UNIT-3 (VSAQ)

CHAPTER-1 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

1.Define Double Integral and Triple Integral

Definition: Double integral :Let a single valued and bounded function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) of two independent variables
𝑥, 𝑦 be defined in a closed region R of the 𝑥𝑦-plane.Divide the region R into sub regions by drawing lines
parallel to the coordinate axes .Number the rectangles which lies entirely inside the region R ,from 1 to 𝑛.
Let ( xr , yr )be any point inside the region r th rectangle whose area is δAr

Consider the sum ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑓( xr , yr ) δAr = 𝑓( 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝛿𝐴1 + 𝑓( 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝛿𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝑓( 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑦𝑛 ) 𝛿𝐴𝑛

If we increase these sub regions indefinitely such that the largest linear dimension δAr → 0 the limit of
the sum if it exists is called Double integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over the region R and is denoted by

∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 or∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.

Triple integral :

Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) defined at every point of the 3-dimensional finite region V. Divide V into n
elementary volumes 𝛿𝑉1 , 𝛿𝑉2 , … … . 𝛿𝑉𝑛 .Let (𝑥𝑟 , 𝑦𝑟 , 𝑧𝑟 ) be any point within the rth sub-division 𝛿𝑉𝑟 .
Consider the sum
∞

∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑟 , 𝑦𝑟 , 𝑧𝑟 ) 𝛿𝑉𝑟
𝑟=1

The limit of this sum, if it exists , as n → ∞ and 𝛿𝑉𝑟 → 0 is called the triple integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) over the
region V and is denoted by∭𝑉 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉

2.i)Write the area enclosed by the curves 𝐲𝟏 =𝒇𝟏(𝒙) and 𝐲𝟐 =𝒇𝟐(𝒙) b/w 𝒙 =𝐱𝟏 and 𝒙 = 𝐱𝟐

x=x y =𝑓 (x)
A=∫x =x 2 ∫y 2=𝑓 2(x) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Sq.units
1 1 1

ii)Write down the area enclosed by the curves 𝐱𝟏 =𝒇𝟏(𝒚) and 𝐱𝟐 =𝒇𝟐(𝒚) b/w 𝒚 =𝐲𝟏 and 𝒚 =𝐲𝟐

y =y x =𝑓 (y)
A =∫y =y 2 ∫x 2=𝑓 2(y) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 1 1

iii)Write the area enclosed by the polar curves 𝐫𝟏=𝒇𝟏(𝜽) and 𝐫𝟐=𝒇𝟐(𝜽) b/w 𝜽 =𝜽𝟏 and 𝜽 =𝜽𝟐 (or)Area in
polar coordinates(circular coordinates)

𝜃 =𝜃 r =𝑓 (𝜃)
A =∫𝜃 =𝜃 2 ∫r 2=𝑓 2(𝜃) 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑 𝜃
1 1 1

3.(i)Write the volume as triple integral in Cartesian coordinates(rectangular coordinates)

V=∭𝑉 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 cubic units

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 (ii)Write the volume as triple integral in Spherical polar coordinates

Spherical polar co-ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛷, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 & Jacobian J=𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

V= ∭ 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷

Max.Limits : 0≤r<∞,0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 & 0 ≤ 𝛷 ≤ 2𝜋

(Or) Spherical polar co-ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛷 & Jacobian J=𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷

V= ∭ 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛷𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷

Max. Limits : 0≤r<∞,0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 & 0 ≤ 𝛷 ≤ 𝜋

(iii)Write the volume as triple integral in Cylindrical polar coordinates

Cylindrical Co - ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝑧 and Jacobian J=r

V= ∭ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 Ï

Max. limits: 0≤r<∞,0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

4.(i)Write down 2 applications of Double Integrals

In evaluating (i)Area of a plane region (ii)Moment of Inertia of a plane region

(ii)Write down 2 applications of Triple Integrals

In evaluating (i)Volume of a solid (ii)Moment of Inertia of a solid

Given integral cannot be evaluated by integrating first w.r.t x. We try to evaluate it by integrating first
w.r.t y.

The region of integration is shown in the figure

2 𝑥/2 2 1
𝐺. 𝐼 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =4 (𝑒 4 − 1)

6. If 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 and 𝒗 = 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚,then the area-element 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 is replaced by....𝒅𝒖𝒅𝒗

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 1 1
= |𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
| J=𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) = 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) Ans:|𝐽| = 3
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
7.(i)Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟏 ∫𝟏 𝒚𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙

𝒚
𝟐 𝒙𝟐 √ 𝟏 𝒚
(ii)Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 and (iii)∫𝟎 ∫𝒚 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 (Refer notes)

8.Evaluate∫ ∫ 𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 over the region R:{ 0≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 0≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏} Ans:1/4

9.(i) Write the area enclosed by the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 Ans:𝜋𝑎2 Sq. units

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
(ii)Write the area enclosed by the ellipse + =𝟏. Ans:𝜋𝑎𝑏 units
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

𝑎2
10.Write the area between parabolas 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒚 & 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 Ans: 16 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

11.What is change of variables in integral calculus?

It is a basic technique used to simplify problems in which the original variables are replaced with the
functions of other variables (substitution technique)

12.How can you convert I = ∬𝑹 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 into polar coordinates(r, 𝜃)

G.I =I , can be converted into polar form by the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
J=𝜕(𝑟,𝜃) = |𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
| =𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃

∴ ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅′ 𝑓(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) |𝐽|𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

13. How can you convert I = ∭𝑉 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 into cylindrical polar coordinates(r, 𝜃, 𝑧)

G.I =I , can be converted into polar form by the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝑧 and

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) |𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 |
J=𝜕(𝑟,𝜃,𝑧) =|𝜕𝑟 =r
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 |
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

∴ ∭𝑉 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧=∭𝑉′ 𝑓(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧)|𝐽|𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧

14. Why do we use change of order of integration?

In several problems, the evaluation of double integral becomes easier with the change of order of
integration, which ofcourse, changes the limits of integration also.

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