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DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MEASUREMENT AND INTRUMENTATION

CODE EET G4023
BENG 22 EE 1 &2
ASSIGNMENT 01
PRESSURE AND HUMIDITY TRANSDUCERS
MEMBERS:
S/N NAMES REGISTRATION
NUMBER
01 JOSEPH ELIYA MATUTU 220343484467
02 SEVERINE C MATHIAS 220343474443
03 SUNDAY JUSTo BALEGAMA 220343484707
04 ISIAKA J GWESI 220343418861
05 MARY S MKEDEGE 220343406106
06 JUDITH SAMUEL MSOMBA 220343472272
PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS: Construction, Operation,
Advantages Disadvantages and Applications
INTRODUCTION
Pressure transducer :is a transducer that transforms pressure
into analogue and digital electrical signals. Any transducer has
a major role of converting one form of energy into another form
of energy A pressure transducer normally converts the applied
pressure to the electrical signal
Despite the presence of several transducers the strain-gage base
transducer Is the comm
Pressure conversion into an electrical signal is accomplished by

the physical deformation of strain-gauges, which are bonded
into the pressure transducers as diaphragms and wired into
Wheat-stone bridge arrangement.
CO NSTRUCTION:
Most popular pressure transducer comprise of a force collector
(an electric diaphragm) and a transduction component that
employs dependent resistive, inductive, or capacitive method to
produce an electric signal.
Pressure transducers utilize strain gauges to measure the force
operating on them. The strain gauge withstands the deformation,
and this deformation produces a variation in voltage generated
by it. The pressure measured is based on the degree of vibration
detected in the voltage.
A pressure transducer converts pressure into analogue

electrical signal.
Types of pressure transducers
1.Strain-gauge pressure transducers
This is suitable ordinally higher and low pressure as well as
differential. where the differential pressure is the difference in
pressure between two given points.
2.Capacitancepressure transducers
This measure pressure by detecting the change of electrical
capacitance due the movement of the diaphragm. It has parallel
plates which are fixed at a certain from each other and any
changes in pressure will wide n or narrow the gap between these
plates. The change in capacitance is converted into a usable
signal. Depending on the applications, a pressure transducer
can measure either absolute, gauge or differential pressure.
3.Potentialmetric pressure transducers

This transducer consists precision pontentiometer. This consist
of the wiper connected to the pressure sensitive element of the
transducer. The deflection of the element changes the position of
wiper. The resistance values changes between the wiper and one
end of the pontentiometer. this value is the measure of the
pressure applied
4.Tnductive pressure transducers
This operate using a principle of electromagnetic induction. This
transducer has the diaphragm connected to ferromagnetic core.
The slight of the diaphragm cause linear movement of
ferromagnetic core which induces current current. This changes
in current is converted into a usable signal.
5. Resonant wire pressure transducers
This transducer has vibrating wire located in a diaphragm. The
changes in the diaphragm causes or affect the tension of the wire
and changes the resonant frequency which is sensed by digital
converter circuits and converted into an electrical signal.
Choosing an appropriate pressure transducer:
As mentioned above, there are various types of pressure
transducers for diversity application. each pressure transducer
has several aspects that will influence how it operates and the
application the pressure operates best for.
Therefore, while choosing a pressure transducer the following
criteria should be taken into an account.
I. Pressure range
II. Process media
III. temperature range and installation environment
IV. Accuracy
V. Output
VI. Application and measurement type
OPERATION
A pressure transducer consists of a pressure sensing element
such as diaphragm with a constant area. The fluid pressure
causes the diaphragm to deflect. Also, the pressure transducer
consist of a transduction element which converts the deflection
sensed by the diaphragm into the electrical output signal. This
signal will increase or decrease proportionally to the pressure
change.
Therefore, the device calibration is critical to ensure that the
pressure is within the range of the specification
ADVANTAGES
 They are economical, robust and fast response.
 They have excellent accuracy, great stability, regulated
output and appropriate linearity.
 They are fast responding, highly sensitive, and tiny size
measurement instrument
 Simple to construct and highly durable
DISADVANTAGES
 They have delayed response to shock and vibration conditions
 They have moderate accuracy subject to drift instability.
 They work at a narrow temperature range, with moderate
accuracy and sluggish response
 They are relatively sensitive to environmental conditions.
APPLICATIONS
a) Transducers are suitable in any liquid power applications
which need accurate and the large resolution force
determination Pressure.
b) They are employed where force measurement is needed
with joined digital display.
c) They are utilized in closed loop pumps for checking
pump operation characteristics
d) The transducers are applied in electronically changeable
pressure switches.
Humidity Transducer; Construction, Operations, Advantages
Disadvantages and applications
INTRODUCTION;
Humidity; This is the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere
This water content in the air is the key factor in the wellness of
mankind. For-example we will feel comfortable even if the
temperature is zero degree centigrade.
Therefore;
Humidity transducer is the device that converts physical
parameter(humidity) into electrical signal that is understood by
human being
Humidity transducer
Types of humidity transducer
There are three types of humidity transducers
 Capacitive transducer
 Resistive transducer
 Conductivity transducer
Capacitive Humidity transducer

This is the basic type of humidity transducer based on
capacitive effect
They are often used in application where factors like cost,
rigidity and size are of concern.
In the capacitive relative humidity transducer, the electrical
permittivity of the dielectric materials changes with change
in humidity
OPERATION
A simple capacitive humidity transducer can be made from an
air capacitor as the moisture in the atmosphere changes its
permittivity.
Hence, the space between the capacitor plates is usually filled
with an appropriate dielectric materials, whose dielectric
constant varies when is subjected to change in humidity.
The common method of constructing capacitive humidity
transducer is to use hygroscopic polymer film as dielectric and
depositing two layers of electrodes on the either sides. On top of
this layer a dielectric layer is deposited.
Note that two temperature sensitive resistor are deposited on the
same substrates to provide temperature compensation.
ADVANTAGES
 The output voltage is nearly linear
 They provide stable results over long usage
 They can detect wide range of relative humidity
DISADVANTAGES
The distant from the sensing element and signaling circuit
is very limited
APPLICATIONS
 HVAC systems
 Printers and fax machines
 Weather stations
 Automobiles
 Food processing
 Refrigerators
RESISTIVE HUMIDITY TRANSDUCERS

This type of humidity transducer measures the resistance or
electrical conductivity.
The principle behind resistive humidity transducer is the fact
that the conductivity is nonmetallic conductor is dependent on
their water content.
OPERATION
This transducer is usually made-up of materials with relatively
low resistivity and this resistivity changes significantly with
changes in humidity. The low resistivity is deposited on top of
the two electrodes. The electrodes are placed so that to increase
the contact area
The resistivity between the electrodes changes when the top
layer absorbs water and this change Can be measured with the
help of simple electric circuit.
ADVANTAGES
o Low cost
o Small size
o Suitable for remote operation
o Highly interchangeable as there are no calibration standards
DISADVANTAGES
 They are sensitive to chemical vapors and other
contaminants
 The output readings may shift if used with water soluble
products
APPLICATION
-They are often used in several industrial, domestic or
residentials
-Used in drying machine, food dehydration and pharmaceutical
plants

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DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MEASUREMENT AND INTRUMENTATION

Pressure conversion into an electrical signal is accomplished by

A pressure transducer converts pressure into analogue

3.Potentialmetric pressure transducers

Capacitive Humidity transducer

RESISTIVE HUMIDITY TRANSDUCERS

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