Variable Frequency Drive

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Outline
Interfacing
Introduction with DSP Advantages
controller

PWM
Objective Disadvantages
principle

Basic of VFD Function &

Applications
Blocks. Operation

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Introduction
 VFD’s adjust the speed of a driven shaft to a predetermined
speed often this is done via an automatic speed selection
process.

 These automatic processors often use reference signals

generated by other devices, drives, controllers, limiters etc.

 VFD’s can control speeds to within 0.1% tolerance and are

the control system of choice in many speed control
applications.

 Convert line voltage & frequency to controllable values and

apply to motors.

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Intro………
 provide continuous control,

 matching motor speed to the specific demands of the

work being performed.

 Also called VSD or VAD

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Objective
The main objective of the VFD is to vary
the speed of the motor while providing
the closest approximation to a sine wave
for current (while pulsing D C voltage to
the motor).

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Basic of VFD

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1. AC Line input section

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AC Line input section
The voltage on an alternating current (ac)
power supply rises and falls in the pattern
of a sine wave.
Voltage is +ve ,Current in one direction
Voltage is -ve ,Current in opposite
direction
Results in large amount of energy.

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2. Input Rectifier Section

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Rectifier output

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Input Rectifier Section
convert incoming ac power into direct
current (dc) power.
Two rectifiers are use for each single
phase.
Generally three phase rectifier is use to
handle large power in industries

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3. DC bus Section

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DC bus Section
It contains capacitors to accept power
from the rectifier,
store it, and later deliver that power
through the inverter section.
Sometimes we use chokes with capacitor
mainly to reduce
1) harmonic noise (interference) &
2) temporary loss of power.

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4. Invertor Section

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Inverter

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Inverter section using PWM

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Inverter
The inverter contains transistors that deliver
power to the motor. The “Insulated Gate
Bipolar Transistor” (IGBT) is a common
choice in modern VFDs.

Higher Switching capacity

Uses PWM technique to simulate current

sinewave into desired frequency

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Basic principle of PWM
Commonly used technique for controlling
power to electrical devices.

The average value of voltage (and current)

fed to the load is controlled by turning the
switch between supply and load ON and OFF
at a fast pace.

The longer the switch is ON compared to the

OFF periods, the higher the power supplied to
the load is.
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PWM

PDELIVERED = PSUPPLIED x Duty Cycle

Duty Cycle = ON time / Total Period of Pulse

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PWM waveform

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Basic Interfacing block of motor
with LF2407 using VFD inverter

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Advantages
 It can control speeds to within 0.1% tolerance
 Energy savings
 Reduction of thermal and mechanical Stresses on
motors
 simple installation because smaller in size
 Lower Power consumption
 Soft starting during belts starts
 Fast & Precise response
 Precise speed and torque control
 High reliability and availability
 Low audible noise

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Disadvantages
 Produces “noise” due to PWM that can interfere with
other susceptible circuits.

 Reflected Wave Voltages.

 EMI both reflected and conducted.

 Noise can lead to drive over current, circuit

malfunction, and motor bearingfailures.

 Need to keep cable runs short to limit “noise”

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Perform for various application
 Variable-torque control to drive a fan or pump
under light head.

 Constant-torque control to drive a pump or

compressor or other equipment against higher head.

 Constant horsepower to drive a machine tool, such

as a lathe or milling machine.

 Motion control for precise control of position

needed in rolling steel or calendaring plastic
sheeting.
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Applications
 Marine – propulsion, power generation,
dynamic positioning, and work vessel systems.

 Oil & Gas – control systems for pumps, gas and

diesel engines, compressors,turbines, boilers,
conveyers.

 Environmental – in waste water, potable water,

pollution control, pumping,desalination, ozone
regeneration.

 Industrial – Paper Mills, Cement Plants, Mining

Controls, Car Plants, Steel Mill

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References
1.Electronics measurements & instrumentation by A.K Sahney

2.www://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable_frequency_drive&oldid

3.www.delta.com.tw/product/em/drive/ac_motor/ac_motor_main.asp

4.www.danfoss.com/North.../VFD-101+for+HVAC+Market.html

5.www.irc.wisc.edu/file.php?id=266

6.www.us.sbt.siemens.com/HVP/.../SED2DriveBasics.pps - United States

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