation temperature. This happen at constant pressure and the heat energy
added to the steam is called superheat enthalpy (hs). This superheat enthalpy
hs = Cp(tsu – ts). From the superheater the superheated steam has total energy above that of
the steam from stage 2 and it is called enthalpy of the superheated steam (hsu).

Enthalpy
Enthalpy is the total heat content contained by steam which is the sum of internal energy
and work done due to expansion, h = U + PV, where h = enthalpy, U = internal heat energy,
P = pressure and V= volume.

The dryness fraction of wets team

The ratio of the mass of dry steam as opposed to the total mass of dry steam plus water.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑀
𝑥= =
𝑀𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚+𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑀+𝑚

The application/uses of steam

• Heating of buildings
• Sterilizations
• Produce motion
• Cleaning
• Ironing
• Atomization, Humidification/Moisturization

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Graph indicating the phase change of matter