By : SAGAR JHA (MSc Physics – IIT Jodhpur)

Youtube Channel : STUDY CHAKRA Email ID : [email protected]

PHYSICS
1. ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS

Theory Questions:

(1 Mark)
1. Define
i. Centripetal Force
ii. Centrifugal Force
iii. Uniform Circular Motion
iv. Banking of Road
v. Conical Pendulum
vi. Moment of Inertia
vii. Radius of gyration
2. On what factors moment of inertia depend upon?
3. Why it is useful to define radius of gyration?
OR
Discuss the necessity of radius of gyration
4. On what factors does the frequency and period of a conical pendulum depend?
5. Why are curved roads banked?

(2 Mark)
1. Distinguish between centripetal and centrifugal force.
2. State SI units and dimensions of moment of inertia.
3. Obtain an expression for maximum safety speed on curved horizontal circular road.
4. Derive an expression for minimum safety speed to move in a death well
5. State S.I. units and dimensions of angular momentum.
6. State and prove the law of conservation of angular momentum. Give two example

(3 Mark and 4 Marks )

1. Derive an expression for period of a conical pendulum. (3M)

 2. Obtain an expression for most safe speed for a vehicle moving on curved banked road
neglecting friction
OR
Show that angle of banking is independent of mass of vehicle for vehicle moving on curved
banked road neglecting friction (3 M)
3. Derive expressions for linear velocity at lowest position, mid-way position and the topmost
position for a particle revolving in a vertical circle, if it has to just complete circular motion
without string slackening at top. (4M)
4. Derive the expression for the difference in tensions at the highest position, lowest position
and mid-way position for a particle moving in vertical circle. (3M)
5. Derive an expression for moment of inertia of a uniform disc about an axis passing through
centre and perpendicular to the plane. (3M)
6. State and prove theorem of perpendicular axis (3M)
7. State and prove theorem of parallel axis. (4M)
8. Derive an expression for kinetic energy of a body rotating with uniform angular speed. (3M)
9. Obtain an expression for torque acting on a body rotating with uniform angular
acceleration. (3M)
10. Derive an expression for angular momentum of a body rotating with constant angular
velocity.
OR
Derive an expression that relates angular momentum with the angular velocity of a rigid
body. (3M)
11. Derive an expression for acceleration for pure rolling down an inclined plane. (3M)
12. Derive an expression for kinetic energy, when a rigid body is rolling on a horizontal surface
without slipping. Hence find kinetic energy of solid sphere. (3M)
OR
Obtain an expression for total kinetic energy of a rolling body in the form MV2 * +
13. A rigid body is rolling down an inclined plane. Derive expressions for the acceleration along
the track and the speed falling through a certain vertical distance. (3M)

Numerical Problems:
1. A fan is rotating at 90 r.p.m. It is then switched OFF. It stops after 21 revolutions. Calculate
the time taken by it to stop assuming that the frictional torque is constant. (Ans- 28 s)
2. Somehow, an ant is stuck to the rim of a bicycle wheel of diameter 1 m. While the bicycle is
on a central stand, the wheel is set into rotation and it attains the frequency of 2 rev/s in 10
seconds with uniform angular acceleration. Calculate
a) Number of revolutions completed by ant in these 10 seconds.
b) Time taken by it for complete revolution and the last complete revolution.
(Ans-10 revolutions, √ s, 0.5132 s.)
3. Coefficient of static friction between a coin and a gramophone disc is 0.5. Radius of the disc
is 8 cm. Initially the centre of the coin is cm away from the centre of the disc. At what
 minimum frequency will it start slipping from there? By what factor will the answer change
if the coin is almost at the rim? (Use g= m/s2, Ans- 2 rev/s, 0.63)
4. A motor cyclist ( to be treated as a point mass) is to undertake horizontal circles inside the
cylindrical well of radius the cylindrical wall of a well of inner radius 4 m. Coefficient of
static friction between the tyres and the wall is 0.4. Calculate the minimum speed and
frequency necessary to perform this stunt. (Ans:10 m s-1 ,0.4 rev /s ,Use g= 10m/s )
5. During a stunt, a cyclist (considered to be a particle) is undertaking horizontal circles inside a
cylindrical well of radius 6.05 m. If the necessary friction coefficient is 0.5, how much
minimum speed should the stunt artist maintain? Mass of the artist is 50 kg. If she/he
increases the speed by 20%, how much will the force of friction be?
(11m/s, 500 N)
6. A racing track of curvature 9.9 m is banked at tan-1 (0.5). Coefficient of static friction
between the track and the tyres of vehicle is 0.2. Determine the speed limits with 10%
margin. (Take g= 10 m/s2, Ans: 5.716 m/s, 7.898 m/s.)
7. Part of a racing track is to be designed for a curvature of 72 m. We are not recommending
the vehicles to drive faster than 216 kmph. With what angle should the road be titled? By
what height will its outer edge be, with respect to the inner edge if the track is 10 m wide?
(Take g= 10 m/s2 ,Ans: 78.69 degree ,9.8 m)
8. The road in the Q.7 is constructed as per the requirements. The coefficient of static friction
between the tyres of a vehicle on this road is 0.8, will there be any lower speed limit/ By
how much can the upper speed limit exceed in this case? (Ans: lower speed limit 88 kmph,
there is no upper limit)
9. A Pendulum consisting of a massless string of length 20 cm and a tiny bob of mass 100 g is
set up as a conical pendulum. Its bob now performs 75 rpm. Calculate kinetic energy and
increase in the gravitational potential energy of the bob. (Use = 10, cos = 0.8)
(K.E=0.045 J, Change in gravitational potential energy=0.04 J)
10. A tiny stone of mass 20 g is tied to a practically massless, inextensible, flexible string and
whirled and along vertical circles. Speed of the stone is 8 m/s when the centripetal force is
exactly equal to the force due to tension. Calculate minimum and maximum kinetic energies
of the stone during the entire circle. (Use=10m/S2 and the length of the string =1.8m ,
Ans: Min : 0.28 J, Max : 1 J)
11. A motorcyclist (as a particle) is undergoing vertical circles inside a sphere of death. The
speed of the motorcycle varies between 6 m/s and 10 m/s. Calculate diameter of the sphere
of death. How much minimum values are possible for these two speeds? (Ans: diameter =
3.2m, minimum velocity at the lowest point=4 √ m/s, at highest point 4 m/s.)
12. Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform disc of mass 10 kg and radius 60 cm about an
axis perpendicular to its plane and passing through its centre. (Ans : 1.8 kg )
13. Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform disc of mass 10 kg and radius 60 cm about an
axis passing through its diameter (Ans : 0.9 kg )
14. Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform ring of mass 20 kg and radius 50 cm about an
axis perpendicular to its plane and passing through its centre. (Ans : 2.5 kg )
15. Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform ring of mass 20 kg and radius 50 cm about an
axis passing through its diameter (Ans : 1.25 kg )
16. Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform solid sphere of mass 25 kg and diameter 50 cm
about an axis through its centre. If its angular velocity changes from 2 rad/s to 5 rad/s in 5 s.
calculate the torque applied. (0.625 kg , 0.375 Nm)
17. A metallic ring of mass 1 kg has moment of inertia 1 kg m2 when rotating about one of its
diameters. It is molten and remodeled into a thin uniform disc of the same radius. How
much will its moment of inertia be, when rotated about its own axis. (Ans: I2= 1 Kgm2)
18. A flywheel is mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store rotational energy.
For a particular machine it is in the form of a uniform 20 kg disc of diameter 50 cm, able to
rotate about its own axis. Calculate its kinetic energy when rotating at 1200 rpm. (Use 2 =
10). Calculate its moment of inertia, in ease it is rotated about a tangent about a tangent in
its plane. (Ans : 5000 J , 1.5625 Kgm2)
19. A big dumb- bell is prepared by using a uniform rod of mass 60 g and length 20 cm. Two
identical solid spheres of mass 50 g and radius 10 cm each are at the two ends of the rod.
Calculate moment of inertia of the dumb-bell when rotated about an axis passing through
its centre and perpendicular to the length. (Ans: 46000 g)
20. A spherical water balloon is revolving at 60 rpm. In the course of time, 48.8 % of its water
leaks out. With what frequency will the remaining balloon revolve now? Neglect all non-
conservative forces. (3.05 rps)
21. A ceiling fan having moment of inertia 2 kgm2 attains its maximum frequency of 60 rpm in
2 seconds. Calculate its power rating. (Ans : 50 W)
22. A Flywheel used to prepare earthenware pots is set into rotation at 100 rpm. It is in the
form of a disc of a mass 10 kg and radius 0.4 m. A lump of clay (to be taken equivalent to a
particle) of mass. 1.6 kg falls on it and adheres to it at a certain distance x if the wheel now
rotates at 80 rpm. (Ans : 0.35 m)
23. Starting from rest, an object rolls down along an incline that rises by 3 in every 5 (along it).
The object gains a speed √ m/s as it travles a distance of m along the incline. What can
be the possible shape/s of the object? (Ans: The possible shape of the object can be a ring
or hollow cylinder.)

Numericals in MCQs
24. A particle of mass 1 kg, tied to a long string is whirled to perform vertical circular motion,
under gravity. Minimum speed of a particle is 5m/s. Consider following statements.
a) maximum speed must be 5√ m/s.
b) difference between maximum and minimum tensions along the string is 60 N.
A) Only the statement (a) is correct
B) Only the statement (b) is correct.
C) Both the statements are correct.
D) Both the statements are incorrect.
25. In a certain unit, the radius of gyration of a uniform disc about its axis is √ . Find its radius
of gyration about a tangent in its plane ( in the same unit) must be
A)√ B) C)2√ D) √
26. A thin walled hollow cylinder is rolling down an incline, without slipping. At any instant, the
ratio Rotational K.E.: Translational K.E. :Total K.E. is
 A) 1:1:2 B) 1:2:3 C)1:1:1 D) 2:1:3

2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUID

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)

1. Define (with formula)

i. Pressure
ii. Absolute pressure
iii. Gauge pressure
iv. Atmospheric pressure
v. Pascal’s Law (write two applications )
vi. Sphere of influence
vii. Angle of contact
viii. Surface Tension
ix. Surface energy
x. Capillarity (or capillary action)
xi. Viscosity
xii. Co-efficient of viscosity
xiii. Velocity Gradient
xiv. Terminal Velocity
xv. State Stoke’s law
xvi. Bernoulli’s principle
xvii. State Bernoulli’s equation
xviii. Equation of continuity
2. State SI unit and dimensions of pressure
3. State SI unit and dimensions of surface tension
4. Give any two applications/uses/examples of capillarity (capillary action)
5. What is the value of surface tension at critical temperature?
6. What is the basis of Bernoulli’s principle?
7. What is an incompressible fluid?
8. Why does velocity increase when water flowing in water flowing in broader pipe enters a
narrower pipe?
9. Why does speed of a liquid increase and its pressure decrease when a liquid passes through
constriction in a horizontal pipe?

(2 Marks)

1. Derive an expression for pressure due to a liquid column.

2. Explain the term hydrostatic paradox
3. Define surface tension. State its SI unit and dimensions.
4. Derive relation between surface tension and surface energy.
 OR
Show that surface tension of a liquid is numerically equal to surface energy per unit area.
5. Explain the effect of impurity on surface tension
6. Explain the effect of temperature on surface tension
7. What are the factors affecting the angle of contact
8. Draw a neat diagram for the rise of liquid in a capillary tube (or fall of liquid in capillary tube)
9. Explain the fall of liquid (mercury) in capillary on the basis of pressure difference.
10. Distinguish between streamline flow and turbulent flow
11. What is critical velocity of flow? State its formula in terms of Reynold’s number. Explain
Reynold’s number
12. State Newton’s Law of Viscosity and derive expression for coefficient of viscosity.
13. Derive equation of continuity
14. State 2 applications of Bernoulli’s equation.
15. Derive an expression for speed of efflux
OR
Derive the equation of the speed of a liquid flowing out through an orifice at a depth h
below the free surface.

(3 Marks)

1. What are absolute pressure , gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure? Derive an
expression for absolute pressure and gauge pressure at a depth h below the free surface of
a liquid.
2. Explain the phenomenon of surface tension on the basis of molecular theory.
3. Derive Laplace law of spherical membrane for drop due to surface tension
OR
Derive an expression for excess pressure inside a drop of liquid.
4. Derive Laplace law of spherical membrane for bubble due to surface tension
OR
Derive an expression for excess pressure inside a bubble
5. Obtain an expression for rise of liquid in capillary tube
6. Derive an expression for terminal velocity of a spherical object falling under gravity through
a viscous medium.

(4 Mark )

1. Explain why angle of contact is acute for kerosene-glass pair and obtuse for mercury-glass
pair.
OR
Explain the formation of concave and convex surface of liquid on the basis of molecular
forces
2. State and derive Bernoulli’s equation.

Numerical Problems:
1. Two different liquids of density and exert the same pressure at a certain point. What
will be the ratio of the heights of the respective liquid columns? [Ans: The ratio of the
height of the liquid column is ]
2. A swimmer is swimming in a swimming pool at 60 m below the surface of the water.
Calculate the pressure on the swimmer due to water above. (Density of water =1000kg/m3,
g=9.8m/s2)[Ans: The pressure on the swimmer due to water above is 5.88 x 105 N/m2]
3. A hydraulic brake system of a car of mass 1000 kg having speed of 50km/h , has a
cylindrical piston of radius of 0.5 cm. The slave cylinder has a radius of 2.5 cm. If a constant
force of 100N is applied on the brake, what distance the car will travel before coming to
stop? [Ans: The car stops after travelling 38.58m.]
4. In a hydraulic lift, the input piston had surface area 30 cm2 and the output piston has
surface area of 1500 cm2. If a force of 25N is applied to the input piston, calculate weight of
support on output piston.[Ans: The weight on the output piston is 1250 N]
5. A drop of mercury of radius 0.2 cm is broken into 8 droplets of the same size. Find the work
done if the surface tension of mercury is 435.5 dyne/cm.[Ans : W=2.189 x 10-5 J]
6. Calculate the work done in blowing a soap bubble to a radius of 1 cm. The surface tension
of soap solution is 2.5 x 10-2 N/m. [Ans: W=6.275 x 10-5J.]
7. How much work is required to form a bubble of 2 cm radius from soap solution having
surface tension 0.07 N/m.[Ans : W=0.703 x 10-3 J.]
8. A rectangular wire frame of size 2cm x 2 cm, is dipped in a soap solution and taken out. A
soap film is formed, if the size of the film is changed to 3 cm x 3 cm, calculate the work
done in the process. The surface tension of soap film is 3 x 10-2 N/m [Ans: W=3 x 10-5J.]
9. Twenty seven droplets of water, each of radius0.1 mm coalesce into single drop. Find the
change in surface energy. Surface tension of water is 0.072 N/m. [Ans: Change in surface
energy is 1.69 x 10-7 J.]
10. What should be the diameter of a water drop so that the excess pressure inside it is 80
N/m2?(Surface tension of water =7.27 x 10-2N/m)[Ans: D=3.6 mm.]
11. An air bubble of radius 0.2 mm is situated just below the water surface. Calculate the
gauge pressure. Surface tension of water = 7.2 x 10-2 N/m.[Ans: 720 N/m2]
12. Calculate the rise of water inside a clean glass capillary tube of radius 0.1 mm, when
immersed in water of surface tension 7 x 10-2 N/m. The angle of contact between water
and glass is zero, density of water = 1000kg/m3, g=9.8 m/s2.[Ans: 0.143 m]
13. A capillary tube of radius 5 x 10-4 m is immersed in a beaker filled with mercury. The
mercury level inside the tube is found to be 8 x 10-3 m below the level of reservoir.
Determine the angle of contact between mercury and glass. Surface tension of mercury is
0.465 N/m and its density id 13.6 x 103 kg/m3. (g=9.8 m/s2)[Ans: 124058’]
14. A steel ball with radius 0.3 mm is falling with velocity of 2 m/s at a time t, through a tube
filled with glycerin, having coefficient of viscosity 0.833 Ns/m2. Determine viscous force
acting on the steel ball at that time. [Ans: F= 9.421 x 10-3N]
15. Calculate the viscous force acting on a rain drop of diameter 1 mm, falling with a uniform
velocity 2 m/s through air. The coefficient of viscosity of air is 1.8 x 10-5 Ns/m2. [Ans: F=
3.393 x 10-7 N]
16. With what terminal velocity will an air bubble 0.4 mm in diameter rise in a liquid of
viscosity 0.1 Ns/m2 and specific gravity 0.9? Density of air is 1.29 kg/m3.[Ans: -0.782 x 10-3
m/s ]
17. As shown in the given figure, a piston of cross-sectional area 2 cm2 pushes the liquid 40
mm2. The piston is pushed at a rate of 2 cm/s. Determine the speed at which the fluid
leaves the tube. [Ans: 0.1 m/s.]

18. The speed of water is 2 m/s through a pipe of internal diameter 10 cm. What should be the
internal diameter of nozzle of the pipe if the speed of water at nozzle is 4 m/s? [Ans: 7.07 x
10-2 m]
19. The pressure of water inside the closed pipe is 3 x 105 N/m2. This pressure reduces to 2 x
105 N/m2 on opening the valve of the pipe. Calculate the speed of water flowing through
the pipe. ( Density of water= 1000kg/m3).[Ans: 14.14 m/s]
20. The given figure shows a streamline flow of a non-viscous liquid having density 1000
kg/ . The cross sectional area at point B is 1 m . The speed of liquid at the point A is 5
cm/s. Both points A and B are at the same horizontal level. Calculate the difference in
pressure at A and B. [Ans: 4.99 x Pa]

21. Doors of dam are 20 m below the surface of water in the dam. If the door is opened, what
will be the speed of the water that flows out of the door? (g= 9.8m/ ) [Ans: v= 19.796
m/s.]
22. With what velocity does water flow out of an orifice in a tank with gauge pressure 4 x
N/ before the flow starts? Density of water = 1000 kg/ . [Ans: v = 28.28 m/s]
23. Water flows through a tube as shown in the figure. Find the difference in mercury level, if
the speed of flow of water at point A is 2 m/s and at point B is 5 m/s.(g= 9.8 m/s)[Ans:
1.07m]

24. A hydraulic lift is designed to lift heavy objects of maximum mass 2000kg. The area of cross
section of piston carrying the load is 2.25 x . What is the maximum pressure the
smaller piston would have to bear?[ Ans: 0.8711 x N/ ]
25. The energy stored in a soap bubble of diameter 6 cm and T = 0.04 N/m is nearly [Ans: 0.9 x
J]
26. Two capillary tubes of radii 0.3 cm and 0.6 cm are dipped in the same liquid. The ratio of
heights through which the liquid will rise in the tubes is [Ans: 2: 1]
27. Two hail stones with radii in the ratio of 1:4 fall from a great height through the
atmosphere. Then the ratio of their terminal velocities is [Ans : 1:16]

3. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES AND RADIATION

Theory Questions:

(1 Mark)
1. Define : 1) Mean free Path ( with formula)
2) RMS velocity (root mean square velocity / speed)
3) Degrees of freedom
4) Law of equipartition of energy
5) Co-efficient of absorption (a)
6) Co-efficient of reflection (r)
7) Co-efficient of transmission( tr)
8) Perfectly black body
9) Athermanous substance (with example)
10) Diathermanous substance (with example)
11) Emissive power/ radiant power.
12) Co-efficient of emission ( emissivity)
2. State wein’s displacement law (with equation & formula)
3. State Stefan- Boltzman’s law (with equation & formula)
4. What is an ideal gas? Does an ideal gas exist in practice?
5. Mention the conditions under which a real gas obeys ideal gas equation.
5. When an object is said to be perfect transmitter?
6. When an object is said to be perfect reflector?
7. What is a perfectly black body ? How can it be realized in practice?
8. State Prevost’s theory of exchange of heat

(2 Marks)
1. Explain Ferry’s blackbody with neat labelled diagram.
2. Obtain relation between co-efficient of absorption, reflection & transmission.
OR
Prove that a + r + tr = 1
3. Show that RMS (root mean square) velocity of gas molecule is directly proportional to
square root of its absolute temperature.

(3 Marks)
1. Derive the Mayer’s relation for for molar and principal specific heat capacities.
2. Explain graphically spectrum of energy distribution of black body in terms of wavelength.
OR
Explain spectral distribution of blackbody radiation in terms of wavelength.
3. State and prove theoretically kirchoff’s law of radiation.

(4 Marks)
1. Derive an expression for pressure exerted by a gas on the basis of kinetic theory of gases.

Numerical Problems:
1. Two vessels A and B are filled with same gas where volume, temperature and pressure in vessel A is
twice the volume, temperature and pressure in vessel B. Calculate the ratio of number of molecules of
gas in vessel A to that in vessel B. ( Ans : 2 : 1)

2. Obtain the mean free path of nitrogen molecule at 0 degree and 1.0 atm pressure. The molecular
diameter of nitrogen is 324 pm ( assume that the gas is ideal, Ans : 0.8 x 10-7 m)

3. A gas in a cylinder is at pressure P. If the masses of all the molecules are made one third of their
original value and their speeds are doubled, then find the resultant pressure. ( Ans : P)

4. Calculate the ratio of mean square speeds of molecules of a gas at 30 K and 120 K. ( Ans : 1 : 4)

5. Show that rms velocity of an oxygen molecule is √ times that of a sulfur dioxide molecule at S.T.P.

6. At what temperature wil oxygen molecules have same rms speed as helium molecules at S.T.P ? ( Ans
: 2184 K)

7. Compare the rms speed of hydrogen molecules at 127 degree celcius with rms speed of oxygen
molecules at 27 degree Celsius given that molecular masses of hydrogen and oxygen are 2 and 32
respectively. ( Ans : 8 : √ .

8. If the density of oxygen is 1.44 kg/m3 at a pressure of 105 N/m2, find the root mean square velocity
of oxygen molecules. ( 456. 44 m/ s)

9. Find kinetic energy of 5 litre of a gas at S.T.P. Given standard pressure is 1.013 x 105 N/m2. ( Ans :
7.5975 x 102 J)

10. Calculate the average molecular kinetic energy a) per mole b) per kg c) per molecule of oxygen at
127 degree Celsius , given that molecukar weight of oxygen is 32, R is 8.31 J mol-1 K-1 and Avogadro’s
number NA is 6.02 x 1023 molecules mol-1. ( Ans : a) KE/ Kmol is 4.987 x 106 J

b) KE/ Kg is 1.56 x 105 J

c) KE/ molecule is 8.281 x 10-21 J )

11. At 300 K, what is the rms speed of Helium atom ? ( Mass of He atom is 4u , 1u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg; KB =
1.38 X 10 -23 J/K ( Ans : 1368 m/s)

12. Given the values of the two principal specific heats, SP = 3400 cal Kg-1 and SV = 2400 Cal kg-1 K-1 for
the hydrogen gas, find the value of J if the universal gas constant R= 8300 J kg-1 K-1 . (Ans : 4.15 J / cal )

13. The difference between the two molar specific heats of a gas is 8000 J kg-1 K-1. If the ratio of the two
specific heats is 1.65, calculate the two molar specific heats. ( Ans : CV = 12310 Jkg-1 K-1 and CP =
20310 Jkg-1 K-1)
14. The emissive power of a sphere of area 0.02 m2 is 0.5 kcal S-1 m-2 .What is the amount of heat
radiated by the spherical surface in 20 seconds? ( Ans : R= 2000 J/m2 s)

15. Calculate the value of max for solar radiaton assuming that surface temperature of Sun is 5800 K. ( b
= 2.897 x 10-3 m K ) In which part of the electromagnetic spectrum , does this value lie?( Ans : 4996 A)

16. Find the temperature of a blackbody if its spectrum has a peak at

a) max = 700 nm (visible)
b) = 3 cm (microwave region)
c) = 3 m (short radio waves) (b = 2.897 x ) (Ans: 4138, 0.0966, 0.966 mK)

17. Earth’s mean temperature can be assumed to be 280 K. How will the curve of blackbody radiation
look like for this temperature? Find out . In which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this
value lie? Ans: 1.035 x m, microwave region

18. Calculate the energy radiated in one minute by a blackbody of surface area 200 cm2 at 127 0C
(Ans : 1741.82 J)

19. Calculate the energy radiated in one minute by a blackbody of surface area 100 cm2 at 227 0C
(Ans : 2126.25 J)

20. A small blackened solid copper sphere of radius 2.5 cm is placed in an evacuated chamber. The
temperature of the chamber is maintained at 100 0C. at what rate energy must be supplied to the
copper sphere to maintain its temperature at 110 0C? (Take
) (Ans: 0.9618 W)

21. Energy is emitted from a hole in an electric furnace at the rate of 20 W, when the temperature of
the furnace is 727 0C. What is the area of the hole? ( ) Ans: 3.5 x m2

22. Compare the rate of loss of heat from a metal sphere at 827 0C with the rate of loss of heat form te
same sphere at 4270C if the temperature of the surrounding is 27 0C. (Ans: 182 : 29)

23. Compare the rates of emission of heat by a blackbody maintained at 727 0C and at 227 0C if the
blackbodies are surrounded by an enclosure at 27 0C. What would be the ratio of their rates of loss of
heat? (Ans : 18.23 : 1)

24. A 60 W filament lamp loses all its energy by radiation from its surface. The emissivity of the surface
is 0.5. The area of the surface is 5 x . Find the temperature of the filament. (
) (2550K)

25. Assuming that the temperature at the surface of the sun is 6000 K, find out the size of a virtual star
(in terms of the size of sun) whose surface temperature is 3000 K and the power radiated by the virtual
star is 25 times the power radiated by the sun. Treat both the sun and the virtual star as the blackbody.
(ans : 20 r(sun) )

MCQs

26. If a = 0.72 and r = 0.24, then the value of tr is

A) 0.02 B) 0.04 C) 0.4 D) 0.2

 27. The ratio of emissive power of perfectly blackbody at 1327 0C and 527 0C is

A) 4 : 1 B) 16 : 1 C) 2 : 1 D) 8 : 1

4. THERMODYNAMICS

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)
10. Define :
1) Internal Energy (2) Heat (3) Work done (4) Mechanical equilibrium
(5) Chemical equilibrium (6) Thermal equilibrium 7) Thermodynamic equilibrium
8) Isobaric process 9) Isochoric process 10) Adiabatic process 11) Heat engine
12) Thermal efficiency of a heat engine ( ) 13) Performance of a refrigerator
14) Refrigeration
2. State zeroth law of thermodynamics.
3. State first law of thermodynamics.
4. What are the limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics
5. State second law of thermodynamics. (first form or kelvin-plank statement)
6. State second law of thermodynamics. (2nd form or clausius statement )
7. Draw PV diagrams for (each 1 mark)
1) positive work done with varying pressure
2) Negative work with varying pressure
3) Positive work at constant pressure
(2 Marks)
1. Write a note on free expansion
2. Write a note on cyclic process (with PV diagram)
3. What is thermodynamic process. Give any two types of it.
4. Define thermal efficiency of a heat engine. Write its formula.
5. What are intensive and extensive state variables with examples?
6. Distinguish between reversible and irreversible processes. Draw their PV diagrams.
(3 Marks)
1. State and explain first law of thermodynamics.
OR
State and deduce the equation for first law of thermodynamics
2. Explain work done in thermodynamic process is path dependent.
3. Explain the thermodynamics and calculate heat , change in internal energy and work done
for isothermal process. Draw PV diagram
4. Explain the thermodynamics and calculate heat , change in internal energy and work done
for Isochoric process. Draw PV diagram
5. Explain the thermodynamics and calculate heat , change in internal energy and work done
for Adiabatic process. Draw PV diagram
6. Explain the thermodynamics and calculate heat , change in internal energy and work done
for Isobaric process. Draw PV diagram
Numerical Problems:

1. Calculate the internal energy of argon and oxygen.

2. A gas enclosed in a cylinder is expanded to double its initial volume ( V i = 0.5 L ) at a
constant pressure of one atmosphere. How much work is done in this process?
3. A system release 125 kJ of heat while 104 kJ of work is done on the system. Calculate the
change in internal energy of the gas.
4. A system release 130 kJ of heat while 109 kJ of work is done on the system. Calculate the
change in internal energy.
5. A gas contained in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston expands against a constant
external pressure of 1 atm from a volume of 5 litres. In doing so it absorbs 400 J of thermal
energy from its surroundings. Determine the change in internal energy of system.
6. A system is taken to its final state from initial. State in hypothetical paths as shown in figure.
Calculate the work done in each case.

(Ans : i) = 2.4 103 J ii) BC = 0 J iii) CD = - 8 102 J iv) 0 J

7. A hypothetical thermodynamic cycle is shown in the figure. Calculate the work done in 25
cycles.

8. An ideal gas is taken through an isothermal process. If it does 2000 J of work on its
environment, how much heat is added to it?
9. 0.5 mole of gas at temperature 300 K expands isothermally from an initial volume 2.0 L to
final volume 6.0 L. What is work done by the gas. How much heat is supplied to gas?
10. One mole of an ideal gas is initially kept in a cylinder with a movable, frictionless and
massless piston at pressure of 1.01 MPa, and temperature 27 . It is then expanded till its
volume is doubled. How much work is done if the expansion is isobaric? ( R = 8.314 SI units)

11. An ideal monoatomic gas is adiabatically compressed so that its final temperature is twice
its initial temperature. What is the ratio of the final pressure to its initial pressure?
(Ans : 5.656 )
12. Efficiency of a Carnot cycle is 75%. If temperature of the hot reservoir is 727 , calculate
the temperature of the cold reservoir. ( Ans : -23 )
 13. A Carnot refrigerator operates between 250 K and 300 K. Calculate its coeffieient of
performance.
( Ans : 5 )
14. A Carnot engine receives 2.0 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 500 K, does some work, and
rejects some heat to a reservoir at 350 K.
i) How much work does it do?
ii) How much heat is rejected?
iii) What is its efficiency?
iv) Is there any simple way to calculate efficiency?
(Ans : i) -1400 J ii) 600 J iii) 30% iv) 30% )
15. A gas is a closed container is heated with 10 J of energy, causing the lid of the container to
rise 2 m with 3 N of force. What is the total change in energy of the system?
A) 10 J B) 4 J C) -10 J D) -4 J

5. OSCILLATIONS

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)

11. Define (with formula)

1) Linear Simple Harmonic Motion . ( S.H.M )
2) Angular Simple Harmonic Motion
3) Amplitude of S.H.M.
4) Period of S.H.M
5) Frequency of S.H.M
6) Second’s pendulum (with formula)
7) Ideal simple pendulum
8) Practical Simple Pendulum
9) Phase of S.H.M.
10) Damped harmonic oscillations / oscillator

(2 Marks)

1. Obtain differential equation of linear S.H.M.

2. Define angular S.H.M. Obtain its differential equation.
3. Represent graphically the variation of K.E , P.E and T.E of a particle performing linear S.H.M
w.r.t displacement
4. At which position total energy of particle in SHM is purely a)potential energy b) kinetic
energy
5. At which position in SHM restoring force is maximum and minimum.
(3 Marks)

1. . Derive an expression for period of simple pendulum. On what factors does it depend ?
OR
 Show that for a small amplitude motion of simple pendulum is linear S.H.M . Hence find its
period
2. State the laws of simple pendulum.
3. Represent graphically the displacement, velocity and acceleration against time for particle
performing linear S.H.M when it starts from mean position.
4. Represent graphically the displacement , velocity and acceleration against time for particle
performing linear S.H.M when it starts from positive extreme position.
5. Show that linear S.H.M is the projection of uniform circular motion on any diameter.
6. Prove that under certain conditions a magnet vibrating in uniform magnetic field performs
S.H.M. and derive expression for its period.
OR
Obtain an expression for the period of a magnet vibrating in a uniform magnetic field and
performing S.H.M.
(4 Mark )

1. Discuss the composition of two S.H.M s along the same path having same period. Find
resultant amplitude and initial phase.
2. From differential equation of linear S.H.M , obtain an expression for acceleration , velocity
and displacement of a particle performing S.H.M.
3. Obtain an expression for potential energy of a particle performing simple harmonic motion.
Hence evaluate the potential energy at a) mean position b) extreme position.
4. Deduce the expressions for kinetic energy, potential energy and total energy of a particle
execution S.H.M. and show that the total energy is conserved. State the factors on which it
depends.

Numerical Problems:

1. A body of mass 0.2 kg performs linear S.H.M. It experience a restoring force of 0.2 N when
its displacement from the mean position is 4 cm. Determine
i) force constant ii) period of S.H.M. and
iii) acceleration of the body when its displacement from the mean position is 1 cm.
(Ans : i) The force constant is 5 N/m.
ii) The time period of SHM is 0.4 s.
iii) Acceleration at x 1 cm is 0.5 m s-2. )
2. In SI units, the differential equation of an S.H.M. is 36x. Find its frequency and
period. (Ans : Hz )
3. A particle performs linear S.H.M. of period 4 seconds and amplitude 4 cm. Find the time
taken by it to travel a distance of 1 cm from the positive extreme position. ( Ans : 0.46 s )
4. A particle performing linear S.H.M. with period 6 second is at positive extreme position at t
=0.The particle is found to be at a distance of 3 cm from this position at time t 7 s, before
reaching the mean position. Find the amplitude of S.H.M. ( Ans : 6 cm )
5. The speeds of a particle performing linear S.H.M. are 8 cm/s and 6 cm/s at respective
displacement of 6 cm and 8 cm. Find its period and amplitude. (Ans : 10 cm and 6.284 s )
6. The maximum velocity of a particle performing S.H.M. is 6.28 cm/s. If the length of its path
is 8 cm, calculate its period. (Ans : Time period of oscillation is 4 s )
7. The maximum speed of a particle performing linear S.H.M. is 0.08 m/s. If its maximum
acceleration is 0.32 m/s2, calculate its i) period and ii) amplitude. ( Ans : 1.571 s , 2
cm )
8. At what distance from the mean position is the speed of a particle performing S.H.M. half its
maximum speed. Given : path length of s.H.M. 10 cm. (Ans : 4.33 cm )
9. A needle of sewing machine moves along a path of amplitude 4 cm with frequency 5 Hz.
Find its acceleration after s after it has crossed the mean position.
10. The period of oscillation of a body of mass m1 suspended from a light spring is T. When a
body of mass m2 is tied to the first body and the system is made to oscillate, the period is
2T. Compare the masses m1 and m2
( Ans : 1/3 .)
11. Two parallel S.H.M. represented by x1 5 sin ( 4 t ) cm and x2 3 sin (4 t ) cm
are superposed on a particle. Determine the amplitude
12. The total energy of a particle of mass 200 g, performing S.H.M. is 10-2 J. Find its maximum
velocity and period if the amplitude is 7 cm. ( Ans : 0.3162 m/s, 1.391 s )
13. Potential energy of a particle performing linear S.H.M. is 0.1 joule. If mass of the
particle is 20g, find the frequency of S.H.M. (Ans : 1.581 Hz )
14. The total energy of a body of mass 2 kg performing S.H.M. is 40 J. Find its speed while
crossing the centre of the path. (Ans : 6.324 m/s )
15. At what distance from the mean position is the kinetic energy of a particle performing
S.H.M. of amplitude 8 cm, three times its potential energy? (Ans : 4 cm)
16. The period of oscillations of a simple pendulum increases by 10%, When its length is
increased by 21 cm. Find its initial length and initial period. (Ans : 1m, 2.007 s )
17. A simple pendulum performs S.H.M. of period 4 second. How much time after crossing the
mean position, will the displacement of the bob be one third of its amplitude? (Ans :
0.2161 s )
18. A simple pendulum of length 100 cm performs S.H.M. Find the restoring force acting on its
bob of mass 50 g when the displacement from the mean position is 3 cm. (Ans : 1.48 10-
2
N)
19. Find the change in length of a second’s pendulum, if the acceleration due to gravity at the
place changes from 9.75 m/s2 (Ans : 0.005 m )
20. A bar magnet of mass 120 g, in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, has dimensions
40 mm, b 10 mm and h 80 mm. With the dimension ‘h’ vertical, the magnet performs
angular oscillations in the plane of a magnetic field with period s. If its magnetic moment
is 3.4 Am2, determine the influencing magnetic field.
( Ans : 2 10-5 Wb m-2 or T )
21. Two magnets with the same dimensions and mass, but of magnetic moments 1 100 Am2
and 2 50 Am2 are jointly suspended in the earth’s magnetic field so as to perform angular
oscillations in a horizontal plane. When their like poles are joined together, the period of
their angular S.H.M. is 5s. Find the period of angular S.H.M. when their unlike poles are
joined together. (Ans : 8.66 s )
 22. A 20 cm wide thin circular disc of mass 200 g is suspended to a rigid support from a thin
metallic string. By holding the rim of the disc, the string is twisted through 60 and released.
It now performs angular oscillations of period 1 second. Calculate the maximum restoring
torque generated in the string under undamped conditions. ( ) ( Ans : 0.04133 Nm
)
23. Find the number of oscillations performed per minute by a magnet vibrating in the plane of
a uniform field of 1.6 10-5 Wb/m2. The magnet has moment of inertia 3 10-6 kgm2 and
magnetic moment 3 Am2. ( 38.19 oscillations per minute )
24. A particle performs linear S.H.M. starting from the mean position. Its amplitude is A and
time period is T. At the instance when its speed is half the maximum speed, its
displacement x is
√
A) A B) C) D) A
√ √
25. A body of mass 1 kg is performing linear S.H.M. Its displacement x (cm) at t (second) is given
by x 6 sin ( 100t + /4). Maximum kinetic energy of the body is
A) 36 J B) 9 J C) 27 J D) 18 J
26. The length of second’s pendulum on the surface of earth is nearly 1 m. Its length on the
surface of moon should be [ Given: acceleration due to gravity (g) on moon is 1/6 thof that on
the earth’s surface ]
A) 1/6 m B) 6 m C) 1/36 m D) m
√

6. SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)

12. What are beats ?

13. What are Stationary waves ?
14. What are nodes and antinodes ?
15. What is resonance?
16. Define principle of Superposition of waves.
17. What is end correction ?
(2 Marks)

6. What are beats ? Write two applications.

7. Distinguish between free vibrations and forced vibrations
8. Write two properties of progressive waves
9. Write two properties of stationary waves
10. What are harmonics and overtones?
11. What are forced vibrations and resonance?

(3 Marks)

7. . Distinguish between progressive waves and stationary waves

OR
 State the points of comparision between progressive waves and stationary waves.
2. Explain the reflection of transverse waves and longitudinal waves from a denser medium
and rarer medium.
3. Show that only odd harmonics are present in vibrations of air column in a pipe closed at one
end
4. Show that all even as well as odd harmonics are present in vibrations of air column in a pipe
open at both the ends.
5. Show that all even as well as odd harmonics are present in vibrations string stretched
between two rigid supports.
6. Show that beat frequency is equal to frequency difference between two interfering waves.
OR
Deduce analytically the expression for beat frequency
7. State the laws of vibrating string.

(4 Mark )
5. Explain analytically how stationary waves are formed in a stretched string. Show that
distance between two adjacent nodes and antinodes is and betwewen a node and an
adjacent antinode is (OR nodes and antinodes are equally spaced in stationary waves)

Numerical Problems:

1. The amplitude of wave is represented by ( ) in SI units.

Find i) wavelength ii) frequency and iii) amplitude of the wave.
( Ans : 0.4 m, 25 Hz and 0.2 m )
2. A wave of frequency 500 Hz is travelling with a speed of 350 m/s.
i) what is the phase difference between two displacement at a certain point at times 1.0 ms
apart?
ii) what will be the smallest distance between two points which are 45 out of phase at an
instant of time?
( Ans : rad, 8.75 cm )
3. Two sound waves travel at a speed of 330 m/s. If their frequencies are also identical and are
equal to 540 Hz, what will be the phase difference between the waves at points 3.5 m from
one source and 3 m from the other if the source are in phase? ( Ans : 1.636 )
4. The displacement of two sinusoidal waves propagating a string are given by the following
equations
Y1 4 sin ( 20x – 30t)
Y2 4 sin ( 25x – 40t)
Where x and y are in centimetre and t is in second.
i) calculate the phase difference between these two waves at the points x 5 cm and t
2s.
ii) when these two waves interfere, what are the maximum values of the intensity?
( Ans : 5 rad, 64 and 0 )
5. A progressive wave travel on a stretched string. A particle on this string takes 4.0 ms to
move from its mean position to one of its extreme positions. The distance between two
consecutive points on the string which are at their mean positions ( at a certain time instant)
is 2.0 cm. find the frequency, wavelength and speed of the wave. ( Ans : 62.5 Hz , 0.04 m ,
2.5 m/s )
6. Find the distance between two successive nodes in a stationary wave on a string nodes in a
stationary wave on a string vibrating with frequency 64 Hz. The velocity of progressive wave
that resulted in the stationary wave is 48 ms-1. ( Ans : 0.375 m )
7. A sound wave in a certain fluid medium is reflected at an obstacle to form a standing wave.
The distance between two successive nodes is 3.75 cm. If the velocity of sound is 1500 m/s,
find the frequency.
( Ans : 20 kHz )
8. Two source of sound are separated by a distance 4 m. They both emit sound with the same
amplitude and frequency ( 330 Hz), but they are 180 out of phase. At what points between
the two sources, will the sound intensity be maximum? ( Ans : 0.25 m, 0.75m, 1.25
m and 1.75 m )
9. An air column is of length 17 cm long. Calculate the frequency of overtone if the air
column is
i) closed at one end and ii) open at both ends. ( velocity of sound in air 340 ms-1 )
( Ans : i) 500 Hz, 5500 Hz ii) 1000 Hz , 6000 Hz )
10. A pipe closed at one end can produce overtones at frequencies 640 Hz, 896 Hz and 1152 Hz.
Calculate the fundamental frequency. ( Ans : 128 Hz )
11. A string 1 m long is fixed at one end. The other end is moved up and down with frequency
15 Hz. Due to this, a stationary wave with four complete loops, gets produced on the string.
Find the speed of the progressive wave which produces the stationary wave. [ condition :
The moving end is an antinode ]
( Ans : 6.67 ms-1 )
12. The string of a guitar is 80 cm long and has a fundamental frequency of 112 Hz. If a guitarist
wishes to produce a frequency of 160 Hz, where should the person press the string? ( Ans :
56 cm from one end )
13. The velocity of a transverse wave on a string of length 0.5 m is 225 m/s.
i) what is the fundamental frequency of a standing wave on this string if both ends are kept
fixed?
ii) while this string is vibrating in the fundamental harmonic, what is the wavelength of
sound produced in air if the velocity of sound in air is 330 m/s? ( Ans : 225 Hz , 1.467 m )
14. A string 105 cm long is fixed at one end. Transverse vibrations od of frequency 15 Hz are
imposed at the free end. A stationary wave, produced in the string, consists of the 3 loops.
Calculate the speed of progressive waves which have produced the stationary wave in the
string. ( Ans : 10.5 ms-1 )
15. A standing wave is produced in a tube open at both ends. The fundamental frequency is 300
Hz. What is the length of tube? ( speed of the sound 340 m s-1 ) ( Ans : 0.5666 m )
16. Find the fundamental, first overtone and second overtone frequencies of a pipe, open at
both the ends, of length 25 cm if the speed of sound in air is 330 m/s. ( Ans : 660 Hz, 1320
Hz, 1980 Hz )
17. A pipe open at both the ends has a fundamental frequeny of 600 Hz. The first overtone of a
pipe closed at one end has the same frequency as the first overtone of the open pipe. How
long are the two pipes? ( Take velocity of sound to be 330 m/s ) ( Ans : 27.5 cm, 20.63
cm )
18. A violin string vibrates with fundamental frequency of 440 Hz. What are the frequencies of
first and second overtones? ( Ans : 880 Hz , 1320 Hz )
19. A sonometer wire of length 50 cm is stretched by keeping weights equivalent of 3.5 kg. The
fundamental frequency of vibration is 125 Hz. Determine the linear density of the wire. (
Ans : 2.1952 10-3 kgm-1 )
20. Two wires of the same material and the same cross section are stretched on a sonometer in
that of the other is 30 cm. An unknown load is applied to the first wire and second wire is
loaded with 1.5 kg. If both the wires vibrate with the same fundamental frequencies,
calculate the unknown load. ( Ans : 6 kg )
21. A wire has linear density 4.0 10-3 kg/m. It is stretched between two rigid supports
with a tension of 360 N. The wire resonates at a frequency of 420 Hz and 490 Hz in two
successive modes. Find the length of the wire.
( Ans : 2.143 m )
22. Two wires of the same material and same cross section are stretched on a sonometer. One
wire is loaded with 1.5 kg and another is loaded with 6 kg. The vibrating length of first wire
is 60 cm and its fundamental frequency of vibration is the same as that of the second wire.
Calculate vibrating length of the other wire.
( Ans : 1.2 m )
23. Two sound waves having wavelength 81 cm and 82.5 cm produce 8 beats per second.
Calculate the speed of sound in air. ( Ans : 356.4 m/s )
24. Two tuning forks having frequencies 320 Hz and 340 Hz are sounded together to produce
sound waves. The velocity of sound in air is 326.4 m s-1. Find the difference in wavelength of
these waves. ( Ans : 0.06 m )
25. A set of 8 tuning forks is arranged in a series of increasing order of frequencies. Each fork
gives 4 beats per second with the next one and the frequency of last fork is twice that of the
first. Calculate the frequencies of the first and the last fork. ( Ans : 28 Hz , 56 Hz )
26. A sonometer wire is stretched by tension of 40 N. It vibrates in unison with a tuning fork of
frequency 384 Hz. How many numbers of beats get produced in two seconds if the tension
in the wire is decreased by 1.24 N?
( Ans : 12 Hz )
27. A sonometer wire of length 0.5 m is stretched by a weight of 5 kg. The fundamental
frequency of vibration is 100 Hz. Calculate linear density of wire. ( Ans : 4.9 10-3 )
28. Which of the following equations represents a wave travelling along the y – axis?
A ) x A sin ( ky ) B) y A sin ( kx C) y A sin ( ky) cos ( t) D) y A
cos (ky) sin ( )
29. When an air column in a pipe closed at one end vibrates such that three nodes are formed
in it, the frequency of its vibration is _____ times the fundamental frequency.
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
30. If two open organ pipes of length 50 cm and 51 cm sounded together produce 7 beats per
second, the speed of sound is.
 A) 307 m/s B) 327 m/s C) 350 m/s D) 357 m/s
31. The tension in a piano wire is increased by 25%. Its frequency becomes _____ times the
original frequency.
A) 0.8 B) 1.12 C) 1.25 D) 1.56
32. A standing wave is produced on a string fixed at one end with the other end free. The length
of the string
A) must be an odd integral multiple of
B) must be an odd integral multiple of
C) must be an odd integral multiple of
D) must be an even integral multiple of .

7. WAVE OPTICS

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)

1. What is interference of light. (1M )

2. What is the shape of the wavefront at a point far away from the source of light?
3. State Huygen’s principle . (1 or 2 M )
4. Define wavefront. (1M)
5. What is diffraction of light? (1M)
6. What is polarization of light? (1M)
7. State Brewster’s law. (1M)
8. What is optical path ? (1M )
9. On what factors resolving power of microscope depend? How can it be increased? (1 M)
10. On what factors resolving power of telescope depend? How can it be increased? (1 M)
11. What happens to fringe width in diffraction pattern if the diameter of the width is
increased? (1M)

(2 Marks)

1. Distinguish between interference and diffraction.

2. What is diffraction. Explain its two types.
3. State the conditions necessary for obtaining sharp and steady interference pattern.
4. State the conditions to get constructive and destructive interference of light.
5. Explain Huygen’s geometrical construction of plane wavefront.
6. Draw a neat labelled diagram of reflection of light from a plane reflecting surface on the
basis of wave theory.
7. What are primary and secondary sources of light.
8. State and explain optical path & derive its expression.

(3 Marks)

1. Explain refraction of light on the basis of wave theory. Hence prove the laws of refraction.
OR,
 On the basis of Huygen’s wave theory prove that velocity of light in rarer medium is greater
than that in denser medium.
OR
Derive laws of refraction of light using Huygen’s principle.
2. With the help of a neat diagram, explain the reflection of light on a plane reflecting surface.
OR
Derive laws of reflection of light using Huygen’s principle.
3. State Brewster’s law. Derive the formula for Brewster’s angle.
OR
State Brewster’s law and show that when light is incident at polarizing angle the reflected
and refracted rays are mutually perpendicular to each other.
4. State and derive Malus’ law.
(4 Mark )

1. Describe geometry of Young’s double slit experiment with the help of a ray diagram. What is
fringe width? Obtain an expression for it. Write the conditions for constructive and
destructive interference.
OR
Describe geometry of Young’s double slit experiment with the help of a ray diagram. What
is fringe width? Obtain an expression for it. Write the conditions for obtaining bright and
dark fringes.
OR
Obtain an expression for path difference and fringe width of interference pattern in Young’s
double slit experiment.
OR
Using analytical method for interference bands, obtain an expression for path difference
between two light waves.
2. What is meant by coherent sources? What are the two methods for obtaining coherent
sources in laboratory (2 M )
Draw neat labelled diagram of i) Lloyd’s mirror (2M)
ii) Fresnel Biprism (2M)

Numerical Problems:

1. White light consists of wavelengths from 400 nm to 700 nm. What will be the wavelength
range seen when white light is passed through glass of refractive index 1.55? ( Ans :
258.06 nm to 451.61 nm )
2. Unpolarized light with intensity 0 is incident on two polaroid. The axis of the first polaroid
makes an angle of 50 with the vertical, and the axis of the second polaroid is horizontal.
What is the intensity of the light after it has passed through the second polaroid? ( Ans :
)
3. For what angle of incidence will light incident on a bucket filled with liquid having refractive
index 1.5 be completely polarized after reflection? ( Ans :56.31 )
4. The intensity of the light coming from one of the slits in Young’s experiment is twice the
intensity of the light coming from the other slit. What will be the approximate ratio of the
intensities of the bright and dark fringes in the resulting interference pattern? ( Ans : 34 )
5. Plane wavefront of light of wavelength 5500 is incident on two slits in a screen
perpendicular to the direction of light rays. If the total separation of 10 bright fringes on a
screen 2 m away is 2 cm, find the distance between the slits. ( Ans : 5.5 m)
6. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the difference in optical path lengths between the rays
starting from the Åtwo slits S1 and S2 and reaching a point A on the screen is 0.0075 mm and
reaching another point B on the screen on the other side of the central fringe is 0.0015 mm.
How many bright and dark fringes are observed between A and B if the wavelength of light
used is 6000 ? ( Ans: 15 bright and 14 dark fringes )
7. A double- slit arrangement produces interference fringes for sodium light ( )
that are 0.2 apart. What is the angular fringe separation if the entire arrangement is
immersed in water ( n 1.33 )? ( Ans : 0.15 )
8. In a double-slit arrangement the slits are separated by a distance equal to 100 times the
wavelength of the light passing through the slits.
I) what is the angular separation ( in radians ) between the central maximum an adjacent
maximum?
II) what is the distance between these maxima on a screen 50.0 cm from the slits? ( Ans :
0.01 rad, 0.5 cm )
9. What must be the thickness of a thin film which, when kept near one of the slits shifts the
central fringe by 5 mm for incident light of wavelength 5400 in Young’s double slit
interference experiment? The refractive index of the material of the film is 1.1 and the
distance between the slits is 0.5 mm. ( Ans : 0.054 mm )
10. In a biprism experiment, the fringes are observed in the focal plane of the eyepiece at a
distance of 1.2 m from the slits. The distance between the central bright band and the
bright band is 0.4 cm. When a convex lens is placed between the biprism and the eyepiece,
90 cm from the eyepiece, the distance between the two virtual magnified images is found to
be 0.9 cm. Determine the wavelength of light used. ( Ans : 5000 )
11. The optical path of a ray of light of a given wavelength travelling a distance of 3 cm in flint
glass having refractive index 1.25. Determine the value of x. ( Ans : 3.84 cm )
12. In fraunhofer diffraction by a narrow slit, a screen is placed at a distance of 2 m from the
lens to obtain the diffraction pattern. If the slit width is 0.2 mm and the first minimum is 5
mm on either side of the central maximum, find the wavelength of light. ( Ans : 5000 )
13. A parallel beam of green light of wavelength 546 nm passes through a slit of width 0.4 mm.
The intensity pattern of the transmitted light is seen on a screen which is 40 cm away. What
is the distance between the two first order minima? ( Ans : 1.1 mm )
14. What must be the ratio of the slit width to the wavelength for a single slit to have the first
diffraction minimum at 45.0 ? ( Ans : 1.273 )
15. Monochromatic electromagnetic radiation from a distant source passes through a slit. The
diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 2.50 m from the slit. If the width of the central
maximum is 6.00 mm, what is the slit width if the wavelength is (a) 500 nm ( visible light);
(b) 50 m ( infrared radiation) ; (c) 0.500 nm (X-rays)?
 ( Ans : 0.4167 mm, 41.67 mm and 4.167 )
16. What is the minimum distance between two objects which can be resolved by a
miscroscope having the visual angle of 30 when light of wavelength 500 nm is used? ( Ans :
6.1 )
17. A telescope has an objective of diameter 2.5 m. What is its angular resolution when it
observe at 5500 ? ( Ans : 0.055 arc sec )
18. A star is emitting light at the wavelength of 5000 . Determine the limit of resolution of a
telescope having an objective of diameter of 200 inch. ( Ans : 1.2 )

MCQS
19. In Youngs double slit experiment, the two coherent sources have different intensities. If the
ratio of maximum intensity to the minimum intensity in the interference pattern produced
is 25:1. What was the ratio of intensities of the two sources?
A) 5 : 1 B) 25:1 C) 3 : 2 D) 9 : 4

8. ELECTROSTATICS

Theory Questions:
(2 Mark)

1. Define capacitance of a capacitor and state its SI units and dimensions. (2M)
2. Obtain an expression for electric field at a point outside a charged spherical conductor.
(2M)
3. Obtain an expression for electric field at a point outside a uniformly charged thin plane
sheet. (2M)
4. Obtain an expression for electric field at a point outside an infinitely long charged
conducting cylinder. (2M)
5. Define electrostatic potential energy of a system of point charges. (1M)
6. Derive an expression for potential energy of dipole in external field. (2 M)
7. What are polar and non-polar dielectrics? Give examples
(2M )
8. Derive an expression for equivalent capacitance of capacitors in series. (2M)
9. Derive an expression for equivalent capacitance of capacitors in parallel. (2M)
10. Draw neat labelled diagram of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric slab between the
plates.
11. A metal plate is introduced between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor. What is the
effect on the capacitance of the capacitor? (1)
12. Derive relation between electric field intensity and potential gradient.
13. Draw a neat and labelled diagram of van de Graff generator.
14. Distinguish between conductors and insulators
15. Distinguish between free charges and bound charges

(3 Marks)
 1. Derive an expression for potential energy of two point charges. (3M)
2. Derive an expression for potential due to a point charge. (3M)
3. Derive an expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor without a dielectric.
(3M)
4. Derive an expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric slab
between the plates. (3M)
5. Derive an expression for energy stored in capacitor. Obtain its different forms. (3M)
6. What are equipotential surfaces? Draw equipotential surfaces for
a) dipole b) two identical positive charges. c) uniform electric field (3M)

(4 Marks)

1. Derive an expression for electric potential due to a dipole. (4M )

Numerical Problems:

1. A sphere of radius 10 cm carries a charge of 1 C. Calculate the electric field

i) At a distance of 30 cm from the centre of the sphere
ii) At the surface of the sphere and
iii) At a distance of 5 cm from the centre of the sphere ( Ans : , , 0)
2. The length of straight thin wire is 2 m. It is uniformly charged with a positive charge of 3 C.
Calculate
i) The charge of the wire.
ii) The electric intensity due to the wire at a point 1.5 m away from the centre of the wire.
( Ans : , )
3. The charge per unit area of a large flat sheet of charge is 3 C/m2. Calculate the electric
field intensity at a point just near the surface of the sheet, measured from its midpoint. (
Ans : )
4. Potential at a point A in space is given as .
i) Find the work done in bringing a charge of 3 from infinity to the point A.
ii) Does the answer depend on the path along which the charge is brought?
( Ans : 1.2 and does not depend on path ) .
5. Three charges are placed at equal distance on straight line. If the potential
energy of the system of the three charges is zero, then what is the ratio of Q :q? ( Ans : 1 :
4 )
6. If 120 of work is done in carrying a charge of 6 from a place where the potential is V,
find V.
( Ans : 30 V )
7. One hundred twenty five small liquid drops, each carrying a charge of 0.5 and each of
diameter 0.1 m from a bigger drop. Calculate the potential at the surface of the bigger
drop. ( Ans : )
8. A wire is bent in a circle of radius 10 cm. It is given a charge of 250 which spreads on it
uniformly. What is the electric potential at the centre? ( Ans : )
9. A short electric dipole has dipole moment of Cm. Determine the electric
potential due to the dipole at a point distance 0.3 m from the centre of the dipole situated
i) on the axial line
ii) on the equatorial line
iii) on a line making an angle of 60 with the dipole axis. ( Ans : 100 V, 0 V, 50 V )
10. Two charges C and are located 16 cm apart. At what point (s) on
the line joining the two charges is the electric potential zero? Take the potential at infinity
to be zero. ( Ans : 0.1 m, 0.4 m )
11. A small particle carrying a negative charge of is suspended in equilibrium
between two horizontal metal plates 10 cm apart having a potential difference of 4000 V
across them. Find the mass of the particle. ( Ans : kg )
12. Two charges of magnitude 5 nC and nC are placed at points ( 2cm, 0, 0 ) and ( 20cm, 0, 0
) in a region of space, where there is no other external field. Find the electrostatic potential
energy of the system. ( Ans : )
13. Two charged particles having equal charge of C each are brought from infinity to
a separation of 30 cm. Find the increase in electrostatic potential energy during the
process. ( Ans : 27 J )
14. Calculate the electrostatic potential energy of the system of charges shown in the figure.

√
( Ans : )
15. I)Determine the electrostatic potential energy of a system consisting of two charges
and ( with no external field ) placed at ( cm, 0,0 ) and ( cm, 0, 0 ) respectively.
16. A charge 6 C is placed at the origin and another charge is placed on the y axis at a
position A (0,6.0 )m
i) Calculate the total electric potential at the point P whose coordinates are (8.0,0)m
( Ans : )
17. An electric dipole consists of two opposite charges each of magnitude 1 separated by 2
cm. The dipole is placed in an external electric field of . Find:
i) The maximum torque exerted by the field on the dipole
ii) The work the external agent will have to do in turning the dipole through 180 starting
from the position ( Ans : )
18. The dipole moment of a water molecule is . A sample of water contains
molecules, whose dipole moments are all oriented in an electric field of strength
. Calculate the work to be done to rotate the dipoles from their initial to rotate
the dipoles from their initial orientation 1 = 0 to one which all the dipoles are
perpendicular to the field, 2 . ( Ans : )
19. When electrons are transferred from one conductor to another, a potential difference
of 10 V appears between the conductors. Find the capacitance between the two conductors.
( Ans : )
 20. From the figure given below find the value of the capacitance C if the equivalent capacitance
between A and B is to be 1 . All other capacitors are in micro farad.

21. A parallel plate capacitor has an area of 4 cm2 and a plate separation of 2 mm
i) Calculate its capacitance
ii) What is the capacitance if the space between the plates is filled completely with a
dielectric having dielectric constant of constant 6.7. ( Ans : ,
)
22. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area of
m2 and the separation between the capacitance of the capacitor,
i) Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor,
ii) If this capacitor is connected to 100 V supply, what would be the charge on each plate?
iii) How would charge on the plates be affected if a 2 mm thick mica sheet of k = 6 is
inserted between the plates while the voltage supply remains connected?
( Ans : )
23. In a capacitor of capacitance 20 the distance between the plates is 2 mm. If a dielectric
slab of width 1 mm and dielectric constant 2 is inserted between the plates, what is the new
capacitance? ( Ans : 26.67 )
24. Find the ratio of the potential differences that must be applied across the parallel and series
combination of two capacitors C1 and C2 with their capacitances in the ratio 1 : 2, so that the
energy stored in these two cases becomes the same. (Ans : √ )
25. A parallel plate air capacitor has a capacitance of farad. A slab of dielectric
constant 3 and thickness 3 cm completely fills the space between the plates. The potential
difference between the plates is maintained constant at 400 volt. What is the change in the
energy of capacitor after introducing slab? ( Ans : )
26. Energy stored in a capacitor and dissipated during charging a capacitor bear a ratio
A) 1 : 1 B) 1 : 2 C) 2 : 1 D) 1 : 3
27. A parallel plate capacitor has circular plates of radius 8 cm and plate separation 1 mm. What
will be the charge on the plates if a potential difference of 100 V is applied?
A) B) C) D)

9. CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Theory Questions:
(2 Mark)

1. State Kirchoff’s law in electricity.

 2. Obtain the balancing condition of Wheatstone’s network.
3. State and explain principle of potentiometer.
4. State the advantages of potentiometer over voltmeter.
OR
5. Why is potentiometer preferred over voltmeter?
6. Distinguish between potentiometer and voltmeter.
7. Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter.
8. What is potential gradient . State its SI unit ( 1M )
9. Describe any two sources of error in metre bridge experiment. How can they be
minimized?
10. Explain how moving coil galvanometer is converted to voltmeter. Derive necessary
formula.
11. Explain how moving coil galvanometer is converted to ammeter. Derive necessary
formula.
12. What is the value of resistance in ideal voltmeter?
13. What is the value of resistance in ideal ammeter?
14. What is shunt?

(3 Marks)

1. Explain with neat circuit diagram how will you determine unknown resistance ‘X’ by using
metre bridge.
2. Describe how potentiometer is used to compare emfs of two cells by sum and difference
method.
3. Describe how potentiometer is used to compare emfs of two cells by connecting them
separately (individual method)
4. Describe kelvin’s method to determine the resistance of a galvanometer by using a metre
bridge.
5. Describe with the help of a neat circuit diagram how will you determine the internal
resistance of a cell by using potentiometer. Derive necessary formula.

Numerical Problems:

1. A voltmeter has a resistance of 100 . What will be its reading when it is connected across a
cell of emf 2 V and internal resistance 20 ? ( Ans : 1.67 V)

2. A voltmeter has a resistance 30 . What will be its reading, when it is connected across a
cell of emf 2 V having internal resistance 10 ? ( Ans : 1.5
V)

3. Figure shows currents in a part of electrical circuit. Find the

current X. ( Ans : X is 7 A )
 4. A battery of emf 4 volt and internal resistance 1 is connected in parallel with another
battery of emf 1 V and internal resistance. 1 ( with their like poles connected together ).
The combination is used to send current through an external resistance of 2 current
through an external resistance of 2 Calculate the current through the external resistance.
( Ans : 1 A )

5. Two cells of emf 1.5 volt and 2 volt having respective internal resistance of 1 and 2 are
connected in parallel so as to send current in same direction through an external resistance
of 5 . Find the current through the external resistance. ( Ans : A)

6. Two batteries of 7 volt and 13 volt and internal resistance 1 ohm and 2 ohm respective of 12
ohm. Find the current through each branch of the circuit and the potential difference across
12-ohm resistance.

(Ans : 8.532 V )

7. A set of three coils having resistance 10 , 12 and 15 are connected in parallel. This
combination is connected in series with series combination of three coils of the same
resistances. Calculate the total resistance and current through the circuit, if a battery of
e.m.f 4.1 volt is used for drawing current.

( Ans : 41 and 0.1 A )

8. At what value should the variable resistor Q be set in the circuit such that the bridge
balanced? If the source voltage is 30 V find the value of the output voltage across XY, when
the bridge is balanced. ( Ans : 0 V )
 9. Two resistances 2 ohm and 3 ohm are connected across the two gaps of the metre bridge as
shown in figure. Calculate the current through the cell when the bridge is balanced and the
specific resistance of the material of the metre bridge wire. Given the resistance of the
bridge wire is 1.49 ohm and its diameter is 0.12 cm. Ans : 1.686

10. A potential drop per unit length along wire is 5 V/m. If the emf of a cell balances
against length 216 cm of this potentiometer wire, find the emf of the cell. ( Ans : 0.0108 V )

11. A potentiometer wire has a length of 1.5 m and resistance of 10 .It is connected in series
with the cell of emf 4 volt and internal resistance 5 . Calculate the potential drop per
centimetre of the wire. ( Ans : 0.0178 V/cm)

12. The resistance of a potentiometer wire is 8 and its length is 8 m. A resistance box and a 2
V battery are connected in series with it. What should be the resistance in the box if it is
desired to have potential drop of 1 V/mm? ( Ans :1992 )

13. When two cells of emfs. E1 and E2 are connected in series so as to assist each other, their
balancing length on a potentiometer in series so as to oppose each other, balancing length
is found to be 0.3 m. compare the emfs of the two cells. ( Ans : 1.25 )

14. In an experiment to determine the internal resistance of a cell of emf 1.5 V, the balance
point in the open cell condition at is 76.3 cm. When a resistor of 9.5 ohm is used in the
external circuit of the cell the balance point shifts to 64.8 cm of the potentiometer wire.
Determine the internal resistance of the cell. (Ans : 1.686 )

15. In an experiment to determine the internal resistance of a cell of emf 1.5 V, the balance
point in the open cell condition at is 76.3 cm. When a resistor of 9.5 ohm is used in the
external circuit of the cell the balance point shifts to 64.8 cm of the potentiometer wire.
Determine the internal resistance of the cell.

( Ans : 1.686 )

16. A galvanometer has a resistance of 100 and its full scale deflection current is 100 A.
What shunt resistance should be added so that the ammeter can have a range of 0 to 10
mA? ( Ans : 1.01 )

17. What is the value of the shunt resistance that allows 20% of the main current through a
galvanometer of 99 ? ( Ans : 24.75 )

18. A galvanometer has a resistance 25 and its full scale deflection current is 25 A. What
resistance should be added to have a range of 0 – 10 V? ( Ans : 399.95 )

19. A galvanometer has a resistance of 40 and a current of 4 mA is needed for a full scale
deflection. What is the resistance and how is it to be connected to convert the
galvanometer

I) into an ammeter of 0.4 A range and

II) into a voltmeter of 0.5 V range? ( Ans : 0.404 , 85 )

 20. In the following circuit diagram, an infinite series of resistance is shown. Equivalent
resistance between points points A and B is

A) infinite B) zero C) 2 D) 30

21. Four resistance 10 , 10 , 10 and 15 form a Wheatstone’s network. What shunt is

required across 15 resistor to balance the bridge

A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 30

22. A circular loop has a resistance of 40 . Two points P and Q of the loop, which are one
quarter of the circumference apart are connected to 24 V battery, having an internal
resistance of 0.5 . What is the current flowing through the battery?

A) 0.5 A B) 1 A C) 2 A D) 3 A

23. To find resistance of a gold bangle, two diametrically opposite points of the bangle are
connected to the two terminals of the left gap of a metrebridge. A resistance of the bangle if
the null point is at 20 cm from the left end?

A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 16

10. MAGNETIC FIELDS DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)

1. What is Lorentz force?

2. State ampere’s law.
3. State Biot savart’s Law.
4. Under what condition does a charge undergo uniform circular motion in a magnetic
field?
5. What is the magnetic field at the centre of the full circle of the wire carrying current.

(2 Marks)

1. State and explain Biot.savart’s law. write its vector form

2. State SI unit and dimensions of magnetic field.
3. Derive cyclotron formula.
4. Derive relation for magnetic force acting on a straight wire carrying current.
5. Derive expression for magnetic field produced by current in a circular arc of a wire.
6. Obtain an expression for magnetic field in a toroid along the axis of toroid.
7. Obtain an expression for magnetic field in a solenoid.
 (3 Marks)

1. Obtain an expression for torque on a current loop in magnetic field.

2. Explain principle, construction and working of Moving Coil Galvanometer with a neat
labelled diagram.
3. Derive an expression for magnetic field at a point near infinitely long straight wire.
What will be the expression for semi-infinite straight wire.
4. State Ampere’s law and hence obtain an expression for magnetic field near a straight
conductor carrying a current.
5. Derive an expression for force per unit length between two long parallel wire.
OR,
Show that currents in two long straight wires exerts force on each other. Derive an
expression for force per unit length on each conductor.

(4 Marks)

1. Derive an expression for axial magnetic field produced by current in circular loop.

Numerical Problems:

1. For proton acceleration, a cyclotron is used in which a magnetic field of 1.4 Wb/m2 is
applied. Find the time period for reserving the electric field between the two Ds. ( Ans :
2.343 ).
2. An electron is moving with a speed of 3.2 m/s in a magnetic field of 6.00 T
perpendicular to its path. What will be the radius of the path? What will be frequency and
the energy in keV?
( Given : mass of electron = 9.1 kg, charge e = 1.6 C, 1 eV = 1.6 J)
( Ans : i) nearly 30 cm ii) 16.79 MHz iii) 2.912 ke V )
3. A piece of straight wire has mass 20 g and length 1 m. It is to be levitated using a current of
1 A flowing through it and a perpendicular magnetic field B in a horizontal direction. What
must be the magnitude of B?
( Ans : 0.196 T )

4. A moving coil galvanometer has been fitted with a rectangular coil having 50 turns and
dimension 5 cm 3 cm. The radial magnetic field in which the coil is suspended is of 0.5
Wb/m2. The torsional constant of the spring is 1.5 Nm/degree. Obtain the current
required to be passed through the galvanometer so as to produce a deflection of 30 . (
Ans : 1.2 A)
5. A circular coil of conducting wire has 500 turns and an area 1.26 m2 is enclosed by
the coil. A current 100 A is passed through the coil. Calculate the magnetic moment of the
2
coil. ( Ans : 6.3 )
6. Calculate the value of magnetic field at a distance of 2 cm from a very long straight wire
carrying a current of 5 A. ( Given: 0 = 4 ). ( Ans : 5 )
7. A very long straight wire carries a current 5.2 A. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field
at a distance 3.1 cm from the wire? ( 0 = 4 ) ( Ans : 3.355
8. Magnetic field at a distance 2.4 cm from a long straight wire is 16 T. What must be current
through the wire? ( Ans : 1.92 A )
9. Current of equal magnitude flows through two long parallel wires having separation of 1.35
cm. If the force per unit length on each of the wires in 4.76 N, what must be ? (
Ans : 56.69 A )

10. A wire has 2 straight sections and one arc as shown in the figure.

Determine the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field produced at the centre O of
the semicircle by the three sections individually and the total. ( Ans : Direction of B at O is
coming out of the plane paper)
11. The magnetic field at the centre of a circular current carrying loop of radius 12.3 cm is 6.4
T. What will be the magnetic moment of the loop? ( Ans : 5.954 Am2 )
12. A circular loop of radius 9.7 cm carries a current 2.3 A. Obtain the magnitude of the
magnetic field.
i. at the centre of the loop and
ii. at a distance of 9.7 cm from the centre of the loop but on the axis.
( Ans : i. 1.49 . ii. 5.268 )
13. Consider a closely wound 1000 turn coil, having radius of 1 m. If a current of 10 A passes
through the coil, what will be the magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre? ( Ans :
6.284 )
14. A circular coil of wire is made up of 100 turns, each of radius 8.0 cm. If a current of 0.40 A
passes through it, What be the magnetic field at the centre of the coil? ( Ans : 3.142
)
15. A solenoid of length m and 5 cm in diameter has winding of 1000 turns and carries a
current of 5 A. calculate the magnetic field at its centre along the axis. ( Ans : 2 )
16. A solenoid of length 25 cm has inner radius of 1 cm and is made up of 250 turns of copper
wire. For a current of 3 A in it, What will be the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the
solenoid?
( Ans : 3.77 )
17. A toroid of narrow radius of 10 cm has 1000 turns of wire. For a magnetic field of 5
along its axis, how much current is required to be passed through the wire? ( Ans
: 25 A )
 11. MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)

1. Define Magnetization. State its formula

2. Define magnetic intensity
3. What is Magnetic susceptibility ?
4. Write the formula for gyromagnetic ratio & Bohr magnetron.
5. What is gyromagnetic ratio?
6. Write the formula for orbital magnetic moment of electron revolving around the
nucleus in terms of Bohr Magneton.
7. What happens to ferromagnetic material when its temperature increases above
curie temperature?
8. What happens if the rod of diamagnetic material is placed in a non uniform magnetic
field ?
9. What is curie temperature
10. What is retentivity?
11. What is coercivity ?
12. Which property of soft iron makes it useful for preparing electromagnet?
OR
What kind of magnet is used for preparing electromagnet?
13. What kind of magnet is used for preparing permanent magnets?
14. What should be the retentivity and coercivity of permanent magnet?

(2 Mark)

1. Show that orbital magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron is .

OR
Derive an expression for magnitude of magnetic dipole moment of a revolving
electron. (2M)
2. Draw the diagrams showing the dipole moments in paramagnetic materials when
external magnetic field is: (a) absent (b) strong (2M)
3. Discuss curie law for paramagnetic material. (2M)

(3 Marks)
1. Define magnetization. State its SI unit, formula and Dimensions. Define magnetic
Intensity. (3M )
2. Obtain the expression for Bohr Magneton (3M)
3. Distinguish between paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic substances. (3M
)
OR,
 Write note on a) Paramagnetism (2)
b) diamagnetism (2)
c) ferromagnetism (2)
4. Explain ferromagnetism on the basis of domain theory. (3M)

Numerical Problems:

1. A short bar magnet is placed in an external magnetic field of 700 gauss. When its axis makes
an angle of 30 with the external magnetic field, it experiences a torque of 0.014 Nm. Find
the magnetic moment of the magnet, and the work done in moving it form its most stable
to most unstable position.
( Ans : 0.4 m2 , 0.056 J )
2. The work done for rotating a magnet with magnetic dipole moment m, through 90 from its
magnetic meridian is n times the work done to rotate it through 60 . Find the value of n. (
Ans : 2 )
3. A magnetic needle is suspended freely so that it can rotate freely in the magnetic meridian.
In order to keep it in the horizontal position, a weight of 0.1 g is kept on one end of the
needle. If the pole strength of this needle is 20 Am, find the value of the vertical component
of the earth’s magnetic field. ( g = 9.8 m ) ( Ans : 2.45 )
4. A magnetic needle placed in uniform magnetic field has magnetic moment of
m2. It performs 10 complete oscillations in 6 s. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
( Ans : 3.948 /m2 )
5. A bar magnet of moment of inertia of 500 g cm2 makes 10 oscillations per minute in a
horizontal plane. What is its magnetic moment, if the horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field is 0.36 gauss?
( Ans : 1.524 Am2 )
6. Calculate the gyromagnetic ratio of electron. ( Given : e = 1.6 , me = 9.1
kg )
( Ans : 8.8 )
7. An electron in an atom is revolving round the nucleus in a circular orbit of radius 5.3
m, with a speed of 2 . Find the resultant orbital magnetic moment and
angular momentum of electron. ( charge on electron e = 1.6 , mass of electron m =
9.1 )
( Ans : 8.48 m2 , 9.646 Nms. )
8. The region inside a current carrying toroid winding is filled with Aluminium having
susceptibility = 2.3 . What is the percentage increase in the magnetic field in the
presence of Aluminium over that without it? ( Ans : 0.0023 % )
9. A rod of magnetic material of cross section 0.25 cm2 is located in 4000 Am-1 magnetising
field. Magnetic flux passing through the rod is 25 Wb. Find out
i) relative permeability
ii) magnetic susceptibility and
iii) magnetisation of the rod ( Ans : i) 199, ii) 198, iii) 7.92 )
 10. When a plate of magnetic material of size 10cm x 0.5 cm ( length, breadth and
thickness respectively ) is located in magnetising field of 0.5 then a magnetic
2
moment of 0.5 Am is induced in it. Find out magnetic induction in plate. ( Ans : 0.6347 T )
11. The susceptibility of a paramagnetic material is at . At what temperature its
susceptibility be ?
12. A rectangular magnet suspended freely has a period of oscillation equal to T. Now it is
broken into two equal halves (each having half of the original length) and one piece is made
to oscillate freely. Its period of oscillation is , the ratio of /T is
A) B) C) 2 D)
√
13. A magnetising field of 360 A produces a magnetic flux density (B) = 0.6 T in a
ferromagnetic material . what is its permeability in Tm
A) B) 300 C) D) 600

12. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)

15. State lenz law.

16. What are eddy currents? State its two applications of eddy current.
17. How can eddy current be reduced?
18. What does negative sign indicate in Lenz law?
19. Lenz law is in accordance with which law?
OR
Lenz law is a necessary consequence of the which law?
20. At which position of the plane of the rotating coil with the direction of magnetic
field, the emf induced in the coil is maximum?
21. What is an ideal transformer?

(2 Marks)

1. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. (both laws)

2. Derive an expression for emf induced in a conducting bar rotating in uniform
magnetic field.
3. Explain self –induction. Define self-inductance (co-efficient of self- induction). State
its SI unit & dimensions.
4. Explain mutual induction. Define mutual inductance ( co-efficient of mutual
induction). State SI unit and dimensions.
5. Distinguish between step up & step down transformer.
6. Derive an expression for energy stored in magnetic field.

(3 Marks)

1. Derive an expression for emf induced due to translational motion of a conductor

 OR,
Derive an expression for emf generated moving in uniform magnetic field (B) with
uniform velocity along x-axis.
2. Derive an expression for emf induced in generator. Show graphically how emf varies
with time.
OR,
Obtain an expression for emf induced in a coil rotating in uniform magnetic field.
Plot graph of induced emf v/s time (or wt )
3. Derive an expression for energy density in magnetic field.
4. Derive an expression for inductance of a long solenoid.

(4 Marks )

1. State the principle on which transformer works. Explain its working with
construction. Derive an expression for ratio of emfs and currents in terms of number
of turns in primary and secondary coil. Explain what is step up and step down
transformer?

Numerical Problems:

1. A conducting loop of area 1 m2 is placed normal to uniform magnetic field 3 Wb/m2. If the
magnetic field uniformly reduced to 1 Wb/m2 in a time of 0.5 s, calculate the induced emf
produced in the loop. ( Ans : 4 V )
2. A coil consists of 400 turns of wire. Each turn is a square of side d = 20 cm. A uniform
magnetic field directed perpendicular to the plane of the coil is turned on. If the field
changes linearly from 0 to 0.50 T in 0.8 s, what is the magnitude of induced emf in the coil
while the field is changing?
( Ans : 10 V )
3. A metal disc is made to spin at 20 revolutions per second about an axis passing through its
centre and normal to its plane. The disc has a radius of 30 cm and spins in a uniform
magnetic field of 0.20 T, which is parallel to the axis of rotation. Calculate
i) The area swept out per second by the radius of the disc,
ii) The flux cut per second by a radius of the disc,
iii) The induced emf in the disc.
( Ans : i) 5.65 m2 ii) 1.130 Wb iii) 1.130 V )
4. A long solenoid has 1500 turns/m. A coil C having cross sectional area 25 cm2 and 150 of the
solenoid. If a current of 3.0 A flows through the solenoid,calculate:
i) The magnetic flux density at the centre of the solenoid,
ii) The flux linkage in the coil C,
iii) The average emf induced in coil C if the current in the solenoid is reversed in direction in
a time of 0.5 s. ( = 4 Tm/A ) ( Ans : i) ii) Wb iii)
)
5. A search coil having 2000 turns with area 1.5 cm2 is placed in a magnetic field of 0.60 T. The
coil is moved rapidly out of the field in a time of 0.2 second. Calculate the induced emf
across the search coil. ( Ans : 0.9 V )
6. An aircraft of wing span of 50 m flies horizontally in earth’s magnetic field of T at
speed of 400 m/s. Calculate the emf generated between the tips of the wings of the aircraft.
( Ans : 1.2 V )
7. Calculate the value of induced emf between the ends of an axle of a railway carriage 1.75 m
long travelling on level ground with a uniform velocity of 50 km per hour. The vertical
component of Earth’s magnetic field ( BV ) is given to be T. ( Ans : 1.215 mV )
8. A horizontal wire 20 m long extending from east to west in falling with a velocity of 10 m/s
normal to the Earth’s magnetic field of T. What is the value of induced emf in
the wire?
( Ans : 10 mV )
9. The self-inductance of a closely wound coil of 200 turns is 10 mH. Determine the value of
magnetic flux through the cross-section of the coil when the current passing through the
coil is 4 mA. ( Ans : )
10. Consider a uniformly wound solenoid having N turns and length l. The core of the solenoid is
air. Find the inductance of the solenoid of air. Find the induction of the solenoid of N = 200,
20 cm and cross-sectional area, A = 5 cm2.Calculate the induced emf , if the current
flowing through the solenoid decreases at a rate of 60 A/s. ( Ans : 0.1257 mH, 7.542 mV )
11. A toroidal ring, having 100 turns per cm of a thin wire is wound on a non-magnetic metal
rod of length 1 m and diameter 1 cm. If the permeability of bar is equal to that of free space
( ), calculate the magnetic field inside the bar (B) when the current (i) circulating through
the turns is 1 A. Also determine the self-inductance (L) of the coil. (Ans : ,
9.8 mH )
12. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes
from 0 to 10 A in 0.2 s, what is the change of flux and the rate of change of flux linkage with
the other coil?
( Ans : 15 Wb )
13. An emf of 96.0 mV induced in the windings of a coil when the current in a nearby coil is
increasing at the rate of 1.20 A/s. What is the mutual inductance (M) of the two coils? ( Ans
: 80 mH )
14. The value of mutual inductance of two coils is 10 mH. If the current in one of the coil
changes from 5A to 1A in 0.2 s, calculate the value of emf induced in the other coil. ( Ans :
0.2 V )
15. Two coils having self -inductance L1 = 75 mH and L2 = 55 mH are coupled with each other.
The coefficient of coupling (K) is 0.75, calculate the mutual inductance (M) of the two coils.
( Ans : 48.11 mH )
16. The mutual inductance ( M ) of two coils is given as 1.5 H. The self-inductance of the coils
are : L1 = 5 H, L2 = 4 H. Find the coefficient of coupling between the coils. ( Ans : 33.5 % )
17. The primary and secondary coil of a transformer each have an inductance of H.
The mutual inductance (M) between the windings is .What percentage of the
flux from one coil reaches the other? ( Ans : 2% )
 18. A circular coil of 100 turns with a cross-sectional area (A) of 1 m2 is kept with its plane
perpendicular to the magnetic field (B) of 1 T. What is the magnetic flux linkage with the
coil?
A) 1 Wb B)100 Wb C) 50 Wb D) 200 Wb
19. Two inductor coils with inductance 10 mH and 20 mH are connected in series. What is the
resultant inductance of the combination of the two coils?
A) 20 mH B) 30 mH C) 10 mH D) mH
20. A current through a coil of self-inductance 10 mH increases from 1 to 1 a in 0.1 s. What is
the induced emf in the coil?
A) 0.1 V B) 1 V C) 10 V D) 0.01 V
21. What is the energy required to build up a current of 1 A in an inductor of 20 mH?
A) 10 mJ B) 20 mJ C) 20 J D) 10 J

13. AC Circuits

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)

1. Define and explain : i) inductive reactance (write its SI unit )

ii) capacitive reactance ( write its SI unit )
iii) resonant frequency
iv) Impedance ( write its SI unit )
v) power factor. Write formula
vi) Q- factor (quality factor )
2. When is an AC Circuit non inductive ?
3. What is the value of power factor for a purely resistive circuit?
4. What is the value of power factor for a non inductive circuit?
5. What is the value of power factor for a purely inductive circuit?
6. What is the value of power factor for a purely capacitive circuit?
7. What is the average value of alternating current over a complete cycle?
8. What is the average value of alternating emf (voltage) over a complete cycle?
9. What is the average value of alternating current over a half cycle?
10. What is the average value of alternating emf (voltage) over a half cycle?
11. What is the root mean square (rms) value of alternating current over a complete
cycle?
12. What is the root mean square (rms) value of alternating emf (voltage) over a
complete cycle?
13. What is average power dissipated in pure inductor in AC circuit over a complete
cycle?
14. What is average power dissipated in capacitor in AC circuit over a complete cycle?
15. What is the phase difference between current and emf in purely resistive AC circuit
(resistance in AC circuit)? Who lags behind in phase and who leads in phase ?
 16. What is the phase difference between current and emf in pure inductor in AC
circuit? Who lags behind in phase and who leads in phase ?
17. What is the phase difference between current and emf in capacitor in AC circuit?
Who lags behind in phase and who leads in phase ?

(2 Marks)

1. Obtain an expression for average power dissipated in resistance (purely resistive

circuit) over a complete cycle in AC circuit.
2. Obtain an expression for average power dissipated in pure inductor over a complete
cycle in AC circuit .
OR
Prove that pure inductor in AC circuit does not dissipate power
3. Obtain an expression for average power dissipated in capacitor over a complete
cycle in AC circuit.
OR
Prove that ideal capacitor in AC circuit does not dissipate power
4. Explain why the total impedance of a circuit decreases when a capacitor is added in
the series with inductor and resistor.
5. State the characteristics of series resonance circuit.
6. State the characteristics of parallel resonance circuit.

(3 Marks )

1. What is series LCR circuit. Obtain an expression for impedance and phase difference
between current and emf

(4 Marks )

1. Obtain an expression for average power dissipated in series LCR A.C. circuit. Hence
obtain expression for power factor.
2. Explain series LCR resonance (resonant circuit ). State the conditions for series
resonance. Define resonant frequency & obtain an expression for it. Why it is called
acceptor circuit.
3. Explain parallel resonance circuit. State the condition for parallel resonance. Define
resonant frequency an obtain an expression for it. Why it is called rejector circuit.

Numerical Problems:

1. Find the time required for a 50 Hz alternating current to charge its value from zero to the
r.m.s. value. ( Ans : )
2. If the effective current in a 50 cycle AC circuit is 5 A, what is the peak value of current? What
is the current 1/600 sec. after if was zero? ( Ans : 7.07 A, 3.535 A )
3. An alternating voltage is given by, e = 6 sin 100 t. find
i) the peak value ii) frequency iii) time period and
 iv) instantaneous value at time t = 2 ms ( Ans : 6 V, 50 Hz , 0.02 s, 3.527 V )
4. An alternating voltage given by, e = 140 sin 3142 t is connected across a pure resistor of 50
. Find i) the frequency of the source
ii) the rms current through the resistor. ( Ans : 500 Hz , 1.98 A )
5. An inductor of inductance 200 mH is connected to an AC source of peak emf 210 V and
frequency 50 Hz. Calculate the peak current. What is the instantaneous voltage of the
source when the current is at its peak value? ( Ans : 3.341 A, zero )
6. Alternating emf of e = 220 sin 100 t is applied to a circuit contacting an inductance of (1/ )
henry. Write an equation for instantaneous current through the circuit. What will be the
reading of the AC galvanometer connected in the circuit? ( Ans: 2.2 sin ( ),
1.154 A )
7. An AC circuit consists of only an inductor of inductance 2 H. If the current is represented by
a sine wave of amplitude 0.25 A and frequency 60 Hz, calculate the effective potential
difference across the inductor ( Ans : 133.4 V )
8. A capacitor of 2 is connected to an AC source of emf e = 250 sin 100 t. Write an
equation for instantaneous current through connected in the circuit.
( Ans : 0.1571 sin( ), 0.111 A )
9. A coil of 0.01 H inductance and 1 resistance is connected to 200 V, 50 Hz AC supply. Find
the impedance of the circuit and time lag between maximum alternating voltage and
current.
( Ans : 3.297 , 0.004 s )
10. A capacitor of 100 , a coil of resistance 50 and an inductance 0.5 H are connected in
series with a 110 v-50 Hz source. Calculate the rms value of current in the circuit. ( Ans :
0.8155 A )
11. A 15.0 capacitor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz source. Find the capacitive reactance and
the current (rms and peak ) in the circuit. If the frequency is doubled, what will happen to
the capacitive reactance and the current?
( Ans : 212.1 , 1.037 A, 1.466 A, reactance become half and the current becomes double )
12. A 25 capacitor , a 0.10 H inductor and a 25 resistor are connected in series with an AC
source whose emf is given by e = 310 sin 314 t (volt ). What is the frequency, reactance,
impedance, current and phase angle of the circuit?
( Ans : 50 Hz, 96 , 99.2 , 2.21 A, 1.316 rad )
13. A 100 resistor connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz supply
i) What is the rms value of current in the circuit?
ii) What is the net power consumed over a full cycle? ( Ans : 2.2 A, 484 W )
14. A light bulb is rated 100 W for 220 V AC supply of 50 Hz. Calculate
i) resistance of the bulb
ii) the rms current through the bulb ( Ans : 484 , 0.4545A )
15. Find the capacity of a capacitor which when put in series with a 10 resistor make the
power factor equal to 0.5. Assume an 80 V-100 Hz AC supply. ( Ans :
16. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and frequency 50 Hz is applied to a series LCR
circuit in which R = 3 , L = 25.48 mH and C = 796 . Find
i) The impedance of the circuit
 ii) The phase difference between the voltage across source and the currents
iii) The power factor
iv) The power dissipated in the circuit. ( Ans : 5 , 53.1 , 0.6, 4805.34 W )
17. A 10 capacitor is charged to a 25 volt of potential. The battery is disconnected and a
pure 100 mH coil is connected across the capacitor so that LC oscillations are set up.
Calculate the maximum current in the coil. ( Ans : 0.25 A )
18. A 100 capacitor is charged with a 50 V source supply. Then source supply is removed and
the capacitor is connected across an inductance, as a result of which 5 A current flows
through the inductance. Calculate the value of the inductance. ( Ans : 0.01 H )
19. Calculate the value of capacity in picofarad, which will make 101.4 micro henry inductance
to oscillate with frequency of one megahertz. (Ans : 249.8 pF )
20. A 100 mH inductor, a 25 capacitor and a 15 resistor are connected in series to a 120 V,
50 Hz AC source. Calculate
i) impedance of the circuit at resonance
ii) current at resonance
iii) resonant frequency ( Ans : 15 , 8 A, 100.6 Hz )
21. In an AC circuit, e and I are given by ( )A.
The power dissipated in the circuit is
A) 106 W B) 150 W C) 5625 W D) zero
22. In a series LCR circuit the phase difference between the voltage and the current is 45 . Then
the power factor will be
A) 0.607 B) 0.707 C) 0.808 D) 1
23. A resistor of 500 and an inductance of 0.5 H are in series with an AC source which is given
by V = 100 √ sin ( 1000 t ). The power factor of the combination is
A) B) C) 0.5 D) 0.6
√ √
24. In a circuit L,C and R are connected in series with an alternating voltage of frequency f. the
current leads the voltage by 45 . The value of C is
A) B) C) D)

14. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)

1. Define: i) photoelectric effect

ii) threshold frequency (cut off frequency )
iii) stopping potential ( cut off potential )
iv) work function of a metal.
2. Is it always necessary to use red light to get photoelectric effect?
3. Can microwaves be used in the experiment of photoelectric effect?
4. Is it always possible to see photoelectric effect with red light?
5. What is wave particle duality?
 (2 Marks)

1. How does the wave theory of light fail to explain the observations from experiment
on photoelectric effect (any two points)
2. Describe any two characteristics or observations from the study of photo electric
effect experiment.
3. Describe the construction of photoelectric cell with labelled diagram

(3 Marks )

1. State Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Explain two characteristics of photoelectric

effect on the basis of Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
2. State de-Broglie hypothesis. Explain de-Broglie wavelength obtain an expression for
de- Broglie wavelength of wave associated with material particle. Evaluate it for
electron moving under potential difference V.
3. With a neat and labelled diagram, describe an experiment for the study of
characteristics of photoelectric effect.
OR
With a neat labelled diagram explain the experimental set-up for photo-electric
effect.

Numerical Problems:

1. What will be the energy of each photon in monochromatic light of frequency 5 x Hz?
(2.07 eV)
2. A typical FM radio station has its broadcast frequency 98.3 MHz. What is theenergy of an
FM photon of this frequency? ( Ans : eV. )
3. Calculate the energies of photons corresponding to ultraviolet light and red light, given that
their wavelength are 3000 and 7000 respectively. ( Ans : 4.143 eV and 1.776 eV)
4. The wavelength and power of the incident light is 4000 and 0.1 W respectively. What is
the minimum change in the energy of the incident light? What is the number of incident
photons?
( Ans : )
5. Radiation of wavelength 4500 is incident on a metal having work function 2.0 eV. Due to
the presence of a magnetic field B, the most energetic photoelectrons emitted in a direction
perpendicular to the field move along a circular path of radius 20 cm. What is the value of
the magnetic field B?
( Ans : )
6. The threshold wavelength of tungsten is .
i) Explain why no photoelectric are emitted when the wavelength is more than
.
ii) What will be the maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected in each of the following
cases
a) If ultraviolet radiation of wavelength and
 b) Radiation of frequency Hz is made incident on the tungsten surface.
( Ans : 2.41 eV and 12.04 eV )
7. Observation from an experiment on photoelectric effect for the stopping potential by
varying the incident frequency were plotted. The slope of the linear curve was found to be
approximately s. Given that the charge of an electron is C, find
the value of the plank’s constant h.
( Ans : Js. )
8. Photocurrent recorded in the micro ammeter in an experimental set- up of photoelectric
effect vanishes when the retarding potential is more than 0.8 V if the wavelength of incident
radiation is 4950 . If the source of incident radiation is changed, the stopping potential
turns out to be 1.2 V. Find the work function of the cathode material and the wavelength of
the second source. ( Ans : 1.72 eV , 4280 )
9. What is the speed of a proton having de Broglie wavelength of 0.08 ? ( Take
kg )
( Ans : m/s.)
10. Two particles have the same de Broglie wavelength and one is moving four times as fast as
the other. If the slower particle is an - particle, what are the possibilities for the other
particle? ( Ans : proton or neutron )
11. In nuclear reactors, neutrons travel with energies of . Find their speed and
wavelength.
( Ans : , 1.62 )
12. The de Broglie wavelength associated with an electron and a proton are same. What will be
the ratio of
i) their momenta? ii) their kinetic energies?
( Ans : 1 , 1836 )
13. Find the ratio of the de Broglie wavelengths of an electron and a proton when both are
moving with the
i) same speed, ii) same energy and iii) same momentum?
iv) state which of the two will have longer wavelength in each case? ( Ans : i) 1836 ii)
42.85 iii) 1 )
14. An electron is accelerated through a potential of 120 V. Find its de Broglie wavelength. (
Ans : 0.1121 nm )
15. Calculate the wavelength associated with an electron, its momentum and speed
i) When it is accelerated through a potential of 54 V,
ii) When it is moving with kinetic energy of 150 eV.
( Ans : i) 0.167 nm, m/s.
ii) 0.1002 nm, , m/s. )
16. A student , weighing 45 kg, is running with a speed of 8 km per hr on a foot path 2 m wide. A
small car, weighing 1200 kg, is moving with a speed of 60 km per hr on a 20 m wide road.
Calculate their de Broglie wavelengths. ( Ans : )
17. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron moving with kinetic energy of 100 eV
passing through a circular hole of diameter 2 . ( Ans : 1.228 )
 15. STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND NUCLEI

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)

1. Define :
I. Ionization energy
II. Excitation energy
III. Binding energy of electron
IV. Isotopes ( with example )
V. Isobars (with example )
VI. Isotones ( with example )
VII. Nuclear binding energy ( with formula )
VIII. radioactivity ( radioactive decay )
IX. Mass defect ( with formula )
X. Half –life of radioactive material ( with formula )
2. State the name of visible series in hydrogen atom
3. State the series of spectral lines in hydrogen atom (H atom) which lies in ultraviolet
region
4. State the series of spectral lines in hydrogen atom (H atom) which lies in infrared
region

(2 Marks)

1. Draw a neat labelled energy level diagram for transitions in H atom (hydrogen atom).
2. Show that radius of Bohr orbit is directly proportional to the square of the principal
quantum number
OR
Obtain an expression for the radius of Bohr orbit for H-atom ( Hydrogen atom )
3. State limitations of Bohr’s model.
4. Write a note on alpha decay
5. Write a note on beta decay
6. Write a note on gamma decay
7. Write a note on nuclear fission
8. Write a note on nuclear fusion.

(3 Marks )

1. Derive an expression for total energy of electron in nth Bohr orbit. Hence show that
energy of the electron is inversely proportional to the square of principle quantum
number.
2. State the postulates of Bohr’s atomic model
3. Using an expression for energy of electron. Obtain Rydberg’s formula for wave
number.
 OR,
State Bohr’s third postulate and derive Rydberg’s (Bohr’s ) formula for wave number
OR
Using an expression for energy of electron, obtain Bohr’s formula for hydrogen
spectral lines
4. Explain different series of spectral lines of H atom (Hydrogen atom) and mention in
which part of the electromagnetic spectrum they lie.
5. State law of radioactivity. Hence derive the relation . Represent it
graphically.
6. Define half life. Derive expression for it.

Numerical Problems:

1. In a Rutherford scattering experiment, assume that an incident alpha particle ( radius 1.80
fm) is moving directly toward a target gold nucleus ( radius 6.23 fm ). If the alpha particle
stops right at the surface of the gold nucleus, how much energy did it have to start with?
( Ans : 28.31 MeV )
2. Determine the series limit of Balmer, paschen and Bracket series, given the limit for Lyman
series is 911.6 .
( Ans : 3646.4 , 8204.4 , 14585.6 )
3. Calculate the radius of the orbit of the electron in hydrogen atom. ( Ans : 0.477 nm )
4. An electron in hydrogen atom stays in its second orbit for s. How many revolutions will
it make around the nucleus in that time? ( Ans : 8.18 )
5. Determine the energies of the first two excited states of the electron in hydrogen atom.
What are the excitation energies of the electrons in these orbits? ( Ans : 10.2 eV, 12.09 eV
)
6. Calculate the wavelengths of the first three lines in Paschen series of hydrogen tom.
( Ans : 1875 nm, 1282 nm and 1094 nm )
7. Calculate the radius and density of 70Ge nucleus, given its mass to be approximately 69.924
u. ( Ans : m, kg/m3 )
8. Calculate the binding energy of , the masses of hydrogen and lithium atoms being
1.007825 u and 7.016 u respectively. ( Ans : 39.23 MeV )
9. Determine the binding energy per nucleon of the americium isotope , given the mass
of to be 244.06428 u. ( Ans : 7.5 MeV )
10. Calculate the energy released in the following reactions, given the masses to be :
223.0185 u, : 208.9811, : 14.00324, : 236.0456, : 139.9106, :
93.9341, : 11.01143, : 11.0093. Ignore neutrino energy.
i) ii) iii)
( Ans : 31.8200 MeV, 171 MeV , 1.472 MeV )
11. Calculate the binding energy of an alpha particle given its mass to be 4.00151u. ( Ans :
28.289 Mev )
12. Calculate the energy released in the alpha decay of 238Pu to 234U, the masses involved being
= 238.04955 u, = 234.04095 u and = 4.002603 u. ( Ans: 5.5862 MeV )
 13. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the beta particle ( positron ) emitted in the decay
of , given the mass of = 21.994437 u, = 21.991385 u and = 0.00055 u. (
Ans : 2.3306 MeV )
14. Calculate the energy released in the nuclear reaction given mass of atom
and of helium atom to be 7.016 u and 4.0026 u respectively. ( Ans : 17.272 MeV )
15. The activity of a radioactive sample decreased from 350 in one hour.
Determine the half- life of the species. ( Ans : )
16. The half-life of is 28 years. Determine the disintegration rate of its 5 mg sample.
( Ans : )
17. What is the amount of necessary to provide a radioactive source of strength 10.0 mCi,
Its half-life being 5.3 years? ( Ans : 8.884 g)
57 57
18. The isotope Co decay by electron capture to Fe nucleus is produced in an excited state,
and it almost instantaneously emits gamma rays.
i) Find the mean lifetime and decay constant for 57Co.
ii) If the activity of a radiation source 57Co is 2.0 now, how many 57Co nuclei does the
source contain?
19. Calculate the energy released in the fusion reaction taking place inside the sun, 4 p
neutrinos, neglecting the energy given the neutrinos. Mass of alpha particle being
4.001506 u. ( Ans : 24.698 MeV )
20. How much mass of 235U is required to undergo fusion each day to provide 3000 MW of
thermal power? Average energy per fission is 202.79 MeV. ( Ans : 3.1 Kg )
21. The radius of the orbit of the electron will be smaller than its orbit by a factor of
A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 16
22. If the number of nuclei in a radioactive sample at a given time is N, What will be the number
at the end of two-half- lives?
A) B) C) D)

16. SEMICONDUCTORS

Theory Questions:
(1 Mark)

1. Name the logic gate which generates high output when at least one input is high
2. Name the logic gate which generates low output when any one input is low
3. What is the phase difference between input signal voltage and output signal voltage
in CE amplifier?
4. What is ripple factor?

(2 Marks)

1. Draw schematic symbols and give truth table for the following gates. Give their
Boolean expressions.
 a) AND b) OR C) NOT d) NAND e) NOR f) X-OR ( exclusive –OR
)
2. State two uses of : a) photodiode (2M)
b) Solar cell ( photovoltaic cell ) (2M )
c) LED ( light emitting diode ) (2M)

(3 Marks )

3. What is rectifier? Explain with neat circuit diagram the working of a full wave
rectifier. Draw necessary wave forms (graphs )
4. What is rectifier? Explain with neat circuit diagram the working of a half wave
rectifier. Draw necessary wave forms ( graphs )
5. Explain the working of n-p-n transistor in common base configuration.
6. Explain with the help of graph, input and output characteristics of transistor in
common emitter (CE) mode.
7. Explain working of transistor as an amplifier.
8. What is zener diode? How it is used as voltage regulator.
9. What are and parameters of a transisitor? Obtain a relation between them.
10.What is Light Emitting Diode. Explain its working. Give two advantages.