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Lecture Slide 1

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Operating System Concepts

Course Code: CSC 2209 Course Title: Operating Systems

Dept. of Computer Science


Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecturer No: 01 Week No: 01 Semester: Spring 22-23


Lecturer: Shakila Rahman; [email protected]
Lecture Outline

1. Computer System
2. Abstract View of Computer Components
3. What Operating Systems Do
4. Defining Operating Systems
5. Computer System Organization
6. Computer-System Operation
7. Interrupt
8. Computer Startup
9. Interrupt Handling
10. Interrupt-drive I/O Cycle
Computer System
❑ Computer system can be divided into four components:
❑ Hardware – provides basic computing resources
❑ CPU, memory, I/O devices
❑ Operating system
❑ Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications
and users
❑ Application programs – define the ways in which the system resources
are used to solve the computing problems of the users
❑ Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video
games
❑ Users
❑ People, machines, other computers
Abstract View of Computer Components
What Operating Systems Do
❑ Depends on the point of view

❑ Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance


❑ Don’t care about resource utilization

❑ But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep


all users happy
❑ Operating system is a resource allocator and control program making
efficient use of Hardware and managing execution of user programs

❑ Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated


resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
What Operating Systems Do (cont’d)

❑ Mobile devices like smartphones and tables are resource poor,


optimized for usability and battery life
❑ Mobile user interfaces such as touch screens, voice recognition

❑ Some computers have little or no user interface, such as


embedded computers in devices and automobiles
❑ Run primarily without user intervention
Defining Operating Systems

❑ Term OS covers many roles


❑ Because of myriad designs and uses of OSes
❑ Present in toasters through ships, spacecraft, game
machines, TVs and industrial control systems
❑ Born when fixed use computers for military became
more general purpose and needed resource
management and program control
Operating System Definition (cont’d)

❑ No universally accepted definition

❑ “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is a good


approximation
❑ But varies wildly

❑ “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel, part of the
operating system

❑ Everything else is either


❑ a system program (ships with the operating system, but not part of the kernel) , or
❑ an application program, all programs not associated with the operating system

❑ Today’s OSes for general purpose and mobile computing also include middleware – a set
of software frameworks that provide addition services to application developers such as
databases, multimedia, graphics
Computer System Organization
❑ Computer-system operation
❑ One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
❑ Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory
cycles
Computer-System Operation
❑ I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

❑ Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type

❑ Each device controller has a local buffer

❑ Each device controller type has an operating system device driver


to manage it
❑ CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers

❑ I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller

❑ Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by


causing an interrupt
Common Functions of Interrupts
❑ Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine
generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines

❑ Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted


instruction

❑ A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt caused


either by an error or a user request

❑ An operating system is interrupt driven


Interrupt Timeline
Computer Startup
❑ bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot
❑ Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as firmware
❑ Initializes all aspects of system
❑ Loads operating system kernel and starts execution
Interrupt Handling
❑ The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing
registers and the program counter

❑ Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:


❑ Polling interrupt (CPU keeps polling at regular intervals if a device
is ready)
❑ vectored interrupt (I/O device requests for attention)

❑ Separate segments of code determine what action should be


taken (for each type of interrupt)
Interrupt-drive I/O Cycle
Books
❑ Operating Systems Concept
❑ Written by Galvin and Silberschatz
❑ Edition: 9th
References
❑ Operating Systems Concept
❑ Written by Galvin and Silberschatz
❑ Edition: 9th

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