CA1 INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS the community by requiring him to undergo intensive

program of rehabilitation in prison.

CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

1. Imprisonment – Putting the offender in prison for THE PIONEERS:

the purpose of protecting the public against criminal
activities and at the same time rehabilitating the 1. William Penn (1614-1718):
prisoners by requiring them to undergo institutional 1. Fought for religious freedom and individual
treatment programs. rights.
2. Advocated for imprisonment as correctional
treatment for major offenders.
2. Parole – A conditional release of a prisoner after
3. Responsible for the abolition of the death penalty
serving part of his/her sentence in prison for the and torture.
purpose of gradually reintroducing him/her to free life 2. Charles Montesquieu (1689-1755):
under the guidance and supervision of a parole o French historian and philosopher who analyzed
officer. law as an expression of justice.
o Believed that harsh punishment would undermine
3. Probation – A disposition whereby a defendant morality and advocated for appealing to moral
sentiments to prevent crime.
after conviction of an offense, the penalty of which
3. Voltaire (1694-1778):
does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released o Versatile philosopher who believed fear of shame
subject to the conditions imposed by the releasing was a deterrent to crime. o Fought against the
court and under the supervision of a probation officer. legally-sanctioned practice of torture.
4. Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794):
4. Fine – an amount given as a compensation for a o Wrote "An Essay on Crimes and Punishments,"
criminal act. advocating for humanistic goals of law.
o His work represented the principles of modern
5. Destierro – The penalty of banishing a person criminal law.
5. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832):
from the place where he committed a crime,
o Reformer of English criminal law who believed in
prohibiting him to go near or enter the 25-kilometer negating pleasure or pain derived from crime to
perimeter reduce crime rates.
o Devised the concept of the Panopticon Prison,
PURPOSES/JUSTIFICATIONS OF although it was never built.
PUNISHMENT 6. John Howard (1726-1790):
o Sheriff of Bedfordshire who devoted his life to
1. Retribution prison reform.
o Recommended reforms including single cells for
sleeping, segregation of women and youth, and
The punishment should be provided by the state sanitation facilities.
whose sanction is violated, to afford the society or the 7. Elam Lynds:
individual the opportunity of imposing upon the o Warden of Auburn and Singsing prisons.
offender suitable punishment as might be enforced. o Developed early prison discipline in America,
Offenders should be punished because they deserve implementing brutal punishment and degrading
it. procedures.
8. Jean Jacques Villain:
o Father of Penitentiary Science who pioneered
2. Expiation or Atonement
classification to separate different types of
prisoners.
It is punishment in the form of group vengeance 9. James V. Bennett:
where the purpose is to appease the offended public o Director of Federal Bureau of Prisons who
or group. oversaw the closing of Alcatraz Prison and the
construction of the Federal Correction Institution
3. Deterrence in Seagoville, Texas.
10. Elizabeth Fry:
o English reformer known as the "Angel of Prisons"
Punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing
for her efforts to treat prisoners humanely and
to other what will happen to them if they violate the
advocate for new legislation.
law. Punishment is imposed to warn potential 11. Richard Haklyut:
offenders that they cannot afford to do what the o He is known for promoting the English
offender has done. Colonization of North America to his works
o Richard Haklyut encourage colonization greatly
4. Incapacitation and Protection through his writings.
o According to him, England would become richer
The public will be protected if the offender has been and more powerful if it established a colony in
North America.
held in conditions where he cannot harm others
especially the public. Punishment is affected by GOALS (JAILS)
placing offenders in prison so that society will be
ensured from further criminal depredations of  A pre-trial detention facilities operated by English
criminals. sheriff

5. Reformation or Rehabilitation GALLEY SLAVERY

It is the establishment of the usefulness and  Long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled
responsibility of the offender. Society’s interest can by sails, usually rowed by criminals.
be better served by helping the prisoner to become  Ships used to transport criminals in the 16th
law abiding citizen and productive upon his return to century.
PANOTICON PRISON: 3. ALEXANDER MACONOCHIE: Serving as the
Superintendent of the Penal Colony of Norfolk Island
The Panopticon is a prison design concept created by in Australia in 1849, Maconochie introduced the
English philosopher Jeremy Bentham. It features a "Mark system." This system required prisoners to
circular building with a central watchtower allowing a earn marks through proper labor and behavior to
single guard to observe all inmates, who cannot tell if qualify for conditional release, similar to parole.
they're being watched. This design promotes constant
self-regulation due to perceived surveillance. While never 4. SIR WALTER CROFTON: As the Director of the Irish
built exactly as Bentham proposed, it influenced modern Prison in 1854, Crofton introduced the Irish system,
prisons and discussions about surveillance and social later known as the Progressive Stage System. This
control. system included compulsory education, the casework
method, and extensive use of parole based on
WALNUT STREET PRISON: indeterminate sentences.

America's first state prison, the Walnut Street Jail in 5. ZEBULON BROCKWAY: Brockway, as the
Philadelphia, was established in 1773. It was Superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in New
transformative and turned into a penitentiary system York in 1876, implemented a new institutional
mainstay, focusing on inmate rehabilitation.
program for young offenders. Elmira Reformatory is
regarded as the forerunner of modern penology,
NEWGATE PRISON:
incorporating elements such as compulsory
One of England's oldest prisons, Newgate Prison in education, casework, and the use of parole based on
London, operated from the 12th century to 1902. It is indeterminate sentences.
abandoned cooper mine located at Simsbury,
Connecticut, the inmates are confined underground and 6. SIR EVELYN RUGGLES BRISE: Brise, the Director
were in considered as black hole of horrors, which really of English Prisons, opened the Borstal Institution in
belongs to the Barbaric past. 1897 after visiting Elmira Reformatory. Borstal
Institutions became renowned as reformation centers
HULKS PRISON:
for young offenders, focusing on individual treatment.

In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Britain used "hulks,"

or old ships, as floating prisons to manage overcrowding.
It is also known as “Floating hell”, the conditions were
incredibly harsh. They housed prisoners, including those
awaiting transportation to penal colonies like Australia.

THE TWO RIVAL PRISON SYSTEM IN THE HISTORY

OF CORRECTION

A. The AUBURN PRISON SYSTEM, also known as the

"Congregate System," involved prisoners being
confined to their own cells during the night and
working together in shops during the day. Complete
silence was enforced, and strict discipline was
maintained.
B. The PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SYSTEM, also
known as the "Solitary System," involved prisoners
being confined to single cells day and night. They
would live, sleep, eat, and receive religious instruction
in their cells. Complete silence was also enforced,
and prisoners were required to read the Bible.

REFORMATORY MOVEMENT

Notable individuals responsible for the reformatory

movement were:

1. MANUEL MONTESINOS: He served as the director

of Prisons in Valencia, Spain in 1835. Montesinos
introduced reforms such as dividing prisoners into
companies, appointing prisoners as petty officers,
providing sentence reductions for good behavior, and
offering trade training to prepare convicts for
reintegration into society.

2. DOMETS OF FRANCE: In 1839, Domets established

an agricultural colony for delinquent boys. He
implemented a system with house fathers overseeing
the boys and focused on their re-education. Upon
discharge, the boys were placed under the
supervision of a patron.