SUBJECT: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

UNIT TITLE: TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS

LESSON TITLE: TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS USING Z-TEST

Learning Competency:
• Test a hypothesis about the population proportion by using z-test.
Learning Objective:
• Solve problems involving test of hypothesis on the population mean and population proportion.
Gaining Attention:
Direction: Match the correct statistical symbol in Column A with the statistical terms in Column B.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
β ● ● Significance Level
µ ● ● Population Mean
γ ● ● Probability of Type II error
● ● Confidence Level

GUIDE QUESTION:
• How familiar are you with these notations and definitions? _______________________________
• How do these notations helpful in testing hypothesis using z-test? ___________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

Presentation/Content:
In this lesson, you will learn about the power of hypothesis testing, its significance in obtaining accurate
findings, and how to draw the right conclusions.

VOCABULARY BUILDER:
According to De Guzman (2017), The z-test is a test used to investigate large sample sizes (n > 30) and assess whether
two means or proportions differ significantly. The data are assumed to come from a normal population whose variance
is known.

TARGETS IN TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS

1. Test whether the difference between two means or proportions is significant or not.
2. Confirm existing information.
3. Verify a theory.
4. Formulate an educational guess resulting from anecdotal observations. (De Guzman, 2017)

Recall the following notations and definitions in hypothesis using z-test.

The following are notations and definitions we will encounter in hypothesis testing:

NOTATION DEFINITION
α Significance level (commonly used α are 1%, 5%, etc.); Probability of Type I error
β Probability of not rejecting the alternative hypothesis; Probability of Type II error
µ Population mean
x̄ Sample mean
σ Population standard deviation
s Sample standard deviation
N Population size
n Sample size
s2 Sample variance

1
 γ Confidence level (99%, 95%, etc.)
H0 Null hypothesis
Ha Alternative hypothesis
c z-value as the critical value

STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING USING THE Z-TEST

STEP 1: Formulate a null hypothesis 𝐻o or the hypothesis to be tested.

Note that 𝐻o takes any of the following forms 𝜇 = 𝑥‾ or 𝜇2 = 𝜇2 .
Then form an 𝐻a which asserts an inequality between the values of 𝜇 and 𝑥‾ or 𝜇1 and 𝜇2
Hence, 𝐻a may take the two-tailed form: 𝜇 ≠ 𝑥‾ or 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2 ; or a one-tailed test form, either a left-tailed test:
𝜇 < 𝑥‾ or 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 or a right-tailed testi 𝜇 > 𝑥‾ or 𝜇1 > 𝜇2 .

STEP 2: Determine the appropriate test to be used.

We use the z-test if 𝑛 > 30 and the population standard deviation is given.
On the other hand, we use the t-test if 𝑛 ≤ 30.

STEP 3: Determine the critical value c using the table below.

LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
TEST TYPE
𝛼 = 1% 𝛼 = 2.5% 𝑎 = 5% 𝛼 = 10%
CRITICAL
ORE-TAILED TEST 𝑐 = ±2.33 𝑐 = ±1.96 𝑐 = ±1.645 𝑐 = ±1.28 VALUE
TWO-TAILED TEST 𝑐 = ±2.575 𝑐 = ±2.33 𝑐 = ±1.96 𝑐 = ±1.645

STEP 4: Compute for the z-score using the Central Limit Theorem:
1. For one-sample group
• Standard score of the sample mean using the population mean:
𝑥‾ − 𝜇
𝑧= √𝑛
𝜎
2. For two-sample groups with sizes 𝑛1 and 𝑛2
• Two sample means with 𝑛1 = 𝑛2 = 𝑛:
𝑥1 − 𝑥‾2 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑧= or 𝑧 =
2 2
𝑠12 𝑠22 √𝑠1 + 𝑠2
√ + 𝑛
𝑛1 𝑛2
• Two sample means with 𝑛1 ≠ n2 :
𝑥‾1 − 𝑥‾2
𝑧=
(𝑛 − 1)𝑠12 + (𝑛2 − 1)𝑠22 1 1
√ 1 ⋅√ +
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 𝑛1 𝑛2
• Two population means with 𝑛1 ≠ n2:
𝜇1 − 𝜇2
𝑧=
(𝑛 − 1)𝜎1 + (𝑛2 − 1)𝜎2 2
2 1 1
√ 1 =√ +
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 𝑛1 𝑛2

STEP 5: Decide whether to accept or not accept 𝐻o .

If the computed value of z in step 4 is less than the critical value c in step 3, we fail to reject the null hypothesis
𝐻o . However, if the computed value z > c, then we reject 𝐻o .

2
 EXAMPLE: HYPOTHESIS TESTING

A manufacturer of cellular phone batteries claims that when fully charged, the mean life of his products lasts
for 26 hours with a standard deviation of 5 hours. Mr. DG, a regular distributor, randomly picked and tested 35 of the
batteries. His test showed that the average life of his sample is 24.3 hours. Is there a significant difference between the
average life of all of all the manufacturer’s batteries and the average battery life of his sample? Use the two-tailed test
at a = 5%.

SOLUTION:
Given: population mean - µ = 26
Sample mean - x̄ = 24.3
Sample size - n = 35
Standard deviation - σ=5
Level of Significance - a = 5%

STEP 1: Form the null hypothesis 𝐻o .

𝐻o : There is no significant difference between the population mean and sample mean.
or
𝐻o : The batteries are not significantly different from the sample batteries in terms of the number of hours
the batteries last.

Form the alternative hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 .

𝐻𝑎 : There is a significant difference between the population mean and sample mean.
or
𝐻𝑎 : The mean life of the batteries significantly differs from the mean life of the sample batteries.

STEP 2: A two-tailed 𝑧-test must be used since 𝑛 > 30 and the population variance is known
(from 𝜎 = 5, it follows that 𝜎 2 = 25 ).
Based from the critical
STEP 3: A two-tailed test at 𝛼 = 5% would give 𝑐 = ±1.96.
value table.

STEP 4: The computed value is:

𝑥‾ − 𝜇
𝑧 =( ) √𝑛
𝜎
24.3 − 26
=( ) √35
5
= 2.01

STEP 5: Since 𝑧 > 𝑐, or that the computed 𝑧-score is in the rejection region of 𝐻0 , we reject 𝐻0 .

CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference between the population mean and the sample mean; or
When fully charged, the mean life of the sample batteries is significantly different from the rest of the batteries.

3
 Eliciting Performance 8.1:

A manufacturer of cellular phone batteries claims that when fully charged, the mean life of his products lasts
for 26 hours with a standard deviation of 5 hours. Mr. DG, a regular distributor, randomly picked and tested 35 of the
batteries. His test showed that the average life of his sample is 24.3 hours. Is there a significant difference between the
average life of all of all the manufacturer’s batteries and the average battery life of his sample? Use the one-tailed test
and µ = 25.5.

Given: population mean - µ = 25.5

Sample mean - x̄ = 24.3
Sample size - n = 35
Standard deviation - σ=5
Level of significance - a = 5% (one-tailed)

Bibliography:

De Guzman, D. (2017). C & E Publishing, Inc., Statistics & Probability, Introduction to Hypothesis Testing, p. 160

Belecina, R., et al. (2016). Rex Book Store, Inc., Statistics and Probability, Understanding Hypothesis Testing, p. 216

Prepared by:
Watch the pre-recorded lecture
FLORENCE T. SUGAY video uploaded in google drive
Contact Number: 0930-672-1689 and posted in our FB social group
FB/Messenger Account: Florence Timbang Sugay for further explanation.
Gmail account: [email protected]

4
 Name of Student: ____________________________________ Year Level & Strand: ___________________
Name of Teacher: ____________________________________ Subject: Statistics and Probability
Type of Assessment: FORMATIVE / Week: 8 Date Due: ___________________

DIRECTION: Solve the following problem. Show your complete solution.

The average number of minutes of tardiness of students in a certain school in a remote area is 15
minutes with a standard deviation of 3.8 minutes. A sample of 35 students has an average tardiness of 13.4
minutes. Is the population mean significantly different from the sample mean? Use α = 1% and use a two-
tailed test.

Given: µ = 15, σ = 3.8, n = 35, x̄ = 13.4, and α = 1%.

Cut here

Parent’s Signature: ____________________

Date Submitted: ______________________

KING THOMAS LEARNING ACADEMY, INC. | (SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL) DEPARTMENT | SY 2021 - 2022

Take Note! This page should be cut and submitted

based on the Date due stated above. Thank you.

5
 Name of Student: ____________________________________ Year Level & Strand: ___________________
Name of Teacher: ____________________________________ Subject: Statistics and Probability
Type of Assessment: SUMMATIVE / Week: 8 Date Due: ___________________

Learning Competency: (DO NOT ANSWER THIS)

• Test a hypothesis about the population proportion by using z-test.

START HERE:

DIRECTIONS: Read carefully and solve the given problem involving hypothesis testing using z-test.
Show your complete solution.

SA 8.1
In building an arena, steel bars with a mean ultimate tensile strength of 400 Megapascal (MPa)
with a variance of 81 MPa were delivered by the manufacturer. The project engineer tested 50 steel bars
and found out that the mean ultimate tensile strength is 390 MPa. The decision for the extension of the
contract with the manufacturer depends on the engineer. Test the hypothesis whether or not there is no
significant difference between the two means using the two-tailed test with a = 0.01.

1. What are the appropriate hypotheses for the two-tailed test?

2. What is the test statistic to be used and the reasons for its selection?
3. What is the critical value c?
4. What is the value of the test statistic or the computed value?
5. Formulate a conclusion about the given situation.
Cut here

Parent’s Signature: ____________________

Date Submitted: ______________________

KING THOMAS LEARNING ACADEMY, INC. | (SENIOR HIGH SCHOO

Take Note! This page should be cut and submitted
based on the Date due stated above. Thank you.
6