Example:

(a) f (t) = t2 (b) f (t) = et

2
Check whether the following functions are exponential or not

Solution :

(a) f (t) = t 2

By the definition of exponential order

L im e−st f (t) = 0
t →

 L im e−st t 2
t →


 L im t st 
2
which is indeterminate form
 
t → e 

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Maths Laplace Transforms

Apply L - Hospital Rule

2t 
L im  which is indeterminate form

t → e s
st
 

Again apply L - Hospital Rule.

2 − st
 L im
2
 L im  e = 0 (finite)
2
t → s2est t → s

 L im e− st t 2 = 0 (finite numbers)
t →

Hence f (t) = t 2 is exponential order.

(b) f (t) = et

Solution :

By the definition of exponential order.

 Lim e−st f (t) = 0

t →
2
 Lim e−st  et  Lim e− st +t = e = 
2

t → t →

 f (t) = et is not of exponential order.

2

1. Laplace Transform of Standard functions :

1
(1) Prove that L[e−at ] = where s + a  0 or s  −a
s+a

Proof :

By definition L[ f (t)] =  e− st f (t)dt

0


L[e−at ] =  e−st  e−atdt

0


= 0 e−t ( s +a ) dt

=  −e  = −1  e − − e0 
−t ( s +a ) 
  

 s + a 0 s+a
1
=
s+a
 1
Hence L[e− at ] =
s+a
Maths Laplace Transforms

2. Prove that L[eat ] =

1a where s a
s−
Proof :

By the defn of L[ f (t)] =  e− st f (t)dt

 0

L[e+at ] = e−st  e dt
at
0


= 0 e−(s −a )t dt

=  −e−(s −a )t 
s−a
 0
−1 − 0
= e − e 
s−a  
1
=
s−a
1
Hence L[eat ] =
s−a

3. L(cos at) =  e−st cos at dt

0

 e− st 
=  2 2 (−s cos at + a sin at)
s +a 0
1
=0− 2 (−s)
s + a2
= s

s2 + a 2
eax sinbxdx = eax a sin bx − b cos bx
 a2 + b2
eax
 eax
cosbxdx = a cos bx + b sin bx
a2 + b2

Hence L(cos at) = s

s2 + a2

4. L(sin at) =  e−st sin at dt

0

 e− st 
= 2 (−s sin at − a cos at)
s +a
2
0
1
=0− 2 (0 − a)
s + a2
L(sin at) = a
s + a2
2
Maths Laplace Transforms

8.. L(tn ) =  e−Stt ndt

0
 
 − St
  − St 
= (tn ) e  −  ntn−1  e  dt
 −s 0 0  −s 

n − −
= (0 − 0) +
s 0 e Stt n 1dt
n
= L(tn−1)
s
n
L(tn ) = L(tn−1)
s

n −1
L(tn−1) = L(tn−2 )
s
3
L(t3 ) = L(t 2 )
s
2
L(t2 ) = L(t)
s
n n −1 n − 2 3 2 1
L(tn ) =        L(1)
s s s s s s
n! n! 1
= L1 = 
sn sn s
n!
L(tn ) = or n+1
sn+1 s

In particular n = 1, 2, 3.....

1
we get L(t) =
s2
 2!
L(t 2 ) =
s3
3!
L(t3 ) =
s4
1. Find Laplace Transform of sin2 t

Solution :

 1 − cos 2t 
L(sin2 t) = L  
2
 
1
= L(1 − cos 2t)
2
11 s 
= −
2  s s2 + 4 
Find L(cos t) 3
2.
Solution :
we know that cos 3 A = 4 cos3 A − 3cos A
3 1
hence cos3 A = cos A + cos 3A
4 4
1
L(cos3 t) = L(3 cos t + cos 3t)
4
= 
1 3s s 
+
4  s2 + 1 s2 + 9 
 
1. If L( f (t )) = F (s) , then L(e−at f (t)) = F (s + a)
Proof :


By definition, L  f (t) =  e−st f (t)dt
0


L  e − at
 f (t)  =  e − st  e − at f (t)dt
0


=  e − t(s + a) f (t)dt
0

= F (s + a)

Hence L  e − at f (t) = F (s + a)
Maths Laplace Transforms

Problems :

1. Find L(te2t )
Solution :

L(te2t ) =  L(t)  s → s − 2
=  2 
1 1
=
 s → s − 2 (s − 2)2
s

2. Find L(t5e−t )
Solution :

L(t 5 e −t ) = L(t 5 )
  s → s+1

=  6 
5!
 s s→ s +1

5!
=
(s +1)6
Maths Laplace Transforms

5. Theorem

−d
If L( f (t )) = F (s) , then L(tf (t)) = (F (s))
ds

Proof :

Given F (s) = L( f (t ))

differentiate both sides, w.r. to ‘s’

d d
(F (s)) = (L( f (t)))
ds ds
d  − 

= e f (t)dt 
st

ds  0 

=   (e−st f (t))dt
0 s


=  (−t)e−st f (t)dt
0


= − tf (t)e−stdt
0
d
(F (s)) = −L(tf (t))
ds
−d
 L(tf (t)) = F (s)
ds

(or) L(tf (t )) = −F (s) where F (s) = L( f (t ))

similarly we can show that,

d2
L(t 2 f (t )) = (−1)2 F (s)
ds2
3
3 d
L(t f (t )) = (−1)
3
F (s)
ds3

dn
In general, L(tn f (t)) = (−1)n F (s)
dsn
1. Find L(te3t )

Solution :

−d
We know that L(tf (t)) = L( f (t))
ds

Here f (t) = e3t

230 Sathyabama University

 −d
L(te3t ) = L(e3t )
ds
−d  1 
=
ds  s − 3 
 (s −(s − 3)−
3)(0) 
2 (1) 
=−
 
1
=
(s − 3)2

6. Theorem


If L( f (t )) = F (s) and if Lt f (t ) exist then L  f (t)  =  e− St f (t)ds

t→0 t  t  S
Maths Laplace Transforms

Problems :
 1− e2t 
1. Find L  
 t 
Solution :

1− e2t = 0 (Indeterminate form)

Lim
t →0 t 0

Apply L - Hospital Rule

−2e2t
Lim = −2
t →0 1

 the given function exists in the limit t → 0

 1 − e2t  
 =  L(1− e )ds
2t
L
 t  s


=  (L(1) − L(e2t ) )ds

s
1 1 
=  −
s − 2 
ds
ss

= ( log s − log(s − 2) ) s



  s 
= log  
  s − 2 s
 
    
= log  s  = log  
  s 1− 2
( )   

  s  S  s

s
= 0 − log
s−2
−1
 s 
= log  
s−2
s−2
= log  s 
 
Maths Laplace Transforms

Find L 
2. sin 3t cos 2t 
 t 
 
Solution :
Lim 
sin 3t cos 2t 
 exists
t →0  1 
 sin 3t cos 2t  
L
  =  L(sin 3t cos 2t)ds
 t  s
1
= 2  L(2sin 3t cos 2t)ds
s
1
=  L(sin 5t + sin t)ds
2
s
1  5 1 
=  2 +
2 s  s + 25 s2 + 1 
ds

1 1 −1 −1 s 
s
5 + tan
=  5  tan 1  s
2  5
1
= tan−1 s
2 5
( )
+ tan−1 s 
1 s

( )
1
(
= tan −1 () + tan −1 () − tan −1 s − tan −1 s
2 5 1
( ) ( ))
=
1 π π

+ − tan−1 s − tan−1 s
5 ( ) 
1  ( )
2 2 2 

=
1
2( ( )
π − tan −1 s 5 − tan −1 s

)
 sin at  sin t

7. Second shiffting Theorem (Second Translation)

 f (t − a),
If L( f (t )) = F (s) and G(t) = ta
,

 0 ta

Then L(G(t)) = e−as F (s)

Maths Laplace Transforms

Problems :

1. Assuming L(sin t) . Find L(sin 2t) and (

L sin t 2 )
Solution :

1
We know that L(sin t) = (1)
s +1
2

1 1
 L(sin 2t) = 
( 2) 2
Using (1) (Replace S by s/2)
2 s +1
1
L(sin 2t) = 4 
 
2  s2 + 4 

2
= (2)
s +4
2

 L sin( )=2 1
=
2

( 2s ) +1 4s2 + 1 Using (2) (Replace s by 2s)

2

s2 −1
2. Given that L(t cos t) =
(s2 +1)2
 t
Find (i) L(t cos at) and (ii)
L  t cos 
 a
Solution :

s2 −1
(i) Given L(t cos t) =
(s2 +1)2

Replacing t by at

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Maths Laplace Transforms

 L(at cos at) = ( Replacing s by s/a)

a  s
)
2
+ 1
a
(
2

 

a4 (s2 − a2 )
L(at cos at) =
a3 (s2 + a2 )2
a4 (s2 − a2 ) s2 − a 2

L(t cos at) = =
a4 (s2 + a2 )2 (s2 + a2 )2

(ii) Given L t cos t  s2 −1

=
 a  (s2 +1)2
 
 (as)2 −1 
t t
Replace t by , L (  )
a cos a = a ( (as) +1)
2 2 

 
 
 t a 2 s 2 −1
 2 
 = a  ( a 2 s 2 +1) 
2
L  t cos Replace s by as.
a
 

11. Laplace Transform of Derivations :

Here, we explore how the Laplace transform interacts with the basic operators of calculus differentation and
integration . The greatest interest will be in the first identity that we will derive. This relates the transformof
a derivative of a function to the transform of the original function, and will allow to convert many initial
- value problems to easily solved algebraic Equations. But there are useful relations involving the Laplace
transform and either differentiation (or) integration. So we’ll look at them too.

11.1. Theorem :

If L( f (t )) = F (s) Then

(i) L( f (t)) = sL( f (t)) − f (0)

(ii) L( f (t)) = s 2 L( f (t)) − sf (0) − f (0)

and in general

L( f n (t)) = sn L( f (t)) − sn−1 f (0) − s n − 2 f (0)....... f n−1(0)

 t  1
Theorem : If L  f (t ) = F (s ) then L  f (t)dt  = L[ f (t)]
s
0 

Proof :
t

⎯⎯
→(1)
Let

0
f (t)dt = φ(t)

Differentiate both sides with respect to ‘t’

 f (t) = φ (t) ⎯⎯
→(2)

and φ(0) =  f (t)dt = 0

0

We know that L[φ (t)] = sL[φ(t)] − φ (0)

L[φ (t)] = sL[φ(t)] φ (0) = 0
t 

 L[ f (t)] = sL  f (t)dt  by (1) & (2)

0 
t  1
L  f (t)dt  = L[ f (t)]
0  s
Similarly we can prove that
t t  1
L   f (t)dt  = 2 L[ f (t)]
0 0  s
 
t t t
 1
 In general L 0 0   f (t)dt  = n L[ f (t )]
––0 –– s

 n items 
 Maths Laplace Transforms

Problems :
 − t 
1. find L  e t  t cos tdt 
 0 
Solution :
 t   t 
−

Le t
 t cos tdt  =  L   t cos tdt 
 0    0   s→s +1

1 
= L(t cos t)
s 
 1  −d s→s +1  
= (L(cos t))
 s  ds 
    s→s +1
 1  −d  s  
=  s  ds  s2 + 1  
     s → s +1
 −1  (s 2 + 21) − s(2s) 

= s (s + 1)2
   s → s +1
 −1  1 − s  2
=  
 (s 2 + 1)2 
 s  s→ s+1
 s2 − 1 
=
 
s(s 2 + 1)2 s → s +1
 (s + 1)2 − 1 
=
 
(s + 1)((s + 1)2 + 1)2 s → s +1
s 2 + 2s
=
(s + 1)(s2 + 2s + 2)2
 − sin t
t

2. Find L  e 
t
dt 
 0 t 
Solution :
 −
t
sin t    t sin t 
Le t
 dt  = L   dt 

 0
t    0 t   s →s+1

1 sin t 
=  s L  t 
  s→s +1
sin t
Since Lim
t→0 t exist
1  

=   L(sin t)ds
s s s→s +1
 
=  2
1 1 ds
s s +1
 s s→s+1
1 
= ( tan s )
− 1
s s 
s →s+1
Maths Laplace Transforms

1 
= (tan−1  − tan − 1 (s)
 s 
s→ s +1
1  π 
= − tan (s)
−1

s  2 
   s → s +1
 1 −1  cot − 1 (s + 1)
= cot s =
s  s +1
 s → s +1

 te
−t
3. Find the Laplace Transform of sin tdt
0

Solution :
L(te−t sin tdt) = (L(t sin t)) s →s +1
 −d 
= L(sin t) 
ds
 s →s +1
 −d  1  
= ds  s + 1 
2

    s →s +1
 (s 2 +2 1)0 −2 2s 
=− (s + 1)
 s →s +1
 2S 
=
 (S 2 + S →S +1
2(S +1)
2
1
=
((S +1) +1)2
) 2

2(S +1)
= 2
S + 2S + 2
 e sin t 
t −t

4. Find L 
0
 t dt 

Solution :
 t e−t sin t  1  e−t sin t 
L dt  = L  
t s  t 
0 
e−t sin t
Since Lim exist.
t →0 t

1  − 
=  L(e t sin t)  ds
s s 
1  
=  L(sin t)  ds
s s s →s +1
1   1 
=  
s  s  s2 + 1   s→s +1
 ds

1   1 
=  
s  s  (s + 1)2 + 1 
ds

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Maths Laplace Transforms

1   ds 

s    (s + 1)2 + 1 s
= 

= ( tan −1 (s +1) ) 
1 