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98 views47 pagesClass 12th Solution Chapter
Solution chapter
Uploaded by
HimaniCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 47
IVE UELUIV a
soluenresy— -—~
ee Eh is hemojenenus mindut of hue or- y
pe Substances having Same. Phase aad Unilstyn
qne
goeger tis’:
single-phase. containing {wor more Components”.
Leis the Cembinadion of Solute. and caliente ss
_———
i) Solute —— ;
Tt is the Component whith 1s present in —
Jessex omeunt ~
ti tae Component wtih fas Hae
same phate as that of Salubien ond —is—prestnl in
Jaxgex_ameusat- -
Types of Solubon sss - ty
u The. are Lhiee
~ phusiced Stale:
ab Yaneor galley = -
es iquid gollion
+ Sold golulom
hy) Gaseous Salulion. > - coummation eat ;
SS All the
- gas. aii ean as Hee mijascous sole — ae
Gaseous gn redares—_ ant — knourn—C J 3
anions —— - S
— nt gn En
Tae ited ——— 2
sold NHucr, Camphor
i Enomplet=
i -soluct _ £ramples
ai id Sot tO 2 Saget
i aud Aleshrol + 1.00
Ayes aie)
ae
‘dean
.
| ents ——_§___—.
Yor solid Le ue Corcowratren Lermgig
- ee Te Lemcemtration terms ant
en toexpress [he wmound of Sole ase) Salutrt
paueut in the Sotulven.
Tht amew of Solute dissulve in
af solution ox in perky
lee on contusion,
Pet. lilve volun.
Wughl of Solvent jg
ee Concentration Terms. <
“Bempeantunt deperstial Ged spaanan Jou tpsnale
7 fan ame ) 1 Chass)
=Uslume Pecenote | Mole Fruchian
soctma lity PPM Ay
# Volume Pexcembosge te
The mass of Salute in joo Cm!
Or looms af the Sol” is knousn as the “
fenrontos 6. I colute (ml)
fs — & aaa a Solup}on (my ) i Sotulleay - AB 7\ nate
] 3 ri
4 Goluent - A C=
Sole = B
SS
%. Mass. volume percemlogess?
—imass. of Soke Per. roo carts
~-— 1 Selliern-
Lt tt is denole by % "A
1t.9L.S2l ve gm). 100
Dene of Parks
The. nua
ihe? tae Volume ¢/
by
$y fee wey!
a ‘“ _ alae of. solurion. Came) — aa
et Mmolarity:2 _ SS ican 7
of tas salad
the no mr A
—— disseles_1n_tne_pen_lifre ilume of tle Sollstien.
| => Tt 1s demoted oy — M2
> s.t_umit += mole / Litre
et ial)
| M = 76 i
i Ne
| toe femme — thet
{|
Molar Woy x} Strength sa a
a. he mass of Soluble. in_per. fre.
| yolume.of the solwion is Calley strength _of sol%.
ie
Strength. Mass of solute Com), =
a VN) SOI Filine
82 Wa ay —
v
We knew kha ft _
| eee
T
| By—tlr equation i) & i)
i
Tt m=:
i Map
Me: molarity of sol™
| Mg=-Molay Moy of Solube: . .
L} Normality 20,
Tt isthe mo» of 9m equivalent of
the Solute clissolued in per liter volume of
rt ic clemoted by [Us
tC ST. Uni 2 gm eq: / litye
[Nema =e el N> te — ) ——
Ve
soa). ¢ - f ight of “Salube .
Nes gf. gay equivalent = sgelant JEM #6 Colole
Cy = WR Hi) a
} 4, “Ty wl en ~
by fee equstion. Ui)* “Ui Sans SE ~?
woe Wt _
a Em X Ve
= PEcialin wu = Molay Moy 0
™m fachoy
ie Ema_= Mea (ial)
Es
By the equation (iii) & (iv )
[vs ee
Max
| Caleadation of faster: 3
Erne omnes ide ea = ;
1 Given loy aniels see ue Hans
T im Aqueous gM
Le
Gig oe Ee cr
Np = |
H2SOy = gnt 4 a
Sot
nr Oe riz) Jar the case of Whases icy
| a
| ee : No- of OH ion given.
_by- tlie Rase-
NAOH <* Nal ton” my 1
——
|
i
my Ca tag ttt i 8
ii) fn fu taat oh Aalbeng —
i
j -- _______ tat magnitude of _
[either positive ox megative clmge of Formulas
i Nao(0; —r Nat + cof Se 7
acl —+ Nat #cer Dy =
| Ala (Soy), —» Ait + gcoe pe 6
Temperatwr Tndendent Cencemlrahon terms: cy
ass percentase 2%
The maw of tle Solute fey
f. Wfuyy = Wetght of Sol
Weight of Sol”. (9m)
If He weight of sei is onkmmsn Hen
[ab fea Helgi of sof” Lao gn. M a
ole_ Fraction :-———-- ao iar oy
———— moles
tone Com mp ont mtnta tae tata AT Mit
Kee Sas ee a Solulions ; molality: >. i. oO
———The_mamber_of 1 elles afte. Soule
= presewt_in per ky wei ; =
4 pees, denotes! &y m+
fp S:-I_vmit = moles Ky.
! Moladcty = oles 9 lp
coergk of Slvtet (ia
4 = me i)
Wa
Keno Has K_| Relation befacerr ebolarily
i
1 : as
: { We knmw thal
| N= 1 MaX % —_—
atl. ————
4 AA
OV —
———
ar ——
1 By the 29 (Di)
1 a alae
pee to_delemminethe._am oul of sah toute,
MOLE. .
“Prousitity Man folume _
- Quantify
6-023 x10
Wei
Malay yAow es
ji - Sola of Solids in iquld 29>
7 fhe. manumiivm. Om,
h | of (e Soltod died Com be. clissol ved fn ant
&Scluad al_ Cexvdamn Lemperodtur pls cols-ef Solu ilify .
~ SF Seliole .
oF Te obLarned Sobtion ts. known co the Solwasdy
— SoluNear: . oe oe = 8
~®. Factors any ty sy of. Sollds:2)—————__
—=+- hi) on [tisha 3 f cclid Solute moldisaluie ang Soles aan Solute By et ss — ——-
oF
Tq | Solubility of gases _im liquids >
45s ond igri bane bea
tS Solotiom ad _ Storm a tyye
a = The-volume (ml) of a gas “white. dissolved anne
~ _mehtt is tolled absorption efficient: LUed in tg.
a eu
eta ae a _ _
Factor affecting Solubiirhy af pases:
— Li) Mature of Yas
—t-in—solubian,—dat— Soluble in iaalea.. ei
Eats WH, ,HCI , So, ek.
_—i-r M,0, amd (0, One. Soluble in elles! Alchnl»
=r—O;—is_teadily soluble in _biande
st 6 of
H-cl =e ne
se
fovea of a€tradion
—j > i ae Excepth 2
_— al He Das ue ‘Biquid_witr ly ,
Hy an i
‘abesptio of von 0, the Solvbilily- of chese_gaseyx _
Mereases youll rmerease In Lemprabuye——————
Increases with iarcrease_in_demprabute:— —e-
tv)_Effect. ee oc -
Fo ce
Heney's_ bona 29.
—fthe- “mass of a -gasdissalved in a 5, -
slime of the liguid ab Conldant Lempeintint is dingy —
—Patportional te the prevcuat of the —9a§-—————__~
-
1m XP
amy P otant Ky = Henrys Ceri
The partial prestune applied by amy 9.04 on guid
PX solubility
XK xX p Tat Canslowt. foun - : — - a
— (ey
———Ky fer, X-her :
Solubility des
ql linitoMonso.f Henry_tausa __ ().o>
|
| 4 Pressuse Should mal _ he Loo highs —
Je ‘ =
_}e Tempestasl—chould mol be toa Jaw.
aoa tee eee
LES _ pap urr.
i Tete > Nps = ex.
ae ee as Madunt | Ciguid 33
fhe nde having Strons
Mrcelion Forces betuscen. ies moles . usill have
lawey Vapour PLowat _ oa Compare to Ofer. uid,
om! ~
Ma Ma _-try=0 = My Che Om ey
ie Sondey + Wee upw—firas._
ii) Bay 23 pts a ee _
: fra Boe = tint vague tr wn
Li Gos anta of iy
=>
Hp) He-0 + tno iain
(n) - eB)
ae BSDOTEONY — Sur fy *
ga . ~ 1S 632444) ea
peers 7
; ~
Hoot eH | — Solubjoy pt a
— for any. \Molatile Substanw , the _>-
f artial PyessuAe ernealte) by UYapour ox O15 —en_the_-
sundae of liquid 9%. Soluion és ~diveelty proportimal—
| toils amale. Fraction im Uquid 01 SoloMon,
| :
___ Ragult-s_law fox_sol™ of volatile Solute
Solution = Volatile solule + Volatile selviml_—
p
ee eee =
tle tuo valatile tempenemts A and pg forme _
Sol. Pp nad Pp ans He Vapoma parmurr jy —
Solution yeapectively =
figuid ta? Liguid ‘a! -
a A ar -
rv = - According lo Raoult faux - ~~ —
Vapour parmuat of n 3 — _
x“ a = -
=a
Napour rent of a —_ es
_
eek xg-—
= Fake
eae banal Pamauas .
eB
Vapour passant of Sof nH ie,
P= Pa tPg —4iir) Fn BY tee _equolion. iy) Rw)
Pe =. Para 1 SR awe
“Ps Ch (t-kod 4 Po Ke
2
|
ie
a Pe ae Ae
P= + ke (Pern)
gy equatian Gy 4 Wi) a
P= phxn +t Py Xp
P= Paxa + Pa (t- Xn)
° Oo 7
_____—
[p= pa + xn (fa-P°5)]
fg =—vapaun fauiurct in so™
Kaz Mole frochiou + Liquid ia
xg sete Rrecbioe 9) quid paghes So
1) fez Cake ond. fa. * fake ss
co ea ee PE
i) Ma pra. ben. Ps Pie tA se 2 —
ps Pat keCPacfa)
cS) nese tgee en
we Se fe
ye ig |
é
rf 2
° a
88Y v:
Baa
>>
Xp ao ope XReL
XBeat x -axi) XR=e
=z] ?e = te Xe
Deeee nee. ef eea” [aeoe)
Uy Pe
Beet, po > Pe caste ee i=.
_— Raaulile. law farctlce ~. canna
he Solution. 4 en
men-volahle. bees ;
i ‘Solution. « s— _ volalile. ‘Sol ven
{ + NoN-Vv (fon
- ; olelile ‘Sol
Bceording to Ronultls fas
=i)
wt ef So p= Py =lii)
By He SquaHin (i) & (is)
Pe Pa xp_ iti)
Xa_- i-%e = (wv) C Paka
— fz Bie
(eee res =
i fempernHre: -
Hey thee dfn by peek lade te
Romutl's Jaws +=
t i) olen) solubion
ti) Nen- foleap .Sofubiony. ” deal Solutions: > eee
[4 I, qhe_solubion whieh obey Panu HS faua ok Hae.
Se of Conemabrodion art Sales
__Oolles! _icleal Solulions
—_——$—__—
_ A.eoorclia 1 Raoult’ favo
Pa_= Pla Xq cy)
AM = Vogyn = Veotacte + Vsetrent———_— zera*
+ The change in enthelry IS
oG
as > 2A-B
Addn RKSER :
#ioz god -dOoS
tacos - aan —*.0-——
> The ntaynitude of nefracsre. force bebo,
IS CQUAL fo Ce Sum. af albrachve forces Prey,
17. A-A_ and B- 6 tn the- Solustem=—___
ce Liquids tarirg Same fundional. 3204p fermy,
~~. tedden) Solution.
——.
a
ates ~Exanap es
3
ee enonen-feyt ef. ay Ca
a flen- id tol Solubiontes
=> Tht Solufiens whic clo mot _oher ib
——— oe sah iBial lan
) hint one two. byes
Sajna gota
=e ict _ans os Fellow iJ Non - ited Soltions willy Positive deviodtansd
=» AcB interactions are weaker theo A-A ancl
B-G.. inferachons .
Ey Ca? fata and fg 2 [Xp
Ue lig Slee
: - AH ?0._C endothermic J
AV > 0 Lrosiltved
__ = Examplesz= Tg tO
—— —— Sh.
th
na I ntesraesions.onte _sfremger— ie
“Hh QB inter achen$s—.—- ee
11) Nem ideal sefuliens-- wilt.
te. ta
= _AV_<0 0 negative? _
~—-Extamp errs =
—_____Choltofovm + AcPlene Wetter $ (=
+ Acetone + Aniline _ _Choltoform ¢ g,
{|
—| Yraph to. = ms Azeatrople Minturers
EB A Binayy Solution of Liquid. Solule. aru Liquid ei
(> Fined composition of companents.
a Bels Ot. Constant Lempert __
ot Mhe_ Composition in_ liquid! - phase, and Vopeur. ae
|__yemains Same. for an_azeatropie. Poa a
Xa Ya yn
3 fdiguit) Cvs rour)_—_. ee vapour)
_. => Frachional__clistiilation_is_not_possible+ _
“ Azentrops_car_the Constant boiling mindune wide
boils _ot_Cansteost_tempenatunt tailed omy charge in
Composi Hi
i => There ont furo types of Azentzopic Mirpur
i> ; = nn ane vali
I he _boiting ae of azentynpic sojuHen ic lower
| * hom flee |
| sé nompler= Watery + Ethoms | Ethanol + Claoloveloym:
\
_ nN... ————O—————_————
i> Tt is a_men-blea) Solution Wilt negabive oleviatiou-
o : eghebonn ic De
jE xamiples Acetone + clinyfavasa
Motown) ¢ Aerie ache %.. Coilgalwe prepa lithi~
{ Riera Ahi
£9 The. proper of. fny sane ob. Solute.
b ANE anty clupondé upon (ue 4
offs! se
Te noahur golule doc an
b Colligahee Pf. openly : ee
uu! waa “altect— fhe Cellp,
aT natant ‘t Sol
ne
~- foepevty-- ——
_t. =
een an api tthiele y=
Se ee
— ee eS ee,
a Relative lowering nf Vapouy —PTESSuct——_
Se
_4in)._Depressiam in Freezing point ______"
=> hun a mem-elatile golube ic adeled to:
- 2 pests lust it Vopeuns palaunt. denetsiiss—
——This_dicarant—inuopeuu pavsunt ie bermsl-
——24 teussing of Napowy pamungs _Argmeling to __Raoull's [ams
ee ee
Pas PaXa --.- 2 (j)
fg_= _f', Xn
p= Pa t Pe
= ' bile i Taw Ay
Pas url is. negligible -
Now P= fa =--— (11)
by tus eg. (i) 4 (ii)
Pp: Pa kp =--- - (ji)
we knot nat
Apt Xg = J
Kg-= L-X_ -- ~ (i)
By He equotign (ii) 4 liv)
P: Pa (i-xa)
pe Pe
xs eee
= ies fa—f a’) :
aon rt a a gl SS
i
T p+ aHl0 Citi)
bettas eg lly il) @vithy
1 e :
—- —
A “Ma —
- g os
P EWA) wa ow
AL — =
uJ
Me ma -
e ;
me
Z Pha —$$—$_$_—<_—
ee ee ; se
* Wa =
“A
re ee
fas Liar
‘ Mg —— an cress multiply
Ma = Waxman [Pn],
EAE:
Wa = Wetyt of Solera
Wa < Weight of Solule
Ma z-. Malar men_ol Solved
Ma 2. Molay_menol Solute _.
Py = spour pau of puwe solv 5
a __.fg + —vepour_prremurc_ol solution. _ __
whirl
Eleadien im _Boiliny paint 23)
Re ji pe in be)
eee ea
_pressure of [le Solution becemes coal to atmospheric _
pressunte oy ertesmal prresung «
enteral premisat cleange boiling point alsa chowse
> urbim a _mem-Uolab/e solute is added to a Solum,
its boiling pain} jc pmopegser, this increomert tn BoP
——Is_knpurn a4 _etealation in goiling_polosfe __
: Tt oneoms boil point af Hae SoloHon ur/l( ofieays
| -be_qreales Hoom Ele bbiling point} af {le Solvent
Gp: oh sol > asp of Sal uenb
ee eee am
TH Ts = Borlhtg PE tout dat bie. howling Pond of, & 900-110 15,
» beding point of Solutsd Is Dies a 7
Elevedion in Bute + Behe 4. sul" = Ae: of Solon
Cae
» At, = Ty = Po as ot, ok eerie
(oe WMO thef
now,
Ne: Wh 4h m%
By tue eg: (uw) & Wi)
Wa
_~X gs —_ in :
ee
fot clilute Solution Pot D277 wo
—— “then; Xg_ = a fui.)
aR
DT, = k: Xp
We
= K: “Wie
fai
L __ A
pt, = kK x we yA fill)
mB Wwe
By te eg: (vi) anno (ui)
A sk na Ka
W§.
Se A we. konpa nab .
n f_omoles of Sal :
ote? saloon (eg
an oa =
__ molatify=—
{_ : moe
wa
ee
tah AT, =» elevation in_bailing—fainf
[gy > Molal elegatian —Canstany
| Relation betueen elesmbnln—Boilin Point a
rmoleeutlor mon of Solute (nen- iledisd
Wa teeyerh nel i eee ©
Molalify m= oe (ay
amo) ne _= Wa Q
-. Mpg .
[ By tue Bustion @_ ond @\ _
[ne We . [ ratsere a
Tp delight of Solueab
| Wee eight of Solute,
—— Elevation in Boiling Point _
ky, Mala! elevation gonstut
— —Mp—=>—_Moleeulay Mass of Solukes
I
\
i
¥/ Relation bebueom kp amd ott font of rYapourization:
|
Ma RK
AHyapourisetign X 1000
ushere My = molecular mon of solr
R= (nas Coste t
re Bailing Point of Salyent
Diseprer—-—Lotemt Hat of Vapourlrabion
%1_Umil of Ky anadl_ Ke $.¢>
ky & Ke -—At
= 26
mola |
ale kg «mol + Depression. in te et? ani.
= S
| Free esting. pal nse ——— a,
“The bempoint alti the _
ecomes_oqual tote, ing
Pee “sal ide b Adcarting bo Repelt!s fauw
AP K% Ky ~~~ @®
By the ef GC) &
AT, « Ka
OTe = Kxg Qy
Now. —- _
: Xe _..N_. Nes
MAMBO
a Np.2 lw -
Mpa ! Ppa lor
Alp = K- We Ma:
Me WA
Ot, = k+ N18 yp
wr
s- MB =m
=—ky-™ - wa
ea
tba ‘en - freezing Point
jatile Somes. ON
| Relation behwen depress!
Meccan omar of mane Vo
hep tin
i We know Hah — Ah
I
-Melaliby Can)—* 5 a
it cc
Ma = Ki x wa :
|
Huthens | -
We = weight of Solute =
Mg = Molerulor mam of Solute « -
Wye lstigak of Sol ver .
HK . Mola) _depreyien Cemthnat
Relation beta Kp anacl fodest Heat of \apouil
kp = Mp RTe* 2
Onvapsyr. XL000 .
—! a
Ustrsne Mp = Molemlor may of Sal veut :
JR Yo Cometan
pz freering pelnd of Solvest 7
DH vapror-+—Lalust Heat of Vapourisadiin | Di Ffasienss> —
+ - Lt is Process. in wliths Hae. nn an
| of nmofecutts. takes place from tighorn Concmiration. to
| lower Concembryreti on. ata
eure Spread. nae odow — Comalle.
#. Os masis 2 —— ee eee —
eee ree hes pontoncous flow of pilciiuey usec al
| Prem a _clilube Solubien to a__Con combrated solution
| throwgh 9 Semi=pesmenble membrane is calle! osynasit
| " |
mr Sugary solution
ofuey (Wotenr)
al :
Tequi Sto
the, movement of Solvent molecules fram a dilute Solution
toa Concentrate Sol Henn _bfneanate Q_ semi -peamooble
__|_ membrome js Coltesl osmotic preasurn: - fp nt by
Rakes for Osmolie Pes ;
Ven lawid
lant Hoff Boyle fhe, osmolic. Pressure
wal b0. its Coneantyas
Solution is direelly proportional ro,
Q particulary tompernbure: _
iCCe dip —
a Sire
Orb een ell)
V
; By Hs _equolien i226)
Puaalt Holt fressure = Te k an
Ls 6. ue
coluke tempenshint ob a payticulora Cemcowbul:
T_T _--- -(i)
[By tut vaemit Hoft Boyle tuo
AX 4 wi t
| Relation behuemn _ Osmotic._premur Weed rtlec acer
AVos sr t for ene. mmole)
_ fay mn amidle;
KV 187 =
- ; Cy $= Solulion Comstert J .
| The. vale of Ss The vatuc 0]
Of solute.
ee M21 RT_----- (i)
Vv
mice We fi
By tee eq Ui) *(i1)
WWg-=—Mam_af solute
eo molecular wr _of Solute
Aor Constad
Se
Ts _Osmatic_pxeraurd LS OO — ee oN
r ; eee :
cus aoe a myo SOlHODS fas
E smotic press una_oatcomved isa fonic—Salutig Jt
CT
Se aes eee et —
[The divection of s
te
ph
Lic a app/ped premsure — anger Hanan 0
Dus to whith pine salrreast aud
: olution thasusgh semi - permeable mennb xant+
pheamomenin oddtd RKeveyse Atma, pos —
a Ok Ad Mads A OA Unt onson, Hass
Osmott pyemune jc Applio : Y solution
A to fre Van't. Hoff. nay > -
|
[oe i fintravacadln by “Var't “Hoff.
t=
Pee seco ees
+ #_Abnormol_Molealar Moot: 2. _
_ 4 Se ee SE ee nie
———.-mass_of Solute eshith is cliffevent Prom achuad
Tt éarplain. the Abnormal. Soplesslly cai
i= Total no- ‘ol Flea dissodafion /Assevction
Gotad no. of moles of Solute before disseciotign| Assouchen
tL
Ps Colt
Coloutofed Yale . x eon pepe
j= DPovsewesd = ATorserved = DATs Obsewecl — TVonseyud
I DPealeulatod OT, Caleutatad DTS Galastabed Fotestots
asso tiated im the Solution -
Tr 2
| izt :3 dhe solute is dissacialed -
i
