Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics: Trigonometric Functions & Identities

Part 1

1. Consider a right-angled triangle, ABC, where ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90° and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 𝜃, where 𝜃 is an
acute angle. There are 6 trigonometric functions that can be defined.
!" $ #"
sin 𝜃 = #" cosec 𝜃 = %&' ( = !"

#! $ #"
cos 𝜃 = #" sec 𝜃 = )*% ( = #!

%&' ( !" $ )*% ( #!

tan 𝜃 = )*% ( = #! cot 𝜃 = +,' ( = = !"
%&' (

2. Notice that ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 180° − 90° − 𝜃 = 90° − 𝜃 (∠ 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 △)

!"
• cos ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = cos(90° − 𝜃) = #" = sin 𝜃
#!
• sin ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = sin(90° − 𝜃) = #" = cos 𝜃
#!
• tan ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = tan(90° − 𝜃) = "! = cot 𝜃

From the above functions, we can see that sine and cosine are complementary functions
while tangent and cotangent are complementary functions.

cos(90° − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃

sin(90° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃

tan(90° − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃

1
3. Considering a Cartesian plane with origin O and a line OP of length r rotating about O. Let
𝜃 be the angle through which OP has rotated from the positive x-axis. 𝜃 is the angle from
the positive x-axis to the line OP in an anti-clockwise direction.
(a) The basic angle of 𝜃, denoted by 𝛼 is defined as the acute angle between OP and its
projection on the x-axis.
(b) By definition, the value of a basic angle is positive.

𝜃 = 180° − 𝛼 𝜃=𝛼

𝜃 = 180° + 𝛼 𝜃 = 360° − 𝛼

Example:
Given that 0° < 𝜃 < 360° and 𝜃 has a basic angle of 50°, find 𝜃 if it is located in the
(a) second quadrant
(b) third quadrant
(c) fourth quadrant

2
Solutions
(a)

In the second quadrant, the value of 𝜃 will be

180° − 𝛼 (basic angle)

(b)

In the third quadrant, the value of 𝜃 will be

180° + 𝛼 (basic angle)

(c)

In the fourth quadrant, the value of 𝜃 will be

360° − 𝛼 (basic angle)

3
5. In general, the trigonometric function of an angle, 𝜃, can be found by the following steps:
(a) Determine the quadrant in which 𝜃 is located in.
(b) Find the basic angle, 𝛼, of the angle 𝜃.
(c) Find the value of the trigonometric function of 𝜃. The magnitude of the trigonometric
function of 𝜃 is equal to that of the basic angle, 𝛼.
(d) The sign of the trigonometric function of 𝜃 depends on the quadrant in which 𝜃 is
located in.

5
6. For angles more than 360°, that is, more than one revolution, the trigonometric functions
can be found by finding the equivalent angle in the first revolution.

7. Let 𝜃 be the angle through which OP is rotated from the positive x-axis and it is located in
the quadrant where OP lies.
(a) 𝜃 > 0 if OP rotates in an anti-clockwise direction

(b) 𝜃 < 0 if OP rotates in a clockwise direction

(c) Every position of OP can be reached by either clockwise or anticlockwise rotation.

Therefore, the position of OP corresponds to 2 different values of 𝜃 – one positive and
one negative. For example, 90° is equivalent to −270°.
(d) In general, −𝜃 is equivalent to −𝜃 + 360°

−𝜃
−𝜃 + 360°

8. To find the trigonometric functions of negative angles, simply find the trigonometric
functions of the corresponding positive angles.

9. Principal values of 𝐬𝐢𝐧/𝟏 𝒙, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 /𝟏 𝒙 and 𝐭𝐚𝐧/𝟏 𝒙:

(a) The principal value of 𝐬𝐢𝐧/𝟏 𝒙 is defined as the angle between −90° and 90° inclusive.

$ $ $
For example, sin 45° = and sin 135° = but sin/$ = 45° and not 135°.
√0 √0 √0

7
 (b) sin/$ 𝑥 is only defined for −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

10. (a) The principle value of cos /$ 𝑥 is defined as the angle between 0° and 180° inclusive.
(b) cos /$ 𝑥 is only defined for −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

11. The principle value of tan/$ 𝑥 is defined as the angle strictly between −90° and 90°.

$ $ $
Note: sin/$ 𝑥 ≠ %&' 2 , cos /$ 𝑥 ≠ )*% 2 and tan/$ 𝑥 ≠ +,' 2

$ $
For example sin/$ = 45° but " = 81.03°.
√0 %&'
√!

12. Solving for 𝜽 given that 𝟎° ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.

(a) Find the basic angle, 𝛼, of the angle 𝜃
(find the principle value, ignore any negative sign)
(b) Determine which quadrant 𝜃 can be found based on CAST rule
(c) Solve for 𝜃

Example
Solve for x where 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.

sin 𝑥 = −0.3872

Solutions

Step 1: Find the basic angle, by finding the principle value. Ignore the negative sign.
Basic angle, 𝛼 = sin/$ 0.3872
= 22.78°

Step 2: Determine which quadrants do 𝒙 lie in.

sin 𝑥 = −0.3872 à sin is negative à x is in 3rd and 4th quadrant

Step 3: Solve for 𝒙.

𝑥 = 180° + 22.78° (3rd quadrant), 360° − 22.78° (4th quadrant)
= 202.8°, 337.2° (1.d.p)

8
13. Negative angles (𝜃 here is an acute angle):

sin(−𝜃) = −sin 𝜃

cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃

tan(−𝜃) = −tan 𝜃

14. Complementary angles (𝜃 here is an acute angle)

sin(90° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 sin(90° + 𝜃) = cos 𝜃

cos(90° − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 cos(90° + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃

tan(90° − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃 tan(90° + 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃

15. Supplementary angles (𝜃 here is an acute angle)

sin(180° − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 180° − 𝜃 refers to the 2nd quadrant

cos(180° − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 - Only sin positive,

tan(180° − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 - tan and cos negative

sin(180° + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 180° + 𝜃 refers to the 3rd quadrant

cos(180° + 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 - Only tan positive,

tan(180° + 𝜃) = tan 𝜃 - sin and cos negative

sin(360° − 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 360° − 𝜃 refers to the 4th quadrant

cos(360° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 - Only cos positive,

tan(360° − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 - tan and sin negative

sin(360° + 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 360° + 𝜃 refers to the 1st quadrant

cos(360° + 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 - All are positive,

tan(360° + 𝜃) = tan 𝜃

9
 Trigonometric Functions & Identities – Practice Questions 1a

1. The diagram shows a right-angled triangle in which ∠𝑅𝑃𝑄 = 𝜃 and ∠𝑃𝑅𝑄 = 90° − 𝜃.

90° − 𝜃
c b

𝜃
P Q
a
$
(a) Show that tan(90° − 𝜃) = +,' (

(b) Show that sin(90° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃

)*% 03°
(c) Hence, evaluate that )*% 03°5%&' 63° .

10
 $
2. 𝜃 is an acute angle such that cos 𝜃 = 0. Find the value of

(a) cos 𝜃 sin(90° − 𝜃)

(b) 2tan 𝜃 + tan(90° − 𝜃)

3. Given that 0° < 𝜃 < 360° and 𝜃 has a basic angle of 40°, find 𝜃 if it is located in the
(a) 3rd quadrant

(b) 4th quadrant

11
4. State the quadrant of the angle 𝜃 and the value of its basic angle 𝛼 if
(a) 𝜃 = 150°

Answer: (a) Quadrant = ___________

Basic angle 𝛼 = ___________

(b) 𝜃 = 250°

Answer: (b) Quadrant = ___________

Basic angle 𝛼 = ___________

(c) 𝜃 = 390°

Answer: (c) Quadrant = ___________

Basic angle 𝛼 = ___________

(d) 𝜃 = −60°

Answer: (d) Quadrant = ___________

Basic angle 𝛼 = ___________

(e) 𝜃 = −100°

Answer: (e) Quadrant = ___________

Basic angle 𝛼 = ___________

12
 7 8
5. Given that 0 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋 and that tan 𝜃 = 9 , calculate the values of sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃 without

the use of a calculator.

Answer: sin 𝜃 = ___________

cos 𝜃= ___________

:
6. Given that 270° < 𝐴 < 360° and that sin 𝐴 = − $8 , find the values of cos 𝐴 and tan 𝐴

without the use of a calculator.

Answer: cos 𝐴 = ___________

tan 𝐴= ___________

9
7. Given that 90° < 𝑥 < 180° and that cos 𝑥 = − , find the values of sin 𝑥 and tan 𝑥
:

without the use of a calculator.

Answer: sin 𝑥 = ___________

tan 𝑥= ___________

13
 8 7 87
8. Given that tan 𝐴 = − 9 and tan 𝐵 = 2 and that both A and B are between and , find
0 0

the value of each of the following without the use of a calculator.

(a) sin 𝐴

Answer: (a) sin 𝐴 = ___________

(b) sec 𝐴

Answer: (b) sec 𝐴 = ___________

(c) cot 𝐵

Answer: (c) cot 𝐵 = ___________

(d) cosec 𝐴 + sec 𝐵

Answer: (d) cosec 𝐴 + sec 𝐵 = ___________

14
9. Given that cos 160° = −𝑞, express the following in terms of q.
(a) cos 20°

Answer: (a) cos 20° = ___________

(b) sin 160°

Answer: (b) sin 160° = ___________

(c) tan(−20°)

Answer: (c) tan(−20°) = ___________

(d) cos 70°

Answer: (d) cos 70° = ___________

15
10. Given that sin 50° = 𝑝, express the following in terms of p.
(a) sin 230°

Answer: (a) sin 230° = ___________

(b) cos 50°

Answer: (b) cos 50° = ___________

(c) tan(−130°)

Answer: (c) tan(−130°) = ___________

(d) sin 40°

Answer: (d) sin 40° = ___________

16
11. Given that sec 𝑥 = 2 and 0° < 𝑥 < 180°, find the value of
(a) cos 𝑥

Answer: (a) cos 𝑥 = ___________

(b) sin 𝑥

Answer: (b) sin 𝑥 = ___________

(c) cosec 𝑥

Answer: (c) cosec 𝑥 = ___________

(d) cot 𝑥

Answer: (d) cot 𝑥 = ___________

17
 Trigonometric Functions & Identities – Practice Questions 1b

1. Solve the following equations for values of x between 0° and 360°.

(a) sin 𝑥 = 0.745

Answer: (a) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________

(b) tan 𝑥 = −1.37

Answer: (b) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________

18
(c) sin 2𝑥 = 0.45

Answer: (c) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________, ___________

(d) cos 2𝑥 = −0.74

Answer: (d) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________, ___________

19
2. Solve the following equations for values of x between 0° and 360°.
(a) sin 𝑥 = cos 47 °

Answer: (a) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________

(b) tan 𝑥 = − cos 183 °

Answer: (b) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________

20
(c) cos 2𝑥 + sin 66° = 0

Answer: (c) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________, ___________

(d) 3 sin 2𝑥 = −1.76

Answer: (d) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________, ___________

21
3. Solve the following equations for values of x between 0° and 360°.
(a) sin(2𝑥 + 15°) = 0.75

Answer: (a) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________, ___________

(b) cos(2𝑥 − 15°) = −0.145

Answer: (b) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________, ___________

22
(c) tan(2𝑥 − 78°) = −1.57

Answer: (c) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________, ___________

(d) tan(3𝑥 − 30°) = −1

Answer: (d) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________ ,

___________ , ___________ , ___________

23
4. Solve the following equations for values of x between 0° and 360°.
(a) 4(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) = cos 𝑥

Answer: (a) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________

(b) 3 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 2 cos 0 𝑥

Answer: (b) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________ , ___________

24
(c) 6 cos 𝑥 + 7 = 3 sec 𝑥

Answer: (c) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________

(d) sin 𝑥 = 4 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥

Answer: (d) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________

, ___________ , ___________

25
Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics: Trigonometric Functions & Identities

Part 2

1. Trigonometric Functions of special angles

Example:
Without the use of a calculator, evaluate
(a) cos 30° − sin 45° + tan 45°
(b) sin 30° + tan 45° + cos 60°
(c) cos 330° + tan 225° − sin 300°

Solutions
√8 $
(a) cos 30° − sin 45° + tan 45° = − +1
0 √0

√8 $ √0
= − × +1
0 √0 √0

√8 √0
= − +1
0 0

√8/√0
= +1
0

$ $
(b) sin 30° + tan 45° + cos 60° = 0 + 1 + 0

=2

26
 (c) cos 330° + tan 225° − sin 300° = cos 30° + tan 45° − sin 60°
√8 √8
= +1−
0 0

=1
2. The three basic trigonometric identities are defined as follows:

sin0 𝜃 + cos 0 𝜃 = 1

tan0 𝜃 + 1 = sec 0 𝜃

1 + cot 0 𝜃 = cosec 0 𝜃

Example
Show that 1 − 2cos 0 𝑥 = 2 sin0 𝑥 − 1

Solution:
LHS: 1 − 2cos 0 𝑥 = 1 − 2(1 − sin0 𝑥)
= 1 − 2 + 2 sin0 𝑥
= 2 sin0 𝑥 − 1 (shown)

Example
Show that tan0 𝑥 − sin0 𝑥 = tan0 𝑥 sin0 𝑥

Solution:
%&'! 2 %&'! 2 )*%! 2
LHS: tan0 𝑥 − sin0 𝑥 = )*%! 2 − )*%! 2
%&'! 2 / %&'! 2 )*%! 2
= )*%! 2
%&'! 2 ($ / )*%! 2)
= )*%! 2
%&'! 2 (%&'! 2)
= )*%! 2
%&'! 2
= sin0 𝑥 )*%! 2

= sin0 𝑥 tan0 𝑥 (Shown)

27
 Trigonometric Functions & Identities – Practice Questions 2

1. Without the use of a calculator, evaluate

%&' 9:°
(a) )*% 83°5%&' >3°

%&' 9:°
Answer: (a) )*% 83°5%&' >3° = ___________

(b) tan 30° + tan 45° + tan 60°

Answer: (b) tan 30° + tan 45° + tan 60° = ___________

28
 7 7 7
(c) sin 8 + cos > + cos 8

7 7 7
Answer: (c) sin 8 + cos > + cos 8 = ___________

$
+,'
%
(d) $ $ $
%&' +,' 5 )*%
% & '

$
+,'
Answer: (d) $ $
%
$ = ___________
%&' +,' 5 )*%
% & '

29
2. Prove the following identities:
(a) sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥

(b) tan 𝐴 = sin 𝐴 sec 𝐴

$5%?) 2
(c) = sec 𝑥
$5)*% 2

30
 %&'! 2
(d) 1 − $5)*% 2 = cos 𝑥

$/0)*%! #
(e) = tan 𝐴 − cot 𝐴
%&' # )*% #

(f) cot 𝑥 (sec 0 𝑥 − 1) = tan 𝑥

31
(g) (1 − cos 𝑥)(1 + sec 𝑥) = sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥

(h) cos 0 𝐴 + cot 0 𝐴 cos 0 𝐴 = cot 0 𝐴

(i) cos 0 𝑥 − sin0 𝑥 = cos 9 𝑥 − sin9 𝑥

32
 $5)*% # %&' # 0
(j) + $5)*% # = %&' #
%&' #

)*+ @)*% # $/%&' #

(k) =
)*+ #5)*% # )*% #

$5%&' #
(l) = (tan 𝐴 + sec 𝐴)0
$/%&' #

33
3. Solve the following equations for values of x between 0° and 360°.
(a) 3 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = 7

Answer: (a) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________

34
(b) 5 sec 0 𝑥 − 9 tan 𝑥 = 1

Answer: (b) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ ,

___________ , ___________

35
(c) 2 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin0 𝑥 = 0

Answer: (c) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________

36
(d) (1 + sin 𝑥)(2 + sin 𝑥) = 2cos 0 𝑥

Answer: (d) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ ,

___________ , ___________

37
(e) 3 sec 0 𝑥 − 2 tan 𝑥 = 8

Answer: (e) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ ,

___________ , ___________

38
(f) 5 cos 𝑥 + 6 sin0 𝑥 = 7

Answer: (f) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ ,

___________ , ___________

39
Secondary 3 Additional Mathematics: Trigonometric Functions & Identities

Part 3

1. Addition Formula
Let A and B be any two angles.

sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

Example :
: 9
Given that A is an obtuse angle and B is an acute angle, where sin 𝐴 = $8 and sin 𝐵 = :,

evaluate each of the following without finding the values of A and B.

(a) tan(𝐴 − 𝐵)
(b) cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)

Solution

13
5

−12

: 9
sin 𝐴 = $8 sin 𝐵 = :

$0 8
cos 𝐴 = − $8 cos 𝐵 = :

: 9
tan 𝐴 = − $0 tan 𝐵 = 8

40
 +,' #/+,' !
(a) tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = $5+,' # +,' !
( &
/ /
= "! %
( &
$5A/ BA B
"! %
)
/
= &
&

$:
= −3 $>

(b) cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

$0 8 : 9
= c− $8d c:d − c$8d c:d
8> 9
= − >: − $8
:>
= − >:

Example :
Evaluate, without using a calculator,
(a) cos 105°
(b) sin 89° cos 1° + cos 89° sin 1°

Solution
(a) cos 105° = cos(45° + 60°)
= cos 45° cos 60° − sin 45° sin 60°
$ $ √8 $
=0c d − c d
√0 0 √0

$ √8
= 0√0 − 0√0
$/√8 0√0
= × 0√0
0√0

0√0/0√>
= C

√0/√>
= 9

(b) sin 89° cos 1° + cos 89° sin 1° = sin(89° + 1°)

= sin(90°)
=1

41
2. Double Angle Formula
Using the addition formula, but A = B.

sin 2𝐴 = 2sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

cos 2𝐴 = cos 0 𝐴 − sin0 𝐴

= 1 − 2 sin0 𝐴
= 2 cos 0 𝐴 − 1
0 +,' #
tan 2𝐴 = $/+,'! #

Example
%&' 025$ )*% 25%&' 2
Prove that = )*% 2/%&' 2
)*% 02

%&' 025$ 0 %&' 2 )*% 25$

LHS: =
)*% 02 )*%! 2/%&'! 2

0 %&' 2 )*% 25)*%! 25%&'! 2

= )*%! 2/%&'! 2

)*%! 250 %&' 2 )*% 25%&'! 2

= )*%! 2/%&'! 2

()*% 25%&' 2)!

= ()*% 25%&' 2)()*% 2/%&' 2)

)*% 25%&' 2
= )*% 2/%&' 2 (shown)

3. The R-formula
If a > 0, b > 0 and 𝛼 is acute, then the R-formula is defined as follows:

𝑎 cos 𝑥 ± 𝑏 sin 𝑥 = 𝑅 cos(𝑥 ∓ 𝛼)

𝑎 sin 𝑥 ± 𝑏 cos 𝑥 = 𝑅 sin(𝑥 ± 𝛼)

D
where 𝑅 = √𝑎0 + 𝑏 0 and tan 𝛼 = -

42
 Example:
Express √3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 in the form of 𝑅 cos(𝑥 + 𝛼), where R is a positive constant and
𝛼 is an acute angle in degrees. Find the maximum and minimum values of √3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥.
Hence, state the maximum and minimum values of
0
(a) f√3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥g
8
(b) f√3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥g

Solution
From √3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥, we get a =√3 and b = 1.
$
√3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = √3 + 10 cos(𝑥 + 𝛼) where 𝛼 = tan/$ √8 = 30°

√3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 2 cos(𝑥 + 30°)

*Note that −1 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ≤ 1

Since −1 ≤ cos(𝑥 + 30°) ≤ 1 for all values of x,

−2 ≤ 2cos(𝑥 + 30°) ≤ 2 , that is −2 ≤ √3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ≤ 2.
Hence, the maximum value is 2 and the minimum value is −2.
0
(a) Maximum value of f√3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥g = 20
=4
0
Minimum value of f√3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥g = 0
8
(b) Maximum value of f√3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥g = 28
=8
8
Minimum value of f√3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥g = (−2)8
= −8

*Note the difference in answers for the square and the cube of the trigonometric function

43
 Trigonometric Functions & Identities – Practice Questions 3a

1. Express the following as single trigonometrical ratios:

(a) sin 37° cos 25° + cos 37° sin25°

(b) cos 25° cos 15° − sin 25° sin15°

(c) sin 126° cos 23° − cos 126° sin23°

+,' 06°5+,' $8°

(d) $/+,' 06° +,' $8°

44
2. Given that tan 𝐴 = 𝑎 and sin 𝐵 = 𝑏 and that A and B are acute, find the value of each of
the following in terms if a and/or b.
(a) sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)

Answer: (a) sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = ________________

(b) cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)

Answer: (b) cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ________________

(c) tan(𝐴 − 𝐵)

Answer: (c) tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = ________________

45
3. A is an acute angle such that tan 𝐴 = 𝑎.
Find the value of each of the following in terms if a.
(a) tan(45° + 𝐴)

Answer: (a) tan(45° + 𝐴) = ________________

(b) sin(60° + 𝐴)

Answer: (b) sin(60° + 𝐴) = ________________

(c) cos(𝐴 − 30°)

Answer: (c) cos(𝐴 − 30°) = ________________

46
4. Express the following as single trigonometrical ratios:
(a) 2 sin 25° cos 25°

(b) 1 − 2 sin0 27°

0 +,' 8:°
(c) $/+,'! 8:°

(d) cos 0 25° − sin0 25°

(e) 2cos 0 13° − 1

47
 8
5. Given that sin 𝐴 = : and that A is obtuse, calculate, without using calculators, the value of:

(a) cos 2𝐴

Answer: (a) cos 2𝐴 = ________________

(b) tan 2𝐴

Answer: (b) tan 2𝐴 = ________________

$
(c) sin 0 𝐴

$
Answer: (c) sin 0 𝐴 = ________________

(d) cos 4𝐴

Answer: (d) cos 4𝐴 = ________________

48
 : 9
6. Given that sin 𝑋 = − $8, cos 𝑌 = − : and that X and Y are in the same quadrant, find,

without using calculators, the value of.

$
(a) sin 0 𝑋

$
Answer: (a) sin 0 𝑋 = ________________

(b) cos 2𝑌

Answer: (b) cos 2𝑌 = ________________

(c) cos 2𝑋

Answer: (c) cos 2𝑋 = ________________

49
 Trigonometric Functions & Identities – Practice Questions 3b

1. Prove the following identities:

%&'(#5!) +,' #5+,' !
(a) = +,' #/+,' !
%&'(#/!)

($5+,' #)! /0 +,'! #

(b) = sin 2𝐴 + cos 2𝐴
$5+,'! #

50
(c) 1 − tan0 𝐴 = cos 2𝐴 sec 0 𝐴

$ %?)! 2
(d) = 0/%?)! 2
)*% 02

(e) cosec 2𝑥 − cot 2𝑥 = tan 𝑥

51
2. Find all the values of x between 0° and 360° inclusive which satisfy the equation.
(a) 5 tan 2𝑥 + 7 tan 𝑥 = 0

Answer: (a) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________ , ___________ ,

___________ , ___________ , ___________

(b) 4 sin 2𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 0

Answer: (b) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________ ,

___________ ,___________

52
(c) 5 sin 2𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 = 0

Answer: (c) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ ,

___________ ,___________

(d) 4 cos 2𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0

Answer: (d) 𝑥 = ___________ , ___________ , ___________ ,

53
3. Express the following the form of 𝑅 sin(𝜃 + 𝛼) or 𝑅 sin(𝜃 − 𝛼).
(a) 5 sin 𝜃 + 2 cos 𝜃

(b) 3 cos 𝜃 + √3 sin 𝜃

(c) √5 sin 𝜃 − √3 cos 𝜃

(d) 4 sin 3𝑥 − 3 cos 3𝑥

54
4. Express the following the form of 𝑅 cos(𝜃 + 𝛼) or 𝑅 cos(𝜃 − 𝛼)
(a) 3 cos 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃

(b) 5 cos 2𝑥 + 4 sin 2𝑥

(c) √2 cos 𝜃 − √3 sin 𝜃

(d) 12 cos 𝑥 + 5 sin 𝑥

55
5. Express 5 sin 𝑥 − 12 cos 𝑥 in the form 𝑅 sin(𝑥 − 𝛼) where R is a positive constant and 𝛼
is acute. Hence, find
(a) all angles in the range 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°, of the equations 5 sin 𝑥 − 12 cos 𝑥 = 7,

(b) the maximum and minimum values of 5 sin 𝑥 − 12 cos 𝑥,

(c) the maximum and minimum values of (5 sin 𝑥 − 12 cos 𝑥)0

(d) the maximum and minimum values of (5 sin 𝑥 − 12 cos 𝑥)8

56
 Trigonometric Functions, Graphs & Identities – Exam Questions

2
1. (a) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2cos c0d − 1, for the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.

57
(b) In the diagram, triangle ABC is a right-angle triangle, where ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90°.
D is a point of AB such that AD is 7 cm and BD is 2 cm.

$
Given that cos∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = − 8 ,

(i) Find the exact length of BC.

Answer: (b)(i) 𝐵𝐶 = ___________

(ii) Find the value of tan∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 in the form of 𝑎√𝑏, where a and b are integers.

Answer: (b)(ii) tan∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 = ___________

58
 )*%& (/%&'& (
2. (a) Prove that = 4 cot 2𝜃 cosec 2𝜃.
%&'! ()*%! (

(b) Hence, or otherwise, solve

)*%& (/%&'& (
= 4cosec 2𝜃 for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°.
%&'! ()*%! (

59
 0 / %?)! 2 )*% 2 / %&' 2
3. (a) Show that 0 +,' 25 %?)! 2 = )*% 2 5 %&' 2 .

> / 8 %?)! 2 8
(b) Hence find, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, the values for which 0 +,' 2 %?)! 2 = 0.

60
4. It is given that 𝑦$ = tan 𝑥 and 𝑦0 = 2 cos 2𝑥 + 1.
(a) State the period in radians, of 𝑦$ and the amplitude of 𝑦0 .

Answer: (a) Period of 𝑦$ = ___________

Amplitude of 𝑦0 = ___________

For the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋,

(b) Sketch, on the same diagram, the graphs of 𝑦$ and 𝑦0 .

(c) Find the range(s) of values of x for which 𝑦$ and 𝑦0 are both increasing as x increases.

61
5. The diagram shows a lawn made up of two triangles, ABC and CDE. Triangle ABC is an
isosceles triangle where AB = AC = 6 m. DE = 7 m, AE = 3 m, and BA produced is
perpendicular to DE. Angle BAC is 𝜃 and the area of the lawn is S m2.

(a) Show that S = 18 sin 𝜃 + 31.5 cos 𝜃.

(b) Hence, express S as a single trigonometric term.

62
 (c) Given that 𝜃 can vary, find the maximum area of the lawn and the corresponding value
of 𝜃.

6.

The diagram above shows a quadrilateral in which PX = a m and QX = b m.

Angle OQX = Angle OPX = 𝜃° and OQ is perpendicular to OP.
(a) Show that OP = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃.

63
(b) It is given that the maximum length of OP is √5 m and the corresponding value of 𝜃 is
63.43°. By using OP = 𝑅 cos(𝜃 − 𝛼), where R > 0 and 𝜃 is acute, find the value of a
and b.

(c) Given that OP = 21.5 m, find the value of 𝜃.

64
 7
7. It is given that 𝑦 = 1 − 3 sin 2𝑥 for − 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.

(a) State the period of y.

Answer: (a) Period of 𝑦 = ___________

(b) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 1 − 3 sin 2𝑥.

(c) By drawing a straight line on the same diagram as in part (b), find the number of
$ 82 7
solutions to the equation 3 sin 2𝑥 + 1 0 = 7
for − 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.

Answer: (c) Number of solutions = ___________

65
 $ 5 %&' 02 5 )*% 02
8. (a) Prove that = 2 cos 𝑥.
)*% 25 %&' 2

%?)! 2 8
(b) Given that 0 +,'! 2 5 $ = 9, where 180° < 𝑥 < 270°, find the exact value of sin x.

66
9. In the diagram, triangle ABC is a right angle triangle where angle ACB = 𝜃 and AC = 6 cm.
R is a point on AB and T is the mid-point of AC . RT is parallel to BC and AR is a line of
symmetry of triangle AST .

(a) Show that the perimeter, P cm, of the above diagram is P = 9 cos 𝜃 + 3 sin 𝜃 + 9.

(b) (i) By expressing P in the form 𝑚 + 𝑛 cos(𝜃 − 𝛼),

Find the value of 𝜃 for which P = 15.

67
 (ii) Hence, state the maximum value of P and find the corresponding value of 𝜃.

0 / 8%?)! 02
10. Given that 𝑦 = ,
+,'! 02 5 $

(a) express y in the form cos 4𝑥 + 𝑘,

7
(b) sketch the graph y for − 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.

68
 0
11. Given the equation %&'! ( = 5 − cot 𝜃 where 0° < 𝜃 < 360°, find

(a) the values of 𝜃,

(b) the exact values of cos 𝜃.

69
 0
12. (a) Prove that tan 𝐴 + cot 𝐴 = %&' 0#.

(b) Hence, or otherwise, solve tan 𝐴 + cot 𝐴 = 2.5 for 0° < 𝜃 < 270°.

70
13. The figure below shows two circles 𝐶$ and 𝐶0 , touching each other in the first quadrant of
the Cartesian plane. 𝐶$ has radius 5 and touches the y-axis at D. 𝐶0 has radius 4 and touches
the x-axis at E. The line AB joining the centre of 𝐶$ and 𝐶0 , meets the x-axis at F. Angle
BFO is 𝜃.

(a) Find expressions for OD and OE in terms of 𝜃 and show that

𝐷𝐸 0 = 122 + 90 cos 𝜃 + 72 sin 𝜃.

(b) Hence express 𝐷𝐸 0 in the form 122 + 𝑅 cos(𝜃 − 𝛼), where R > 0 and 𝛼 is acute.

71
 (c) Calculate the greatest possible length of DE and state the corresponding value of 𝜃.

14. (a) Show that (cosec x −1)(cosec x + 1)(sec x − 1)(sec x +1) =1.

(b) Hence solve (cosec x −1)(cosec x + 1)(sec x − 1)(sec x +1) = tan2 2𝑥 − 5 sec 2𝑥 for
0° < 𝜃 < 360°.

72
15. The function f (x) = sin0 𝑥 + 2 − 3cos 0 𝑥 is defined for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
(a) Express f (x) in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 2𝑥, stating the values of a and b.

(b) State the period and amplitude of f(x).

(c) Sketch the graph of y = f (x) and hence state the number of solutions of the equation
$ 2
− 07 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 = 0.
0

73
16. In the diagram, PQRST is a piece of cardboard. PQST is a rectangle with PQ = 2 cm and
QRS is an isosceles triangle with QR = RS = 4 cm. RSQ = RQS = 𝜃 radians.

(a) Show that the area, A cm2, of the cardboard is given by A= 8 sin 2𝜃 + 16 cos𝜃.

(b) Given that q can vary, find the stationary value of A and determine whether it is a
maximum or a minimum. (*Differentiation)

74
17. (a) Show that cos 3𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = −2 sin 2𝜃 sin 𝜃.

(b) Hence find the values of 𝜃 between 0° and 360° for which cos 3𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃.

75
 $
18. It is given that 𝑦$ = −2 cos 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦0 = sin 0 𝑥.

For the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋,

(a) state the amplitude and period of 𝑦$ and 𝑦0

Answer: (a) Period of 𝑦$ = ___________

Amplitude of 𝑦0 = ___________

(b) sketch on the same diagram, the graphs of 𝑦$ and 𝑦0

76
 (c) find the x-coordinate of the points of intersection of the two graphs drawn in (b),

(d) hence, find the range of values of x for which 𝑦$ ≤ 𝑦0 .

0 – 0%?)! 2
19. (a) Show that ($5)*% 2)($/)*% 2) = − 2sec 0 𝑥.

77
 (b) Hence find, for −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, the values of x in radians for which
0 – 0%?)! 2
= 4 tan 𝑥.
($5)*% 2)($/)*% 2)

20. PQRS is a rectangle. A line through Q, intersects PS at N and RS produced at T, where QN

= 7 cm, NT = 17 cm, NTS = 𝜃, where 𝜃 varies.

(a) Show that the perimeter of PQRS, P cm, is given by P = 14 cos 𝜃 + 48 sin 𝜃.

78
(b) Express P in the form of R cos(𝜃 − 𝛼) and state the value of R and 𝛼 in degree.

(c) Without evaluating 𝜃, justify with reasons if P can have a value of 48 cm.

(d) Find the value of P for which QR = 12 cm.

79
21. (a) Prove the identity sin0 2𝑥 (cot 0 𝑥 − tan0 𝑥) = 4 cos 2𝑥.

G
(b) Hence find, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, the values of x for which sin0 2𝑥 = )*+! 2/ +,'! 2.

80
 $5 +,' 2
22. (a) Prove that $/+,' 2 = sec 2𝑥 + tan 2𝑥 .

$
(b) Hence, find the reflex angle x such that sec 2𝑥 + tan 2𝑥 = 8 .

81
23. (a) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 4 − 3 sin 2𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.

(b) State the range of values of k for which 4 − 3 sin 2𝑥 = 𝑘 has two roots for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.

82
24. (a) The diagram shows two right-angled triangles with the same height x cm. One triangle
has a base of 4 cm and the other triangle has a base of 6 cm. Angles A and B are such that
A + B = 135°.

Find the values of x.

83
(b) The current y (in amperes), in an alternating current (A.C.) circuit, is given by
𝑦 = 170 sin (𝑘𝑡), where t is time in seconds.
$
The period of this function is >3 second.

(i) Find the amplitude of y

Answer: (a) Amplitude of 𝑦 = ___________

(ii) Find the exact value of k in radians per second

Answer: (b) 𝑘 = ___________

(iii) For how long in a period is y > 85?

Answer: (c) 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ___________

84
25. The diagram shows the cross-section of a house with a rooftop BAC. The length of AB and
AC are 10 m and 24 m respectively. The angle between AB and the horizontal through A
is 𝜃 degrees and BAC = 90°.

The base of the house is of length L m.

(a) Show that L = 10 cos 𝜃 + 24 sin 𝜃.

(b) Express L in the form 𝑅 sin(𝜃 + 𝛼), where R > 0 and 𝛼 is acute.

85
 (c) Find the longest possible base of the house and the corresponding value of 𝜃.

+,' 2 %&' 2
26. (a) Prove that = sec 𝑥 + 1.
$/)*% 2

+,' 2 %&' 2 8
(b) Hence or otherwise, solve = 9 sec 0 𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
$/)*% 2

86
27.

In the diagram XBY is a structure consisting of a beam XB of length 35 cm attached at B to

another beam BY of length 80 cm so that angle XBY = 90° . Small rings at X and Y enable
X to move along the vertical wire AP and Y to move along the vertical wire CQ. There is
another ring at B that allows B to move along the horizontal line AC. Angle ABX = 𝜃 and
𝜃 can vary.

(a) Show that AC = (35cos𝜃 + 80sin𝜃) cm.

87
(b) Express AC in the form of R sin(𝜃 + 𝛼) , where R > 0 and 0° < 𝛼 < 90° .

(c) Tom claims that the length of AC is 89 cm. Without measuring, Mary said that this was
not possible. Explain how Mary came to this conclusion.

88