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Animal - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Animal
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom
Animals
Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen,
Temporal range: Cryogenian – present,
have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow
sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Animals form a clade,
meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor.
Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described, of which around 1.05
million are insects, over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates. It
has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal
body lengths range from 8.5 μm (0.00033 in) to 33.6 m (110 ft). They have complex
ecologies and interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate
food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology, and the study of
animal behaviors is known as ethology.
Most living animal species belong to the infrakingdom Bilateria, a highly proliferative
clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. Extant bilaterians
include the basal group Xenacoelomorpha, but the vast majority belong to two large
superphyla: the protostomes, which includes organisms such as the arthropods,
molluscs, flatworms, annelids and nematodes; and the deuterostomes, which include
the echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates, the latter of which contains the
vertebrates.
Scientific classification
Animals first appear in the fossil record in the late Cryogenian period, and diversified Domain: Eukaryota
in the subsequent Ediacaran. Earlier evidence of animals is still controversial; the
sponge-like organism Otavia has been dated all the way back to the Tonian period, but Clade: Amorphea
its identity as an animal is heavily contested.[4] Nearly all modern animal phyla Clade: Obazoa
became clearly established in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian
(unranked): Opisthokonta
explosion, which began around 539 million years ago (Mya), and most classes during
the Ordovician radiation 485.4 Mya. 6,331 groups of genes common to all living (unranked): Holozoa
animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor (unranked): Filozoa
that lived about 650 Mya during the Cryogenian period.
Kingdom: Animalia
Historically, Aristotle divided animals into those with blood and those without. Carl Linnaeus, 1758
Linnaeus created the first hierarchical biological classification for animals in 1758 with Subdivisions
his Systema Naturae, which Jean-Baptiste Lamarck expanded into 14 phyla by 1809.
In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa Bilateria (~30 phyla)
(now synonymous with Animalia) and the Protozoa, single-celled organisms no longer
Cnidaria
considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on
advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics, which are effective at Ctenophora
demonstrating the evolutionary relationships between taxa. Placozoa
Humans make use of many other animal species for food (including meat, eggs and Porifera
dairies), for materials (such as leather, fur and wool), as pets and as working animals Synonyms
for transportation, and services. Dogs, the first domesticated animal, have been used
in hunting, in security and in warfare, as have horses, pigeons and birds of prey, while Metazoa Haeckel 1874[1]
other terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted for sports, trophies or profits. Non-
Choanoblastaea Nielsen 2008[2]
human animals are also an important cultural element of human evolution, having
appeared in cave arts and totems since the earliest times, and are frequently featured Gastrobionta Rothm. 1948[3]
in mythology, religion, arts, literature, heraldry, politics and sports. Zooaea Barkley 1939[3]
Euanimalia Barkley 1939[3]
Etymology
The word animal comes from the Latin noun animal of the same meaning, which is itself derived from Latin animalis 'having breath
or soul'.[5] The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia.[6] In colloquial usage, the term animal is often
used to refer only to nonhuman animals.[7][8][9][10] The term metazoa is derived from Ancient Greek μετα (meta) 'after' (in biology,
the prefix meta- stands for 'later') and ζῷᾰ (zōia) 'animals', plural of ζῷον zōion 'animal'.[11][12]
Characteristics
Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular.[13] Unlike
plants and algae, which produce their own nutrients,[14] animals are heterotrophic,[15][16] feeding on organic material and digesting
it internally.[17] With very few exceptions, animals respire aerobically.[a][19] All animals are motile[20] (able to spontaneously move
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Animal - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal
their bodies) during at least part of their life cycle, but some animals, such as sponges, corals,
mussels, and barnacles, later become sessile. The blastula is a stage in embryonic development
that is unique to animals, allowing cells to be differentiated into specialised tissues and organs.
[21]
Animals are unique in having the

Structure ball of cells of the early embryo (1)
All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed develop into a hollow ball or blastula
of collagen and elastic glycoproteins.[22] During development, the animal extracellular matrix (2).
forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised,
making the formation of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures
such as shells, bones, and spicules.[23] In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and fungi) are
held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth.[24] Animal cells uniquely possess the cell junctions called tight
junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.[25]
With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and placozoans—animal bodies are differentiated into tissues.[26] These include
muscles, which enable locomotion, and nerve tissues, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an
internal digestive chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians).
[27]
Reproduction and development

Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction.[28] They produce haploid
gametes by meiosis; the smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile
gametes are ova.[29] These fuse to form zygotes,[30] which develop via mitosis into a hollow
sphere, called a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the seabed,
and develop into a new sponge.[31] In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more
complicated rearrangement.[32] It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber
and two separate germ layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm.[33] In most cases,
a third germ layer, the mesoderm, also develops between them.[34] These germ layers then Sexual reproduction is nearly
differentiate to form tissues and organs.[35] universal in animals, such as these
dragonflies.
Repeated instances of mating with a close relative during sexual reproduction generally leads to
inbreeding depression within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful recessive
traits.[36][37] Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for avoiding close inbreeding.[38]
Some animals are capable of asexual reproduction, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent. This may take place through
fragmentation; budding, such as in Hydra and other cnidarians; or parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating,
such as in aphids.[39][40]
Ecology
Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on their trophic levels and how they consume
organic material. Such groupings include carnivores (further divided into subcategories such as
piscivores, insectivores, ovivores, etc.), herbivores (subcategorized into folivores, graminivores,
frugivores, granivores, nectarivores, algivores, etc.), omnivores, fungivores, scavengers/detritivores,[41]
and parasites.[42] Interactions between animals of each biome form complex food webs within that
ecosystem. In carnivorous or omnivorous species, predation is a consumer–resource interaction where
the predator feeds on another organism, its prey,[43] who often evolves anti-predator adaptations to
avoid being fed upon. Selective pressures imposed on one another lead to an evolutionary arms race
between predator and prey, resulting in various antagonistic/competitive coevolutions.[44][45] Almost all
multicellular predators are animals.[46] Some consumers use multiple methods; for example, in
parasitoid wasps, the larvae feed on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process,[47] but the
Predators, such as this adults primarily consume nectar from flowers.[48] Other animals may have very specific feeding
ultramarine flycatcher behaviours, such as hawksbill sea turtles which mainly eat sponges.[49]
(Ficedula superciliaris),
feed on other animals. Most animals rely on biomass and bioenergy produced by plants and phytoplanktons (collectively called
producers) through photosynthesis. Herbivores, as primary consumers, eat the plant material directly to
digest and absorb the nutrients, while carnivores and other animals on higher trophic levels indirectly acquire the nutrients by eating
the herbivores or other animals that have eaten the herbivores. Animals oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and other
biomolecules, which allows the animal to grow and to sustain basal metabolism and fuel other biological processes such as
locomotion.[50][51][52] Some benthic animals living close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps on the dark sea floor consume organic
matter produced through chemosynthesis (via oxidizing inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide) by archaea and bacteria.[53]
Animals evolved in the sea. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time as land plants, probably between 510 and
471 million years ago during the Late Cambrian or Early Ordovician.[54] Vertebrates such as the lobe-finned fish Tiktaalik started to
move on to land in the late Devonian, about 375 million years ago.[55][56] Animals occupy virtually all of earth's habitats and
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microhabitats, with faunas adapted to salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs,
swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of other organisms.[57] Animals are
however not particularly heat tolerant; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures
above 50 °C (122 °F)[58] or in the most extreme cold deserts of continental Antarctica.[59]
Diversity
Size Hydrothermal vent mussels and

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to shrimps
190 tonnes and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long.[60][61][62] The largest extant terrestrial
animal is the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes[60] and
measuring up to 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) long.[60] The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived
were titanosaur sauropod dinosaurs such as Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed as much
as 73 tonnes, and Supersaurus which may have reached 39 meters.[63][64] Several animals are
microscopic; some Myxozoa (obligate parasites within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than
20 µm,[65] and one of the smallest species (Myxobolus shekel) is no more than 8.5 µm when fully
grown.[66]
Numbers and habitats of major phyla The blue whale is the largest animal
that has ever lived.
The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the major animal
phyla,[67] along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water,[68] and marine),[69] and
free-living or parasitic ways of life.[70] Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much larger
estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000–
27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include
10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.[71] Using patterns within the taxonomic hierarchy, the total number of
animal species—including those not yet described—was calculated to be about 7.77 million in 2011.[72][73][b]
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Described
Phylum Example Land Sea Freshwater Free-living Parasitic
species
Yes
Yes
>40,000
1,000,000
Arthropoda 1,257,000[67] (insects)
(Malac- Yes 94,000[68] Yes[69] Yes >45,000[c][70]
[75] ostraca)
[76]
85,000[67] Yes Yes Yes 5,000[68]

Mollusca Yes[69] Yes >5,600[70]
107,000[77] 35,000[77] 60,000[77] 12,000[77]
>70,000[67] Yes Yes Yes 18,000[68] Yes 40

Chordata Yes
[78] 23,000[79] 13,000[79] 9,000[79] (catfish)[80][70]
Yes[69] Yes >40,000[70]

Platyhelminthes 29,500[67] Yes[81] Yes[69] Yes 1,300[68] 3,000–6,500[82] 4,000–25,000[82]
Yes (soil) Yes Yes

Nematoda 25,000[67] [69] Yes 2,000[68] Yes 14,000[71]
4,000[71] 11,000[71]
Yes (soil)
Annelida 17,000[67] [69] Yes[69] Yes 1,750[68] Yes Yes 400[70]
Yes >1,350
Cnidaria 16,000[67] Yes[69] Yes (few)[69] Yes[69]
(Myxozoa)[70]
Porifera 10,800[67] Yes[69] 200–300[68] Yes Yes[83]
Yes
Echinodermata 7,500[67] Yes[69]
7,500[67]
Bryozoa 6,000[67] Yes[69] Yes 60–80[68] Yes
Yes
Rotifera 2,000[67] Yes 2,000[68] Yes
>400[84]
Nemertea 1,350[85][86] Yes Yes Yes
Yes[87]
Tardigrada 1,335[67] (moist Yes Yes Yes
plants)
Total number of described extant species as of 2013: 1,525,728[67]
Evolutionary origin
Evidence of animals is found as long ago as the Cryogenian period. 24-Isopropylcholestane (24-ipc) has been found in rocks from
roughly 650 million years ago; it is only produced by sponges and pelagophyte algae. Its likely origin is from sponges based on
molecular clock estimates for the origin of 24-ipc production in both groups. Analyses of pelagophyte algae consistently recover a
Phanerozoic origin, while analyses of sponges recover a Neoproterozoic origin, consistent with the appearance of 24-ipc in the fossil
record.[88][89]
The first body fossils of animals appear in the Ediacaran, represented by forms such as Charnia and Spriggina. It had long been
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doubted whether these fossils truly represented animals,[90][91][92] but the discovery of the animal lipid cholesterol in fossils of
Dickinsonia establishes their nature.[93] Animals are thought to have originated under low-oxygen conditions, suggesting that they
were capable of living entirely by anaerobic respiration, but as they became specialized for aerobic metabolism they became fully
dependent on oxygen in their environments.[94]
Many animal phyla first appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion, starting about 539 million years ago, in beds such
as the Burgess shale.[95] Extant phyla in these rocks include molluscs, brachiopods, onychophorans, tardigrades, arthropods,
echinoderms and hemichordates, along with numerous now-extinct forms such as the predatory Anomalocaris. The apparent
suddenness of the event may however be an artifact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared
simultaneously.[96][97][98][99] That view is supported by the discovery of Auroralumina attenboroughii, the earliest known
Ediacaran crown-group cnidarian (557–562 mya, some 20 million years before the Cambrian explosion) from Charnwood Forest,
England. It is thought to be one of the earliest predators, catching small prey with its nematocysts as modern cnidarians do.[100]
Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion
years ago.[101] Early fossils that might represent animals appear for example in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the Trezona
Formation of South Australia. These fossils are interpreted as most probably being early sponges.[102] Trace fossils such as tracks
and burrows found in the Tonian period (from 1 gya) may indicate the presence of triploblastic worm-like animals, roughly as large
(about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms.[103] However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist Gromia
sphaerica, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution.[104][105] Around the same time, the layered mats of
microorganisms called stromatolites decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing by newly evolved animals.[106] Objects such as
sediment-filled tubes that resemble trace fossils of the burrows of wormlike animals have been found in 1.2 gya rocks in North
America, in 1.5 gya rocks in Australia and North America, and in 1.7 gya rocks in Australia. Their interpretation as having an animal
origin is disputed, as they might be water-escape or other structures.[107][108]
Dickinsonia costata from the Ediacaran biota Auroralumina attenboroughii,

(c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest an Ediacaran predator
animal species known.[93] (c. 560 mya)[100]
Anomalocaris canadensis is one of the many animal species

that emerged in the Cambrian explosion, starting some 539
mya, and found in the fossil beds of the Burgess shale.
Phylogeny
External phylogeny
Animals are monophyletic, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are the sister group to the choanoflagellates,
with which they form the Choanozoa.[109] The dates on the phylogenetic tree indicate approximately how many millions of years ago
(mya) the lineages split.[110][111][112][113][114]
Ros-Rocher and colleagues (2021) trace the origins of animals to unicellular ancestors, providing the external phylogeny shown in
the cladogram. Uncertainty of relationships is indicated with dashed lines.[115]
Opisthokonta
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1300 mya Holomycota (inc. fungi)
Ichthyosporea
Pluriformea
Holozoa Filasterea
1100 mya
Filozoa Choanoflagellatea
Choanozoa
950 mya
Animalia
760 mya
Internal phylogeny
The most basal animals, the Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Placozoa, have body plans that lack bilateral symmetry. Their
relationships are still disputed; the sister group to all other animals could be the Porifera or the Ctenophora,[116] both of which lack
hox genes, which are important for body plan development.[117]
Hox genes are found in the Placozoa[118][119], Cnidaria[120], and Bilateria.[121][122] 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals
have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian. 25
of these are novel core gene groups, found only in animals; of those, 8 are for essential components of the Wnt and TGF-beta
signalling pathways which may have enabled animals to become multicellular by providing a pattern for the body's system of axes (in
three dimensions), and another 7 are for transcription factors including homeodomain proteins involved in the control of
development.[123][124]
Giribet and Edgecombe (2020) provide what they consider to be a consensus internal phylogeny of the animals, embodying
uncertainty about the structure at the base of the tree (dashed lines).[125]
Porifera
Ctenophora
Placozoa
Cnidaria
Animalia
multicellular Xenacoelomorpha
ParaHoxozoa Ambulacraria
hox genes
Deuterostomia
Bilateria Chordata
symm. embryo
Nephrozoa
Ecdysozoa
Protostomia
blastopore mouth
Spiralia
An alternative phylogeny, from Kapli and colleagues (2021), proposes a clade Xenambulacraria for the Xenacoelamorpha +
Ambulacraria; this is either within Deuterostomia, as sister to Chordata, or the Deuterostomia are recovered as paraphyletic, and
Xenambulacraria is sister to the proposed clade Centroneuralia, consisting of Chordata + Protostomia.[126]
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Non-bilateria
Several animal phyla lack bilateral symmetry. These are the Porifera (sea sponges), Placozoa, Cnidaria
(which includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals), and Ctenophora (comb jellies).
Sponges are physically very distinct from other animals, and were long thought to have diverged first,
representing the oldest animal phylum and forming a sister clade to all other animals.[127] Despite their
morphological dissimilarity with all other animals, genetic evidence suggests sponges may be more
closely related to other animals than the comb jellies are.[128][129] Sponges lack the complex
organization found in most other animal phyla;[130] their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not
organised into distinct tissues, unlike all other animals.[131] They typically feed by drawing in water
through pores, filtering out food and nutrients.[132]
The comb jellies and Cnidaria are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening,
which serves as both mouth and anus.[133] Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, but these are not
Non-bilaterians include
organised into discrete organs.[134] They are diploblastic, having only two main germ layers, ectoderm sponges (centre) and corals
and endoderm.[135] (background).
The tiny placozoans have no permanent digestive chamber and no symmetry; they superficially
resemble amoebae.[136][137] Their phylogeny is poorly defined, and under active research.[128][138]
Bilateria
The remaining animals, the great majority—comprising some 29 phyla and over a
million species—form a clade, the Bilateria, which have a bilaterally symmetric body
plan. The Bilateria are triploblastic, with three well-developed germ layers, and their
tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an
anus, and there is an internal body cavity, a coelom or pseudocoelom. These animals
have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior), a back (dorsal) surface and a
belly (ventral) surface, and a left and a right side.[139][140]
Idealised bilaterian body plan.[d] With an
Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food,
elongated body and a direction of movement the
favouring cephalisation, the development of a head with sense organs and a mouth.
animal has head and tail ends. Sense organs and
mouth form the basis of the head. Opposed Many bilaterians have a combination of circular muscles that constrict the body,
making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body;
circular and longitudinal muscles enable peristaltic
motion. [140] these enable soft-bodied animals with a hydrostatic skeleton to move by
peristalsis.[141] They also have a gut that extends through the basically cylindrical
body from mouth to anus. Many bilaterian phyla have primary larvae which swim
with cilia and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However, over evolutionary time, descendant spaces have evolved which
have lost one or more of each of these characteristics. For example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae),
while some parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.[139][140]
Genetic studies have considerably changed zoologists' understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong
to two major lineages, the protostomes and the deuterostomes.[142] It is often suggested that the basalmost bilaterians are the
Xenacoelomorpha, with all other bilaterians belonging to the subclade Nephrozoa[143][144][145] However, this suggestion has been
contested, with other studies finding that xenacoelomorphs are more closely related to Ambulacraria than to other bilaterians.[126]
Protostomes and deuterostomes

Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome
embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while many protostomes (the Spiralia)
undergo spiral cleavage.[146] Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, but in
protostomes the first opening of the embryonic gut develops into the mouth, and the anus forms
secondarily. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops secondarily.[147]
[148] Most protostomes have schizocoelous development, where cells simply fill in the interior of
the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by enterocoelic
pouching, through invagination of the endoderm.[149]
The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata.[150] Echinoderms are
exclusively marine and include starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.[151] The chordates are The bilaterian gut develops in two
dominated by the vertebrates (animals with backbones),[152] which consist of fishes, amphibians, ways. In many protostomes, the
reptiles, birds, and mammals.[153] The deuterostomes also include the Hemichordata (acorn blastopore develops into the mouth,
while in deuterostomes it becomes
worms).[154][155]
the anus.
Ecdysozoa
The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared trait of ecdysis, growth by moulting.[156] They include the largest animal
phylum, the Arthropoda, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into repeating
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segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are
close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or
roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and
occur in nearly every environment where there is water;[157] some are important parasites.[158] Smaller
phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and
Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.[159]
Spiralia
The Spiralia are a large group of protostomes that
develop by spiral cleavage in the early embryo.[160]
The Spiralia's phylogeny has been disputed, but it
contains a large clade, the superphylum
Ecdysis: a dragonfly has Lophotrochozoa, and smaller groups of phyla such as
emerged from its dry the Rouphozoa which includes the gastrotrichs and Spiral cleavage in a sea snail embryo
exuviae and is expanding the flatworms. All of these are grouped as the
its wings. Like other
Platytrochozoa, which has a sister group, the
arthropods, its body is
divided into segments.
Gnathifera, which includes the rotifers.[161][162]
The Lophotrochozoa includes the molluscs, annelids, brachiopods, nemerteans, bryozoa and entoprocts.
[161][163][164]
The molluscs, the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes snails, clams, and squids,
while the annelids are the segmented worms, such as earthworms, lugworms, and leeches. These two groups have long been
considered close relatives because they share trochophore larvae.[165][166]
History of classification
In the classical era, Aristotle divided animals,[e] based on his own observations, into those with blood
(roughly, the vertebrates) and those without. The animals were then arranged on a scale from man (with
blood, 2 legs, rational soul) down through the live-bearing tetrapods (with blood, 4 legs, sensitive soul)
and other groups such as crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) down to spontaneously
generating creatures like sponges (no blood, no legs, vegetable soul). Aristotle was uncertain whether
sponges were animals, which in his system ought to have sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or plants,
which did not: he knew that sponges could sense touch, and would contract if about to be pulled off their
rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about.[168]
In 1758, Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical classification in his Systema Naturae.[169] In his
original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta,
Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then the last four have all been subsumed into a single Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
phylum, the Chordata, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes led the creation of a modern
have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, who classification of
invertebrates, breaking up
called the Vermes une espèce de chaos (a chaotic mess)[f] and split the group into three new phyla:
Linnaeus's "Vermes" into 9
worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish). By 1809, in his Philosophie phyla by 1809.[167]
Zoologique, Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals,
birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely cirripedes, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects,
worms, radiates, polyps, and infusorians.[167]
In his 1817 Le Règne Animal, Georges Cuvier used comparative anatomy to group the animals into four embranchements
("branches" with different body plans, roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals
(arthropods and annelids), and zoophytes (radiata) (echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms).[171] This division into four was followed
by the embryologist Karl Ernst von Baer in 1828, the zoologist Louis Agassiz in 1857, and the comparative anatomist Richard Owen
in 1860.[172]
In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla:
coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and Protozoa (single-celled animals), including a sixth animal
phylum, sponges.[173][172] The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom Protista, leaving only the Metazoa as a synonym of
Animalia.[174]
In human culture
Practical uses
The human population exploits a large number of other animal species for food, both of domesticated livestock species in animal
husbandry and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species.[175][176] Marine fish of many species are caught commercially for food. A
smaller number of species are farmed commercially.[175][177][178] Humans and their livestock make up more than 90% of the biomass
of all terrestrial vertebrates, and almost as much as all insects combined.[179]
Invertebrates including cephalopods, crustaceans, and bivalve or gastropod molluscs are hunted or farmed for food.[180] Chickens,
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cattle, sheep, pigs, and other animals are raised as livestock for meat across the world.[176][181][182]
Animal fibres such as wool are used to make textiles, while animal sinews have been used as lashings
and bindings, and leather is widely used to make shoes and other items. Animals have been hunted and
farmed for their fur to make items such as coats and hats.[183] Dyestuffs including carmine (cochineal),
[184][185] shellac,[186][187] and kermes[188][189] have been made from the bodies of insects. Working
animals including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days of
agriculture.[190]
Animals such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serve a major role in science as experimental
models.[191][192][193][194] Animals have been used to create vaccines since their discovery in the 18th
century.[195] Some medicines such as the cancer drug trabectedin are based on toxins or other molecules
of animal origin.[196]
Sides of beef in a
slaughterhouse
People have used hunting dogs to help chase down and retrieve
animals,[197] and birds of prey to catch birds and mammals,[198]
while tethered cormorants have been used to catch fish.[199] Poison dart frogs have been used to
poison the tips of blowpipe darts.[200][201] A wide variety of animals are kept as pets, from
invertebrates such as tarantulas, octopuses, and praying mantises,[202] reptiles such as snakes
and chameleons,[203] and birds including canaries, parakeets, and parrots[204] all finding a place.
However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely dogs, cats, and rabbits.[205][206][207]
There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as
A gun dog retrieving a duck during a
individuals with rights of their own.[208] A wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals are
hunt
hunted for sport.[209]
Symbolic uses
Animals have been the subjects of art from the earliest times, both historical, as in Ancient Egypt,
and prehistoric, as in the cave paintings at Lascaux. Major animal paintings include Albrecht
Dürer's 1515 The Rhinoceros, and George Stubbs's c. 1762 horse portrait Whistlejacket.[210]
Insects, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film,[211] such as in giant bug movies.[212]
[213][214]
Animals including insects[215] and mammals[216] are featured in mythology and religion. In both
Japan and Europe, a butterfly was seen as the personification of a person's soul,[215][217][218]
while the scarab beetle was sacred in ancient Egypt.[219] Among the mammals, cattle,[220] deer,
[216] horses,[221] lions,[222] bats,[223] bears,[224] and wolves[225] are the subjects of myths and Artistic vision: Still Life with Lobster
and Oysters by Alexander
worship. The signs of the Western and Chinese zodiacs are also based on animals.[226][227] Coosemans, c. 1660
See also
Animal coloration
Ethology
Lists of organisms by population
World Animal Day, observed on October 4
Notes
a. Henneguya zschokkei does not have mitochondrial DNA or utilize aerobic respiration.[18]
b. The application of DNA barcoding to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a total count of
nearly 100,000 insect species for Canada alone, and extrapolated that the global insect fauna must be in excess of 10 million
species, of which nearly 2 million are in a single fly family known as gall midges (Cecidomyiidae).[74]
c. Not including parasitoids.[70]
d. Compare File:Annelid redone w white background.svg for a more specific and detailed model of a particular phylum with this
general body plan.
e. In his History of Animals and Parts of Animals.
f. The French prefix une espèce de is pejorative.[170]
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2011 at the Wayback Machine
Animal Diversity Web (https://animaldiversity.org/) – University of Michigan's database of animals
Wildscreen Arkive (https://archive.today/20160426231847/https://www.arkive.org/) – multimedia database of endangered/
protected species
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Animal - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

1 / 20 2024. 04. 18. 20:43

Animals are unique in having the

Reproduction and development

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Size Hydrothermal vent mussels and

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85,000[67] Yes Yes Yes 5,000[68]

>70,000[67] Yes Yes Yes 18,000[68] Yes 40

Yes[69] Yes >40,000[70]

Yes (soil) Yes Yes

Porifera 10,800[67] Yes[69] 200–300[68] Yes Yes[83]

Bryozoa 6,000[67] Yes[69] Yes 60–80[68] Yes

Nemertea 1,350[85][86] Yes Yes Yes

Total number of described extant species as of 2013: 1,525,728[67]

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Dickinsonia costata from the Ediacaran biota Auroralumina attenboroughii,

Anomalocaris canadensis is one of the many animal species

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1300 mya Holomycota (inc. fungi)

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Protostomes and deuterostomes

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27. Hillmer, Gero; Lehmann, Ulrich (1983). Fossil Invertebrates (https://books.google.com/books?id=9jE4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54).

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76. Poore, Hugh F. (2002). "Introduction" (https://books.google.com/books?id=ww6RzBz42-4C&pg=PA1). Crustacea: Malacostraca.

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204. "Pet Birds" (https://www.humanesociety.org/animals/pet_birds/). PDSA. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160707053516/

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal&oldid=1219442475"

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