Science 10 Q4 Module 7 8
Science 10 Q4 Module 7 8
Science 10 Q4 Module 7 8
Science
Quarter 4 - Modules 7 - 8:
Weeks 7- 8
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
IN EVERYDAY LIFE
1
Science - Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Modules 7-8: CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Second Edition, 2021
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalty.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand
names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City
Schools Division Superintendent: Rhea Mar A. Angtud, CESO V
Content Editors:
Language Editor:
Management Team:
1
Lesson
CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN
1 EVERYDAY LIFE
Good day students! How are you? In the previous module, you learned about
the Law of Conservation of Mass in chemical reactions. You learned that the total
mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products. No new atoms are
created nor destroyed; there is only the grouping and rearrangement of the atoms.
In this module, you will learn how factors affecting rates of chemical reactions
are applied in food production, control of fire, pollution, corrosion and materials
production. We will also recognize the importance of controlling rates of reactions
in technology.
What I Know
Let’s see what you know so far about the topic. Answer the questions that follow.
Choose the letter of the best answer.
A. Energy barrier
B. Activation energy
C. Reactant energy
D. Chemical energy
3. The Collision theory states that reactions can only happen when the reactant
particles have sufficient energy to collide. What other condition must be met in an
effective collision?
5. The Haber Process is one of the most important chemical reactions that have
revolutionized agriculture and the food industry. What chemical equation shows
this process?
A. N2 + O2 → 2 NO
B. 2 NaN3 → 2 Na + 3 N2
C. N2 (g) + O2 (g) → NO2 (g)
D. N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ↔ 2 NH3 (g)
For Numbers 6 – 10, write TRUE is the statement is correct, and FALSE if the
statement is incorrect.
6. The higher the concentration of the reacting substances, the faster is the
reaction.
8. The bigger the surface area of the reactants, the faster the rate of reaction.
10. The minimum energy required to start a reaction is called bond energy.
3
What’s New
Let’s begin our lesson with the understanding of the collision theory.
Energy diagrams are used to analyze the changes in energy that occur during
a chemical reaction. The energy of the reactants must be raised up over an energy
barrier. Activation energy is the energy required to initiate a reaction and force the
reactants to form an activated complex. The activated complex is located at the
peak of the energy diagram for a reaction.
4
COLLISION THEORY
Collision theory explains how collision between reactant molecules may or may not
result in a successful chemical reaction.
Based on this theory, not all collisions between the molecules result in the formation
of products. Effective collisions between molecules, which result in the formation of products,
only occur when the following two conditions are met:
(a) the colliding molecules should possess a minimum kinetic energy (activation
energy) to start a chemical reaction
(b) the reactant molecules should be in correct orientation when they collide
Activation energy is needed to break the bond between reactant molecules to form
new bonds leading to formation of the products.
What Is It
In these activities, you will study the effect that particle size / surface area, temperature,
catalysts and reactant concentration have on chemical reaction rates.
ACTIVITY 1
Effect of Particle Size or Surface Area on Reaction Rate
Procedure:
1. Get 2 clear plastic cups. Half fill each plastic cup with water.
2. Obtain 2 seltzer tablets. Powderize one tablet.
3. Simultaneously drop the whole tablet and powderized tablet in the 2 separate plastic cups.
4. Observe the reaction for several minutes and record the time it takes for each tablet to stop
fizzing.
5
Guide Questions:
1. Which tablet fizzed for a longer period of time? How might you explain the difference?
2. Describe the effect of particle size or surface area on the rate of reaction.
ACTIVITY 2
Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
Procedure:
1. Fill one glass with cold water and another glass with hot water.
2. Drop a seltzer tablet into each glass.
3. Observe the reactions that occur and record your observation in the table below.
Guide Questions:
1. Which tablet fizzed for a longer period of time? How might you explain the difference?
2. What is the effect of temperature on reaction rate?
ACTIVITY 3
Effect of Catalyst on Reaction Rate
Procedure:
Note: If the materials are hard to procure, don’t worry. Just refer to the illustration below.
6
Figure 3. Production of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide
Guide Questions:
7
ACTIVITY 4
Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
Procedure:
50% solution
25% solution
Guide Questions:
Smaller particles have bigger surface area. Bigger surface area means bigger exposed
portions of a solid which are available points of contact between reactants. Breaking a large
piece of substance into smaller parts increases the surface area. All the inner materials have
no surface when they are inside the large piece. Each time a large piece is broken however,
more surface is exposed. The amount of material does not change but breaking it into smaller
parts increases its surface area.
Temperature
The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction. At higher temperatures, atoms
have higher kinetic energy, making the particles move faster. This increases the chance for
the particles to collide into each other.
8
Catalyst
The presence of a catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction. A catalyst provides an energy
pathway needed to start a reaction, therefore increasing the reaction rate.
Concentration
The higher the concentration, the faster the rate of reaction. Concentration is a measure
of the number of particles in a given volume. A higher concentration means greater number
of possible effective collisions among molecules resulting to a faster rate of reaction.
There are corresponding benefits and harm posed by some chemical reactions. Life and
industry depend on chemical reactions. Industry uses chemical reactions to make useful
products. Some chemical reactions enhance quality of life. However, other chemical
reactions bring harm to life and degradation of quality of our ecosystem. Thus, there is a need
to control the rate of these reactions.
What are the different chemical reactions occurring in our everyday life?
ACID RAIN
Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compunds like sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These chemicals mix and react with water,
oxygen and other chemicals to form acidic pollutants called acid rain. Sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in water and can be carried very far by the wind.
Human activities are the main cause of acid rain. Over the past few decades, humans
have released so many chemicals in the air that they have changed the mix of gases in the
atmosphere. Power plants release majority of the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides when
they burn fossil fuels to produce electricity. In areas of high automobile traffic, such as in
cities, the amount of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere can be
quite significant. These pollutants cause acid rain.
9
Acid rain has been the leading significant cause of destruction in our environment. In
infrastructure, it is the cause of corrosion of metals in alloys like steel in buildings, bridges,
and transport vehicles. This is due to the displacement reaction of active metals with hydrogen
in acids.
Materials with historical and cultural values such as monuments and statues are also
destroyed by acid rain. They are mostly made up of limestone and marble which form a
chemical reaction with acids and lead to their dissolution.
Marine life is also affected by acid rain. It causes the pH of bodies of water to decrease.
This change in pH will increase the death rate of marine life, retard fish growth, decrease egg
production and embryo survival. Fish and shellfish cannot tolerate acidities below pH 4.8.
Acid rain also tends to dissolve vital minerals in the soil. Crops grown in depleted soils give
poor yields, if they grow at all.
Removing the offending oxides from exhaust and using alternate energy sources are much
preferred courses of action at the present time. One of the most important means of reducing
sulfur emissions is the switch to low sulfur fuels. Another is the scrubbing of stack gases
before they are released to the atmosphere. In this process, the stack gases percolate through
a solution that absorbs the oxides of sulfur. The solution is renewed frequently, and waste
sulfur can be recovered from the spent solution.
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution that happens when primary pollutants such
as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react with oxygen gas and ozone under
the influence of sunlight. This creates a brown haze above cities. Nitrogen oxides, NOx,
which stands for a group of compounds such as nitric oxide (NO), dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3),
and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are emitted when coal is burned in power plants and industrial
boilers for the generation of power and from automobiles. Most of the NOx emitted from
combustion is nitric oxide, formed according to the following reaction.
N2 + O2 → 2 NO
The high temperatures (600°C to 1000°C) in combustion favor the formation of NO.
However, the following reactions can also take place in the furnace, in the stack or in the
atmosphere.
2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2
NO2 + NO → N2O3
2 NO2 → N2O4
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) reacts with hydrocarbons which are present in the atmosphere to
form aldehydes and ketones through photochemical reactions. It can also react with oxygen
in the presence of sunlight to give nitric oxide and ozone:
NO2 + O2 → NO + O3
The table below shows the major chemical pollutants in photochemical smog, and their
sources and environmental effects.
10
Table 4. Chemical Pollutants in Photochemical Smog
Source: www.pmfias.com
CAR AIRBAG
The development of airbags began with the idea for a system that can restrain automobile
drivers and passengers in an accident.
When a car crash occurs, sensors in cars send an electric signal to an ignitor. The heat
generated causes sodium azide (NaN3) to decompose into sodium metal (Na) and nitrogen
gas (N2). The nitrogen gas that is generated inflates the car’s airbags. A handful or 130 grams
of sodium azide will produce 67 liters of nitrogen gas which is enough to inflate a normal
airbag.
Under normal circumstances, sodium azide is quite stable. If heated, though, it will fall
apart, as shown in the chemical equation below.
2 NaN3 → 2 Na + 3 N2
11
THE HABER PROCESS
The Haber Process, also called the Haber-Bosch Process, is named after Fritz Haber and
Karl Bosch of Germany who developed the process in the early 20th century. It is a technique
that directly synthesizes ammonia by capturing the naturally-abundant nitrogen in the
atmosphere and reacting it with hydrogen. As shown in Figure 7 below, ammonia is produced
with the help of an iron catalyst at very high temperatures and pressures (400 - 500°C and
200 atmospheres).
The process is reversible, as shown in the chemical equation below. Some nitrogen and
hydrogen remain mixed with the ammonia. The reaction mixture is cooled so that the
ammonia liquefies and can be removed. The remaining nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled.
The Haber Process is one of the most important industrial chemical reactions ever
developed, as it made ammonia fertlilizer widely available. The Haber Process is a key part
of the conventional process of crop cultivation worldwide. Fifty percent (50%) of the world’s
food production relies on ammonia fertlizer. Because of increased demand and increasing
population, the demand for nitrogen-based fertlizers remains high.
12
FIRE CONTROL
Oxygen, heat and fuel are frequently referred to as the “fire triangle.” Add in the chemical
chain reaction, and you have the “fire tetrahedron” (See Figure 8 below). Take any of these
4 things away, and you will not have a fire or the fire will be extinguished.
Fire safety is based upon the principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition sources
separate. Various materials act as fuel to sustain fire, so different fire prevention and control
measures are recommended. The diagram below shows the different classification of fire
based on the materials involved.
13
Different types of fire require different ways of prevention. As they say, “An ounce of
prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Table 5 presents the different types of fire and how to
prevent it. The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) also provides information on how to practice
home fire safety. (See Figure 10)
14
OZONE LAYER
In the stratosphere, ozone acts as our protective shield against UV radiation. However,
human activities cause ozone layer depletion and global warming.
CFCl3 → CFCl2 + Cl
CF2Cl2 → CF2Cl + Cl
The reactive chlorine atoms then combine with ozone (O3) to undergo the following
reactions:
Cl + O3 → ClO + O2
ClO + O → Cl + O2
O3 + O → 2 O 2
Ozone layer depletion causes increased UV radiation levels on the Earth’s surface, which
is damaging to human health, plants and animals. Negative effects include increases in
certain types of skin cancers, eye cataracts and immune deficiency disorders. UV rays affect
plant growth, reducing agricultural productivity. This also affects animals as all life on earth is
interconnected, and plants form the basis of the food web.
The use of CFC’s has been banned in all countries worldwide since 2010 under the
Montreal Protocol which is an international environmental agreement. Scientists have noted
that the ozone layer is “healing” eversince CFC’s were no longer used.
15
CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
At high temperatures inside a running car’s engine, nitrogen and oxygen gases react to
form nitrogen dioxide:
When released into the atmosphere, NO rapidly combines with O 2 to form NO2. Also,
incomplete combustion of the fuel in the car engine produces carbon monoxide. Nitrogen
dioxide and carbon monoxide make car exhaust a major source of air pollution.
Because of this, all cars that are manufactured since 1974 are required to have catalytic
converters. A catalytic converter is a device that removes pollution from car exhaust fumes
by converting them into carbon dioxide and water. An efficient catalytic converter serves 2
purposes:
GENERALIZATION
16
Assessment
1. Fresh fish and meat that are not stored in the refrigerator show signs of spoilage
in less than a day. What has caused this spoilage?
A. Microorganisms
B. Oxygen in the air
C. Temperature changes
D. All of the above
5. Marble reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce calcium chloride, water and
carbon dioxide. In which of these mixtures is the rate of reaction likely to be the
greatest?
17
6. Manganese dioxide is a black powder that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide to water and oxygen. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Lead
B. Oxides of sulfur
C. Oxides of nitrogen
D. Chlorofluorocarbon
11. Catalysts speed up chemical reactions but are not changed by them.
12. Heat, light, or change in odor can indicate a physical change.
13. Activation energy is the minimum energy required for reactions to start.
14. Low temperature speeds up reaction rates.
15. A low concentration of chemicals slows reaction rate.
18