Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 296–302

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

An analytical study on pre engineered buildings using staad pro

Shaik Kalesha, B.S.S. Ratnamala Reddy, Durga Chaitanya Kumar Jagarapu
Civil Engineering Department, K L Educational Foundation, Guntur 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Pre-engineered building concept involves pre-designed and prefabricated steel building systems. The
Received 24 February 2020 current construction approach calls for the best architectural look, high quality & quick construction,
Received in revised form 1 April 2020 cost-effective & creative touch. One has to think of alternative building systems such as pre-
Accepted 5 April 2020
engineered steel buildings. The implementation of the Pre Engineered Building (PEB) is a modern-day
Available online 29 April 2020
concept in which utilizing the steel structure and optimizing the design by ensuring economical integrity.
The main objective of this paper is to understand the concepts of PEB and to minimize the usage of cost
Keywords:
and time. While compared to other technologies in construction Pre Engineered Building is more sustain-
Pre engineered building
Conventional steel building
able and stands top position when compared with other technologies. If we go for standard steel struc-
Reusable ture the time frame will be longer and the price will be higher in comparison with PEB. The materials
Time and cost-efficient which are used in this concept are reusable, recyclable and eco-friendly.
Quick construction Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Future Generation Functional Materials and Research 2020.

1. Introduction use of pre-engineered buildings has since spread throughout Asia

and Africa, where the concept of PEB architecture has now been
Advancements in technology have been greatly improved over widely accepted and lauded. The principle of pre-engineered steel
the years thereby contributing tremendously to improving the liv- buildings is known as the most flexible and economical building. In
ing standards through various new products and services. Pre- the construction industry, the economy and the speed of delivery
engineered buildings (PEB) is one such revolution. They use a set and installation of these buildings are unparalleled [2,3]. No other
stock of raw materials that have been tested over time to meet a building system matches the pre-engineered building system in
wide range of specifications for structural and architectural design. terms of speed and cost from excavation to occupancy.

1.1. Need of pre-engineered buildings

2. Components of PEB
In almost all parts of the world, the steel industry is growing
2.1. Primary members
rapidly. The use of steel structures at a time when there is a risk
of global warming is not only economical but also environmentally
Primary members in a PEB are the primary load bearing mem-
friendly [1]. If we go for standard steel structures, the time frame
branes and usually consists of the main rigid frame. Vertical mem-
will be longer, and the price will be higher as well, and both
bers are called as columns and horizontals members are called as
together, i.e. time and cost, will make it inexpensive. Therefore,
rafters. These are generally built up members made with hot rolled
the complete construction is performed in the factory in pre-
plates [4].
engineered structures, and according to the design, members are
prefabricated and then transported to the site where they are
erected in less than 6 to 8 weeks. 2.2. Secondary members

1.2. History of PEB Cold-formed members such as roof purlins, wall girts, eave
strut, etc are the secondary members in the PEB process. These
The use of pre-engineered buildings has been limited to North are called cold-formed members as there is no involvement of pro-
America and the Middle East for the most period until 1990. The cesses like cutting, welding and grinding [5]. Cold-formed mem-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.076
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Future Generation Functional Materials and Research 2020.
 K. Shaik et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 296–302 297

bers are made with a pressing machine wherein the MS steel coil When the height to be reached is more than 3 m cage ladders
will be pressed by the machine into the required shape. are preferred.

2.3. Miscellaneous 2.3.6. Gratings

Gratings are alternative flooring systems. These are more suit-
2.3.1. Sag rod able for use in industrial mezzanines in shop floors, indoor or out-
To provide lateral support to purlin and grit sag rods are pro- door catwalks, roof platforms or flooring. The main advantages of
vided. Purlin/ grit’s top flanges is expected to be completely using the grating as flooring over checkered plates are that the
secured by the roof/ wall panels, but it is resumed that the bottom gratings being galvanized, make it more appropriate for external
flanges is braced by sag rods [6]. The spacing of the sag rod use and as it is perforated it does not retain water, thus eliminating
depends on purlins/ grit, span loads and their tributary area. the need for the drainage system.

2.3.2. Flange brace 2.3.7. Checkered plates

To provide lateral support and stability, the flange brace is an Checked plates can also be used instead of gratings in factories,
angle member extending between girts or purlin to the inner wharehouse, and workshops and were the more common, but
flange of the column or rafter. Following criteria must be satisfied expensive and concrete floor finish is not needed. As these are solid
by the flange braces: and non-slippery these are ideal for floors that could collect a lot of
dust and debris from materials handelling, product processing, oil
1. Limiting slenderness ration is L/250. leaking from machinery that should be stopped from falling(or
2. To be built for a compressive force of 2.5 percent of the assisted dropping) below [8].
column or rafter compression flange strength.

2.4. Hardware
2.3.3. Bracing
To provide stability against wind, seismic or other forces and to
2.4.1. Anchor bolts
give lateral support to the structure longitudinal cross bracing are
2.4.1.1. Primary connection bolts. To connect primary structural
used. The bracing purpose is to move horizontal loads to the base
members or built-up members primary connection bolts or fasten-
from the frames.
ers are used. Generally, these bolts are designed as bearing type
Types of bracing:
bolts. Two types of connections are generally used they are:

i. Cross bracing

Moment connections

Rod bracing

Flexible or pinned connections

Angle bracing

Pipe bracing
ii. Portal Bracing
2.4.1.2. Secondary connection mobiles. Secondary fasteners are used
For buildings with less axial loads rod bracing are generally to bind secondary members to primary members or other sec-
used and as the complexity of the building increases with crane ondary members.
or mezzanine in it creating high axial loads pipes and angle bracing
are used. Portal bracing is used wherein the cross-bracing may 2.5. Accessories
obstruct the movement of humans or machinery.
2.5.1. Skylight
2.3.4. Strut pipes To allow natural light into the building translucent panels are
To carry compressive forces a compression member called strut generally used. They are installed in the field using self-drilling
pipe in used. These are the following places that normally use a screws. When these panels are installed in the roof they are called
strut pipe: skylight and when in-wall they are called wall light. Generally, two
types of skylight panels are used which are given below:
i. If column height is greater than 1.5 times the bay spacing
then cross bracing is generally provided in two parts, and
Polycarbonate sheets
to transfer load from one portion to another strut pipe is
FRP sheets
provided in between.
ii. If Eave strut is not enough to carry the load, a strut pipe will 2.5.2. Turbo vent
be provided. Turbo ventilator are fans powered by cost- free air, boosting the
natural up-flow of hot and contaminated air. Typhonic ball- bear-
2.3.5. Cage ladder ing action enables the turbo head to rotate with the slightest
In a building, ladders are provided for convenient and econom- movement of air. Suction and discharge are sustained by the cen-
ical access to the tops of the roofs. It can be used to maintain the trifugal forces generated by the vaccum creating head that is freely
roof or other equipment on top of the roof platforms [7]. Ladders rotating. The vaccum is filled with warm air and released into the
are generally are of two types: outside atmosphere.

i. Plain ladders 2.5.3. Louvers

Standard fixed type louver and industrial louver are generally
When the ladder height is up to 3 m plain ladders are used. used when high ventilation is required industrial louver are used
and these are generally provided with bird mesh ate the bottom.
ii. Cage ladders Fixed louver are made of natural anodized steel with heavy- duty
and are designed specificially for suitable wall panels.
298 K. Shaik et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 296–302

3. Technical parameters 3.3. Load combinations

3.1. Design coded and standards The load combination is taken into account according to codes.
Different load combinations are used according to different codes
In general pre-engineered buildings are designed based on used for PEB layout [11,12]. It can be divided into three different
American or Indian codes of practice based on customer require- categories:
ments [9,10].

Load Combinations as per MBMA/AISC

AISC-89 & AISC-2005 are used for primary members
Load Combinations as per IS875/IS800-19

MBMA-96 is used for load combinations
Load Combinations as per IS800-2007

AISI 1996 is used for old formed members

IS 1984 & IS 2007 are used for serviceability conditions 3.4. Software used

IS 2062 is used for design of miscellaneous members
All technology inputs and outputs are created, checked, and
3.2. Types of loads published in digital formats, such as model calculations, construc-
tion drawings, GA and anchor bolt drawings, shop drawings, and
3.2.1. Dead load BOM.
It includes primary member’s self-weight i.e. frames and sec- To produce quality design and diagrams for a PEB, the following
ondary structural component weight such as purlin, girts, Flange code is used:
Braces, roof, and wall braces and wallboard.

MBS

STAAD-ProV8i
3.2.2. Live load

Tekla-Structures
Live loads are temporary usually short-lived and may be fixed

Auto CAD
or moving. Live loads on the roof and floor are provided by

Workers ’ repairs, owing to equipment and materials. 3.5. Material specification

Movable artifacts during the lifespan of the system but do not
include water, snow, seismic or dead load. To maintain the required inventory of raw material and to avoid
any shortage of any particular material, the design department
shall forward the abstract list of work-wise materials to the pur-
3.2.3. Seismic load
chasing department in advance for the purchase of raw material
Earthquake forces trigger seismic load and it is applied horizon-
[13].
tally at the center of the main structure’s weight. The structure was
designed and constructed under the following formula to with-
stand the minimum-maximum lateral seismic force: 3.5.1. Primary members or built-up sections
Built-up members are formed by using HR plates of High
V b ¼ Ah W strength steel plate having a minimum yield strength of 345Mpa.
In general, the thickness, width, and length varies from 4 to
Z I Sa 50 mm, 1250–1500 mm, and 2100–6000 mm respectively
Ah ¼
2R g
3.5.2. Secondary members (cold-formed sections)
Using high strength steel plate HR plates with a minimum yield
3.2.4. Wind load
strength of 345Mpa, builtup members are formed.For coldformed
Wind load is governed by the building’s wind speed, roof slope,
members, the steel sheet thickness typically ranges from 1.5 mm
eave height, and enclosure conditions. Based on enclosure condi-
to 3.15 mm.High strength steelcoils with a minimum yield capac-
tions internal pressure coefficient is taken as following
ity of 345 MPa and a thickness range of 1.50 mm, 1.60 mm,
1.75 mm, 2.00 mm, 2.50 mm and 3.15 mm. For forming cold-
1. Enclosed ±0.2
formed members [14].
2. Partially enclosed ±0.5
3. Open ±0.7
3.5.3. Secondary members (hot-formed section)
3.2.5. Collateral load Pipe sections with nominal bore varying from 25 to 350 mm,
Other than the building system, the weight of external dead angle sections, channel sections, and beam sections are used.
loads such as sprinklers, mechanical and electrical equipment, par-
titions and ceilings. 3.5.4. Cladding material
The following materials are widely used for the manufacture of
3.2.6. Crane load roof and wall cladding & covering sheets:
Wind pressure is calculated based on the following formula
1. 0.47 mm thick bare galvalume
Pz ¼ 0:6V z 2 2. 0.50 mm thick color coated galvalume
3. 0.8–1.0 mm thick GI decking sheet
where

V z ¼ V bK1K2K3 3.6. Selection of material

where k1 k2 k3 are coefficients taken from IS 875 part 3 (Tables 3.1 and 3.2).
 K. Shaik et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 296–302 299

Table 3.1
Top And Bottom Curved Fascia

Raw materials used for built-up sections.
Centre Curved Fascia
Building component Raw material to be used
Bracket Fascia
Built-up section (column & rafter)
web HR plates with thickness from 4 to 12 mm are used 5. Methodology
flanges HR plates with thickness from 5 to 25 mm are used
Connection plates HR plates with thickness from 12 to 32 mm are used
Pre-engineered buildings and conventional steel frame struc-
Baseplate HR plates with thickness from 16 to 32 mm are used
tures are designed for forces like wind & seismic wind analysis that
have been done manually as per IS 875 part III  1987 and seismic
analysis has been carried out as per IS 1893–2002. For the compar-
Table 3.2
Raw materials used for cold-formed sections.
ison building frame of width 20 m, height 5 m, and slope of 1 in 10
is considered [15,16]. In PEB tapered sections are used with initial
Building component Raw material to be used dimensions which were then changed as per the design criteria. For
Cold-formed sections conventional steel frames, hot rolled sections of ISMB are used.
Purlins HR/GI coil 120 GSM thk1.5–3.15 mm Support conditions are pinned for both the ends (Tables 5.1–5.3).
Girts HR/GI coil 120 GSM thk1.5–3.15 mm
Rake angles HR/GI coil 120 GSM thk 2–3.15 mm
6. Results

4. Add-on’s in a building Design ratio which is the ratio of the load applied in real to the
design capacity of the beam should be less than or nearly equal to
4.1. Crane one. Weights of the members in both the cases are 1301 and
2013 kg for PEB and conventional structure respectively. It clearly
A crane is a type of machine, typically fitted with a hoist, wire indicates that half the steel usage is reduced in PEB (Figs. 6.1 and
ropes or chains, and sheaves that can be used both for raising 6.2).
and lowering materials and for horizontal movement.
Types of cranes normally available in PEB buildings are: 7. Applications

Top Running EOT Crane 7.1. Parking shelters

Underhung Crane

Semi-gantry Crane The advantage of using metal buildings as vehicle parking shel-

Jib Crane ters are:

Monorail Crane
1. Less number of columns
4.2. Mezzanine
Large bay length arrangements significantly reduce the number
Mezzanine floor systems are semi-permanent floor systems of columns required to improve security and utility
usually built-in building for industrial applications. Such structures
can be standing freely or supported on main building pillars. Mez-
Quick delivery
zanines are categorized as the following types:
Fast and simple erection

Reliable structural design

Reinforced Concrete Slab Over Decking Sheet

Chequered Plate These shelters are designed as per the latest applicable Ameri-

Grating can or Indian Codes

Floor Boards

Canopy 1. Architectural versatility

4.3. Framed openings 7.2. Poultry buildings

Framed openings are openings for special parts in walls and Because of its many advantages such as easy and fast erection,
roofs. The framing for such openings consists of sufficiently fast delivery, less maintenance, etc, a metal building is the first
detailed cold-formed members to fit accessories with minimal choice to use as a poultry building. Poultry buildings are used as
effort during erection [9]. Normally, these openings are made of farms for rearing, broiler houses, laying houses and many other
the section profile’ C’ or’ Z’ connected to bent plate clips and applications for poultry farming [1]. A proper ventilation system
machine bolts. in a poultry building is a major concern in hygienic conditions to

4.4. Fascia
Table 5.1
Description of the members used in PEB.
The flat surface on the outer end of a roof overhang or cantilever
end, or a decorative trim or panel that is called Fascia from the face Description Dimension in m
of a wall. A fascia system, when incorporated in metal buildings, Depth of section @ start node 0.316
enhances its appearance and transforms it into an attractive build- Thickness of web 0.005
ing from an ordinary-looking structure. Types of fascia: Depth of section @ end node 0.316
Width of top flange 0.170
Thickness of top flange 0.008

Parapet/Flush Fascia Width of bottom flange 0.160

Bottom Curved Fascia Thickness of bottom flange 0.008
300 K. Shaik et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 296–302

Table 5.2 wheat, sugar, cement and so on. Factors that influence the geome-
Description of the members used in conventional steel building. try and design of the bulk storage building are the angle of rest and
Type of section Type of standard members used Dimensions the required storage capacity [17]. The pressure exerted by granu-
Column ISMB 450 lar material on the bearing walls depends on the height of the
Beam ISMB 450 material, the weight of the unit and the angle of internal friction.
Ridge Rafter ISMB 350

7.4. Aircraft hangars

Table 5.3
Description of the loads applied. Increase number of metal building are now being used to shel-
Type of load Load in Kn/m
ter and/ or maintain commercial, civilian and military aircraft. The
advantages of metal building as an aircraft hanger building is the
Dead load 0.6
low cost, high- quality value of each builfing. The quicker installa-
Live load 4.5
Wind load tion time can save you months of building, which means saving on
Column Gx 1.9 your budget plus design, going into the hanger of your aircraft. Air-
1.8 craft hanger building main feature are large clear span widths
Rafter Gy 4.3
(rangingfro 50 m to 90 m) and very high eave heights (ranging
2.3
from 20 m to 35 m).
Load combinations used were DL + LL, DL + WL

8. Advantages
maintain the good health of livestock. Proper measurement of the

Customization
heat balance should be performed when planning a good building

Functional versatility
for poultry.

Strength and Durability

Low initial cost
7.3. Storage sheds
Superior quality

Fast project construction
When used as storage sheds for granular materials, metal build-
Low maintenance and operating costs
ing needs special design considerations. Bulk materials can contain

Fig. 6.1. Design ratios of frame using PEB.

Fig. 6.2. Design ratios of frame using Conventional members.

 K. Shaik et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 296–302 301

Table 9.1
Comparison between pre-engineered buildings and conventional steel buildings [18,19].

S. Property Pre-Engineered Steel building (PEB) Conventional Steel Buildings

No
1 Design Because of its integral framing system, pre-engineered building design is It takes more time to design conventional buildings and it
effective. offers less precision design aids.
2 Codes used International design codes such as AISC, AISI, MBMA, and AWS are used all over Codes are not updated and traditional codes given by IS are
for Design the world. used.
3 Computer Computer programs for designing Pre-engineered buildings are available. With In the case of traditional buildings, no such technology is
Software this program, design, estimation, description, drawings and so on can be created possible.
in no time.
4 Structure Used structural members are built-up sections tapered and 10 to 20 percent Structural Members used are heavyweight Hot rolled T-
Weight lighter than conventional buildings. sections.
5 Foundations Since the structural weight is small, it is necessary to base lightweight with a Strong structural weight makes the base impossible to layout.
simple design. The base has to be extremely heavy enough to withstand the
loads.
6 Delivery Speediest production. It takes 6 to 8 weeks after the finalization of the design to Shippinglong. Installation of 500 MT of the traditional
Speed build 500 MT of pre-engineered building. building takes 20 to 26 weeks after the finalization of the
design
7 Cost of Price per square meter is 30% lower than traditional building costs. Price is much higher per square meter.
Construction
8 Seismic These buildings offer good resistance to seismic activity, as they are made up of Because of their rigid, heavy bodies, these can not withstand
Resistance lightweight Lightweight members. seismic forces.
9 Future Because of their simple connection design, it is easy to expand the pre- This needs a large investment and the building also has
Expansion of engineered house. trouble expanding.
Building
10 Performance Maximum performance can be obtained since all elements are specifically Components are individually designed and therefore there is
designed to function as a device together. no guarantee of structural efficiency.
11 Responsibility Just one manufacturer took responsibility for the entire project which is ideal for Multiple suppliers have taken responsibility and issues such
reducing building risks. as insufficient materials, various quality components, etc.
may arise.
12 Clear Span Members of pre-engineered buildings may deliver up to 100 to 120 m of wide, The maximum clear span which conventional building
transparent span without any intermediate support. members offer is only 40 m.
13 Erection PEB members are being erected so simple and faster. In this case, the erection is slower and requires more energy.
Simplicity It requires heavy machinery.
14 Building All pre-constructed building elements can be interchanged at a reasonable cost. The use of specially designed components makes finding its
accessories substitutes challenging and raises project cost uncertainty.

9. Comparison between pre-engineered buildings and Declaration of Competing Interest

conventional steel buildings
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
(Table 9.1). cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

10. Conclusion
References

In the present days’ situation time, money is gaining their
[1] C. Meera, Pre-engineered building design of an industrial warehouse, Int. J.
importance in every sector including the construction industry.
Eng. Sci. Emerg. Technol. 5 (2) (2013) 75–82.
Sustainability is what the world is running behind. In all these [2] G.S. Kiran, A.K. Rao, R.P. Kumar, Comparison of design procedures for pre
aspects PEB stands in the top position when compared with engineering buildings (PEB): a case study, Int. J. Civ., Arch., Struct. Constr. Eng.
other technologies. (IJCASCE) 8 (4) (2014) 4.
[3] A.A. Zende, A. Kulkarni, A. Hutagi, Comparative study of analysis and design of

The material used here is not only eco-friendly but also reusa- pre-engineered-buildings and conventional frames, IOSR J. Mech. Civ. Eng.
ble. Steel is the basic material that is used in pre-engineered 2013 (2013) 2278–1684.
steel building materials. Infinitely recyclable, steel is the mate- [4] A.S. Kumar, et al., Design and Analysis of Pre Engineered Industrial Buildings
(PEB), Int. J. Appl. Sci., Eng. Manag. ISSN, 2320–3439.
rial that reflects the sustainability imperatives. [5] V. Bahadure, R. Prasad, Comparison between design and analysis of various

The most appealing economy of civil construction can be configuration of industrial sheds, Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. (IJERA) 3 (1) (2013)
achieved through the efficient use of high-grade steel and com- 1565–1568.
[6] D.N. Subramanian, Pre-engineered buildings selection of framing system,
posite building form with advanced materials. The model build- roofing and wall materials, Masterbuilder (2008) 48–56.
ing cost study showed that PEB structures are economical as the [7] J.D. Thakar, P. Patel, Comparative study of pre-engineered steel structure by
structural members ’ effective sizes in PEB structures are smal- varying width of structure, Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol. 4 (3) (2013) 56–62.
[8] S. Wakchaure, N. Dubey, Design and comparative study of pre-engineered
ler than CSB structures. The weight of PEB is almost about 50%
building, Int. J. Eng. Dev. Res 4 (2016) 2108–2113.
or less than that of the steel used in conventional steel [9] T. Mythili, Analysis and comparative study of conventional steel structure with
structures. PEB structure, Int. J. Sci. Res. (IJSR), ISSN (Online) (2015) 2319–7064.
[10] V.S. Thorat, A.G. Whatte, IS: 800-General Construction in Steel and its

The amount of steel needed for PEB structures will, therefore, be
Comparison with International Codes.
smaller than that necessary for CSB structures. It was seen that [11] S. Bhavikatti, Design of Steel Structures (By Limit State Method As Per Is: 800
cost savings for PEB is approximately 35 percent compared to 2007), IK International Pvt Ltd., 2009.
CSB. [12] M.D.P. Zoad, Evaluation of pre-engineering structure design by IS-800 as
against pre-engineering structure design by AISC, Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol.
(IJERT) 1 (5) (2012) 8.
302 K. Shaik et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 296–302

[13] A. Mehendale, A. Gupta, D. Desai, Overview of pre-engineered buildings, [17] M. Jinsha, L.A. Mathew, Analysis of pre-engineered buildings, Int. J. Sci. Res.
Imperial J. Interdisciplinary Res. 2 (6) (2016) 1421–1425. (IJSR) ISSN (Online) (2016) 2319–7064.
[14] S. Charkha, L.S. Sanklecha, Economizing steel building using pre-engineered [18] S. Wankhade, P. Pajgade, Review paper on comparison of conventional steel
steel sections, Int. J. Res. Civ. Eng., Arch. Des. 2 (2) (2014) 01–10. building & pre-engineering building, Int. J. Res. Advent Technol. 2 (5) (2014)
[15] M. Shiyekar, Limit state design in structural steel, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2013. 271–276.
[16] S. Firoz, et al. Design concept of pre engineered building, 2012. [19] V. Pradeep, G. Papa Rao, Comparative study of pre engineered and
conventional industrial building, Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol. 9 (1) (2014) 1–6.