PYTHON LIBRARIES

Module

 Modularity-it means act of portioning a program into individual

components
 Modules logically organize our python code
 In module we are grouping related code into a module makes the
code easier to understand.
 Module can define funcitons,variables and classes
 A module is a normal .py file.
 E.g. module math is math.py file
 Module random is random.py file
Library

 Library is a collection of modules

 Library caters to specific type of requirement.
 Python standard library-math,random,matplotlib,tkinter,numpy,urllib
Structure of Python Module

1. Docstring-triple quoted comments(“”” “”” or ‘’’ ‘’’) ,useful for

documentation , used in a function/class or before the
function/class.
2. Variables and constants-labels for data.
3. Classes-blueprint to create objects
4. Objects-instances of classes
5. Statements-instructions
6. Functions-named group of instructions
Example
module:fun.py
“”” function to display sum of 2 nos”””
def sum(a,b):
“””accepts 2 nos from the user to calculate sum”””
return a+b

def diff(a,b):
“””accepts 2 nos from the user to calculate subtraction of 2 nos”””
return a-b
dir () and help()
python will display all docstring along with module name, filename, functions name and constant

 import math
 dir(math)
['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'comb',
'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'dist', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd',
'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'isqrt', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'perm', 'pi', 'pow', 'prod',
'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']

 help(pow)
Help on built-in function pow in module builtins:

pow(base, exp, mod=None)

Equivalent to base**exp with 2 arguments or base**exp % mod with 3 arguments

Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when
invoked using the three argument form.
Namespace

It is a space tht holds a bunch of names.

e.g. three stream (commerce,humanities,science)
50 students each
commom name-deepak (in each stream)
three namespaces

Rules are same as LEGB( local embedded global built-in ),

(discussed in function chapter…for more see function ppt on blog)
Importing modules in a python
program-3 ways
1. Importing entire module

2. Importing selected function/object from a module

3. Importing all function/obejcts of a module

First method of importing module

1. Importing entire module

import math
print(math.sqrt(4)) output: 2

Dot operator
Processing of Import <module>

1. Code of imported module is interpreted and executed

2. Defined functions and variables created in the module are now
available
3. A new namespace is setup(same name as module)
Second method of importing module

2. Importing selected function/object from a module

from math import sqrt
print(sqrt(4)) output:2

from math import sqrt,pow

print(sqrt(4)) output:2
print(pow(3,2)) output:9
Processing of from <module> import <object/function>

1. Code of imported module is interpreted and executed

2. Only asked function and variables are now available
3. No new namespace is created (imported definition is added in the
current namespace).

E.g.
from math import sqrt
d=sqrt(4)
print(d) output:2
Third method of importing module

3. Importing all function/obejcts of a module

from math import *
print(sqrt(4)) output:2
print(pow(3,2)) output:9
Using Python Built-in functions
x=4.451
print(int(x)) output:4

x=4.451
print(round(x,1)) output:4.5

x=11
print(oct(x)) output: '0o13'
print(hex(x)) output: '0xb'
Using Python string Built-in functions
<string>.join()
print(“**”.join(“hello”)) output: h**e**l**l**o
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
d=[“hello”,”world”]
z=“**”.join(d)
print(z) output : hello**world
OR
s=“**”
d=[“hello”,”world”]
print(x.join(d)) output : hello**world

Note: we can use only tuple,we can’t use dictionary. Given sequence
should have all values as string
Using string Built-in functions

<string>.split()
x=“hello world”
print(x.split()) output: [‘hello’,’world’]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x=“hello world”
print(x.split(‘o’)) output : ['hell', ' w', 'rld']
Using string Built-in functions

<string>.replace()
x=“hello world”
print(x.replace ("hello","outer") ) output: 'outer world'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OR
"hello to class xii ".replace("hello","welcome") output : 'welcome to class xii '
Using random module

1. random()
 it returns a random number in range(0.0 - 1.0).
 In this lower range limit is inclusive.
 Returns floating point number.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import random
print(random.random()) output : 3.4100256441147248...
17.519619328076985....
Using random module

2. randint()
 it
returns a random number in given range.
 both range limit are inclusive.
 Returns integer number.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import random
print(random.randint(4,20)) output : 7
print(random.randint(4,20)) output : 4
OR
D=random.randint(4,20))
print(D) output : 13
Using Webbrowser module

Open()
 it opens a website in a window in computer
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import webbrowser
webbroswer.open(“www.google.com”)
Using urllib module

urllib.request.urlopen(<url>)
.read()
.getcode()
.geturl()
.headers
.info()
 Using urllib module

urllib.request.urlopen(<url>)- it open a website ,for reading and returns

a file using which other functions will be used.
<urlopen’sreturnval>.read()-returns html or the source code of the url
<urlopen’sreturnval>.getcode()-returns http status code
<urlopen’sreturnval>.geturl()-returns url
<urlopen’sreturnval>.headers-stores metadata about the opened URL
<urlopen’sreturnval>.info()-returns same information as stored by
headers
 Using urllib module
import urllib.request OUTPUT:
200
https://www.google.com/
import webbrowser Date: Fri, 10 Jul 2020 10:56:11 GMT
Expires: -1
Cache-Control: private, max-age=0

wu=urllib.request.urlopen("https://www.google.com/") Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1

P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See g.co/p3phelp for more info."
Server: gws

h=wu.read()
X-XSS-Protection: 0
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
Set-Cookie: 1P_JAR=2020-07-10-10; expires=Sun, 09-Aug-2020 10:56:11 GMT; path=/;
domain=.google.com; Secure
data=wu.getcode() Set-Cookie:
NID=204=IeEBYQGsj9b7SAcxF_mx4deohaQU_SiiH53xFrw5waKhXYecISfKG2MdE0GFN8jENMIc4CfrEwB
CSV3bwWHF-

url=wu.geturl() CFKGCYKFy9cLzpLAQZplWUE6oaxP5ueTwiZW8DMcSviubcN6yypKT54KLJNttyjrwNEoa5IM7ahfW8BUHM
bytw; expires=Sat, 09-Jan-2021 10:56:11 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; HttpOnly
Alt-Svc: h3-29=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-27=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-25=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-

head=wu.headers
T050=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=":443";
ma=2592000,quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="46,43"
Accept-Ranges: none
Vary: Accept-Encoding
inf=wu.info() Connection: close
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

print(h) Date: Fri, 10 Jul 2020 10:56:11 GMT

Expires: -1

print(data)
Cache-Control: private, max-age=0
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See g.co/p3phelp for more info."
Server: gws

print(url) X-XSS-Protection: 0
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
Set-Cookie: 1P_JAR=2020-07-10-10; expires=Sun, 09-Aug-2020 10:56:11 GMT; path=/;

print(head) domain=.google.com; Secure

Set-Cookie:
NID=204=IeEBYQGsj9b7SAcxF_mx4deohaQU_SiiH53xFrw5waKhXYecISfKG2MdE0GFN8jENMIc4CfrEwB

print(inf)
CSV3bwWHF-
CFKGCYKFy9cLzpLAQZplWUE6oaxP5ueTwiZW8DMcSviubcN6yypKT54KLJNttyjrwNEoa5IM7ahfW8BUHM
bytw; expires=Sat, 09-Jan-2021 10:56:11 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; HttpOnly
Alt-Svc: h3-29=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-27=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-25=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-

webbrowser.open(url) T050=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=":443";

ma=2592000,quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="46,43"
Accept-Ranges: none
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Connection: close
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
 Creating a Python Library
Library and package terms are used interchangeably

Package:
 A package is a collection of python modules.
 Common namespace
 Packages place different modules on a single directory.
 _init_.py must be present.
 Procedure for Creating a Python Library
1. Find site package folder in python installation folder.
2. Create a folder e.g. abc(library/package)
3. Create _init_.py file in package.
4. Create module e.g. xyz.py
5. Write functions in xyz.py
6. Import a module from library/package
from abc import xyz
 sys module
import sys
print(sys.path)

OUTPUT
'C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32',
'C:\\Users\\user\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python38-32\\Lib\\idlelib',
'C:\\Users\\user\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python38-32\\python38.zip',
'C:\\Users\\user\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python38-32\\DLLs',
'C:\\Users\\user\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python38-32\\lib',
'C:\\Users\\user\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python38-32',
'C:\\Users\\user\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python38-32\\lib\\site-packages']