Name : Aron Gian Farl Manalang Supan Date : September 30, 2022

Course/Year/Sec: Y1-2 DMD 2022 Teacher: Bernard Balbat

EXERCISE NO. 6

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Explain the different functions of the muscular system.

The muscular system is the body's intricate network of muscles. Your muscles are
involved in everything you do. They regulate your respiration and heartbeat, aid
with digestion, and permit mobility. Your muscles will grow when you exercise and
consume a healthy diet, just like the rest of your body. However, overexertion might
result in aching muscles. Muscle discomfort may also be a symptom of a more
serious medical condition.

Describe the three types of muscle tissues and their important features.

Skeletal muscles are also referred to as voluntary muscles since humans have
complete control over them and as striated muscles because of their tiny structure.
Skeletal muscles are joined to the bones by connective tissues like ligaments or
bone in the muscular system. All muscles have two or more points of attachment.

Smooth muscle lines the walls of the blood vessels, stomach, alimentary canal,
and airways, among other bodily organs. Due to its spontaneous nature and lack of
conscious control, this muscle is also known as smooth muscle or automatic
muscle.

Cardiac muscle makes up the heart's walls. It is a component of both the circulatory
and muscular systems. It is accountable for moving blood around the body. It
contains a built-in pacemaker to ensure regular beating.

Enumerate the different bases of nomenclature of the muscle and give examples of
each.

most muscle names are elaborative (figure 7.14). Some muscles, like the pectoralis
(chest) muscles, are given names based on where they are located. Like the
brachioradialis (brachio, arm) muscle, which runs from the arm to the radius, other
muscles are called from where they originate and insert. As the biceps (bi, two +
ceps, head) brachii, which has two origins, certain muscles are called based on the
number of their origins, while others are named based on their function, like the flexor
digitorum, which flexes the digits (fingers). Other muscles are identified by their form
(deltoid, triangular), size (vastus, large), or orientation of their fascicles (rectus,
straight; table 7.3). Learning muscle names is considerably simpler when you are
aware of their descriptive nature.
Illustrate and label muscles forming the following groups.
In the labels, indicate their bases of nomenclature.

AXIAL MUSCLES

1. muscles of facial expression

Each orbit and the surrounding periorbital

area are surrounded by the paired facial muscles known as the orbicularis oculi. It
is a member of the group of muscles known as the circumorbital and palpebral group
that surrounds the eye, together with the corrugator supercilii and levator palpebrae
superioris.

A small pair of facial muscles called the zygomaticus minor stretch horizontally over
the cheeks. It is a member of the buccolabial group, a sizable collection of face
expression muscles.

A narrow, paired facial muscle known as the zygomaticus major runs diagonally
from the zygomatic bone (thus the name) to the angle of the mouth.

A facial muscle of the mouth called the levator anguli oris (caninus) arises from the
canine fossa, which is located just under the infraorbital foramen. It medially raises
the mouth angle. Its fibers are intertwined with the zygomaticus, triangularis, and
orbicularis oris fibers when they are placed into the mouth's angle.

The orbicularis oris muscle, also known as the musculus orbicularis oris, is a
complex, multi-layered muscle that attaches to the upper and lower lip dermis
through a thin, superficial musculoaponeurotic system and serves as an attachment
point for numerous other facial muscles in the area of the mouth.

The depressor anguli oris joins with other muscles at the angle of the mouth to
produce a fibromuscular structure known as the modiolus. As implied by the name, it
pushes the mouth somewhat laterally and depresses (depressor) the angle of the
mouth (anguli oris).
The buccolabial group of muscles includes the slim and thin risorius muscle. Where
it is believed, it is quite inconsistent and changeable.

A superficial muscle of the anterior neck is called the platysma. Visit Kenhub today
to learn all about its anatomy!

2. muscles of mastication

From the side of the cranium to the base of the jawbone, the masseter muscle
extends. You may feel your hand tensing as you bite down if you lay it beneath your
temple and in front of your ear. Its primary function is to aid in closing the jaw. The
masseter and the medial pterygoid muscle form a sling if you follow them around the
underside of your jaw. Along with moving the jaw from side to side, this muscle also
aids in closing the mouth. In addition to helping with side-to-side mobility, the lateral
pterygoid, which rests slightly outside the medial pterygoid, opens the jaw. Last but
not least, the temporalis muscle, which is made up of two separate muscle fiber
types, is located along the side of the head. The horizontal fibers (going from front to
back) are in charge of retracting the jaw, whilst the vertical fibers (running from top to
bottom) assist in closing the jaw.

3. muscles of tongue

Four muscular bands in the tongue make up the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. They
are wholly internal to the tongue and have no external attachments, unlike the
extrinsic muscles of the tongue. While the extrinsic tongue muscles change the
position of the tongue, they work to change the shape of the tongue. There are four
muscles:

superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue

inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue
transverse muscle of the tongue
 vertical muscle of the tongue

There are four tongue muscles together referred to as the extrinsic muscles. In
contrast to the intrinsic tongue muscles, which are wholly internal and have no
external attachments, they all originate outside the tongue. While the intrinsic tongue
muscles change the form of the tongue, they work to change the posture of the
tongue. There are four muscles:

genioglossus muscle
hyoglossus muscle
styloglossus muscle
palatoglossus muscle

4. muscles of pharynx

The muscular tube known as the pharynx joins the larynx and oesophagus to the mouth
cavity and nasal cavity.

The inferior border of the cricoid cartilage marks its endpoint; it starts at the base of the
skull. There are three components to the pharynx (superior to inferior)

The nasopharynx is located between the soft palate and the base of the skull. By
conditioning inspired air and distributing it into the larynx, it serves a respiratory role and
is continuous with the nasal cavity.

Respiratory epithelium, which is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing

goblet cells, lines this portion of the pharynx.

The adenoid tonsils are located in the posterosuperior nasopharynx and grow between
the ages of 3 and 8 before regressing.
Between the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis, in the center of the
throat, lies a structure known as the oropharynx.

The most distal portion of the pharynx, the laryngopharynx, is situated between the
inferior border of the cricoid cartilage and the superior border of the epiglottis. It connects
to the oesophagus inferiorly.

It is situated behind the larynx and connects to it via the laryngeal inlet, which is lateral to
the piriform fossae.

The intermediate and inferior pharyngeal constrictors are located in the laryngopharynx.

We will examine the pharynx's anatomy in this article, including its structure,
neurovascular supply, and any clinical correlates.

5. extraocular eye muscles

The six muscles that manage eye movements are known as extraocular muscles.
These muscles can be particularly impacted by myasthenia for unknown causes.
Normally, our eyes move in unison, but when these muscles are worn down, this can
occasionally happen, resulting in double vision. Below are the muscles' specifics.

Medial Rectus

 This causes the eye to turn toward the nose and inward (adduction)

Lateral Rectus

 Moves the eye away from the nose and outward (abduction)

Superior Rectus

 Eye is directed upward (Elevation)

 Rotates the eyebrows toward the direction of the nose (intorsion)
 Eye is drawn inward (adduction)
Inferior Rectus

 shifts the gaze downward (depression)

 rotation of the eye's brow away from the nose (extorsion)
 Eye is drawn inward (adduction)

Superior Oblique

 rotates the eyebrows toward the direction of the nose (intorsion)

 shifts the gaze downward (depression)
 Eye is directed outward (abduction)

Inferior Oblique

 rotation of the eye's brow away from the nose (extorsion)

 shifts the eye upwards (elevation)
 expands the gaze outward (abduction)

6.extrinsic & intrinsic laryngeal muscles

The laryngeal structure in the neck is made up of a variety of muscles, some of which
sit next to it and support its function. These muscles cause the larynx and its cartilages
to move, allowing for appropriate air conduction, speech, epiglottis movement, and
protection of the airways.

The muscles of the larynx are divided into two groups:

Extrinsic muscles are responsible for the hyoid bone's motions. These are the
suprahyoid (stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid) and infrahyoid
(sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid) muscles.

the vocal cords are moved by intrinsic muscles to generate speaking sounds. They
are divided into adductors (lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid), abductors
(posterior cricoarytenoid), sphincters (transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid,
aryepiglottic), muscles that contract the vocal cords (cricothyroid), and muscles that
relax the vocal cords (thyroarytenoid, vocalis) functionally.
7.intrinsic muscles of vertebral

The superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers of muscles make up the deep
back muscles, also known as intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are
located on each side of the thoracolumbar fascia, deep to the spinal column. From the
skull to the pelvis, they run the whole length of the spinal column

Together, the deep back muscles support and maintain the body's alignment while also
allowing for head, neck, and trunk motions. These muscles' primary roles involve the
spinal column's flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and axial rotation

The segmental branches of the posterior rami of the spinal nerves innervate all of
these muscles, and many arteries run along the different locations of the vertebral
column.

8.muscles of thoracic and

column abdomino-pelvic wall

Walking erect while maintaining bodily balance on two feet is a difficult task. Different
sections of the body's trunk are extended, flexed, and stabilized by the muscles of
the vertebral column, thorax, and abdominal wall. Along with doing other tasks, the
deep muscles of the core of the body assist with posture maintenance. To regulate
posture by alternately contracting and relaxing these different muscle groups, the
brain sends electrical impulses to them. This is essential to prevent any one muscle
group from becoming overly exhausted. Body posture will be affected if any one
group is unable to operate properly.

Abdominal muscles

The anterior midline is where four pairs of abdominal muscles that encompass the
anterior and lateral abdominal regions meet. The external obliques, internal obliques,
transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis are the four sets of muscles that make
up the anterolateral abdominal wall.The medially positioned rectus abdominis, one of
the anterior abdominal muscles, is protected by a layer of connective tissue known
as the rectus sheath. The abdominal wall is made up of three layers and is located
medial to the rectus abdominis on the body's flanks. The surface layer is made up of
the external oblique muscles, the intermediate layer is made up of the internal
oblique muscles, and the deepest layer is made up of the transverses
abdominus.The muscles of the lower back move the lumbar spine but also assist in
femur movements.

APPENDICULAR MUSCLES

MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITIES

1 shoulder

The bones of the shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs make
form the appendicular skeleton.

The clavicles and scapulae make up the pectoral or shoulder girdle. The upper limb
bones are joined to the axial skeleton by the shoulder girdle. Additionally, the
muscles that move the shoulders and upper limbs join to these bones.
2 arm (anterior & posterior)

The arm is separated into two separate divisions. The muscles of the biceps brachii,
coracobrachialis, and brachialis are located in the anterior (flexor) compartment. The
triceps brachii muscle is mostly located in the posterior (extensor) compartment.

3. forearm (anterior and posterior)

Eight muscles make up the anterior or volar compartment of the forearm: three from
the deep group (flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and pronator teres),
and five from the superficial group (flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi radialis,
palmaris longus, and flexor carpi ulnaris).
The supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis
longus, and extensor indicis are the five muscles that make up the deep layer of the
posterior compartment of the forearm.

4 hand (palm)

a hand bone. The hand is made up of 14 bones for the fingers and thumb, 8 bones
for the wrist, and 5 bones for the palm. The carpals are the bones in the wrist.
Metacarpals are the bones that make up the hand's palm. The bones of the fingers
are called phalanges.
 MUSCLES OF LOWER EXTREMITIES

1 thigh (anterior and posterior)

The hamstring muscles, quadriceps muscles, and adductor muscles make up the
three primary groups of muscles in the legs. The rear or posterior compartment of the
thigh is where the hamstring muscles are located. The front of the anterior
compartment of the thigh includes the quadriceps.

2. leg (anterior &posterior)

One of the four compartments in the leg between the knee and the foot is the anterior
compartment. Ankle dorsiflexion and toe extension are predominantly produced by
the muscles in this compartment.
The transverse intermuscular septum further separates the posterior compartment of
the leg (often referred to as the "calf") into discrete superficial and deep
compartments. The gastrocnemius, soleus (GS), and plantaris muscles are located in
the larger, superficial compartment of the lower leg.

3. gluteal region

The gluteal area, often known as the buttocks, is made up of three muscles: the
gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. These muscles are
collectively referred to as "glutes."

4. posterior leg

The transverse intermuscular septum further separates the posterior compartment of

the leg (often referred to as the "calf") into discrete superficial and deep
compartments. The gastrocnemius, soleus (GS), and plantaris muscles are located in
the larger, superficial compartment of the lower leg.