YOUNG ENGLISH SPEAKERS

YOUR BEST ENGLISH TRAINING CENTER

« DON’T STOP TILL YOU SPEAK FLUENTLY »

STUDENT NAME :……………………………………………………………………….

Advanced Level

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  1 OBJECTIVES

Speaking english is not the simple fact of pronouncing some english

sentences and knowing some rules, it requires more than that.
This hand out was made to help those who want to improve their
english, to be fluent, write and speak correctly english, with simple and reliable
methods. The end of this training students will be able to speak fluently and
transmit their knowledge to others.

« IF YOU DON’T DECIDE ON YOUR FATE, THIS ONE WILL DECIDE FOR YOU ! »

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  2 PLAN

I. GENERAL RECALL
II. GRAMMAR
III. TEXTS & TOPICS :
-SOCIAL
-BUSINESS
-RELIGION
-DEVELOPMENT
-ENVIRONMENT
-EDUCATION
-TECHONOLOGY
IV. BRITISH Versus AMERICAN ENGLISH
V. READ and RECORD
VI. EXPRESSIONS

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 I. GENERAL RECALL

SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Asking about health :
How are you keeping ?
How goes it ?
Are you Alright ?
What’s going on ?
Place and Direction :
Where to ? Where are you headed ? = where are you going ?
What’s your dwelling place ? Where do you dwell ?= Where do you live
Where does this road, avenue lead ?
Profession and Education :
What are you ?= What’s your job, profession ?
What are your skills ?
What’s your field ?= what’s your domaine ?
Other questions :
What are your interests ?, what’s your hobby ?
What are your origines ?
How many are you ?
How does it work ?= how does it fonction ?
What the heck is going on ?= what’s happening, what’s the problem ?

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 THE AUXILIARIES TO BE and TO HAVE

SIMPLE PRESENT : to be : am, is, are / to have : have, has (3rd person singular)
SIMPLE PAST : to be : was, were / to have : had
SIMPLE FUTURE : will be, will have
PAST PARTICIPLE : Been, had
Interrogative form :

Subject- verb or auxiliary : Eg, -Am I a doctor ?

-Are We together ?
-Have you bibles ?
- Is Jesus God ?
SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF REGULAR and IRREGULAR VERBS
Form :
 Affirmative= (subj+did+verb)/ Negative= (subj+didn’t+verb)
 Interrogative= (Did+subj+verb)/ Interronegative= (Didn’t+subj+verb)
Eg :
 Jhon cena did win the wrestle
 We did travel to Dubaï
 DRC didn’t recieve its independence 1955
 It didn’t rain today
 Did you hear the news ?
 Did she cook my favorite meal ?
 Didn’t I tell you that there is no job available ?
 Didn’t they do the job ?

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 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES PERSONAL PRONOUN OBJECTS
Singular : MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS Singular : ME, YOU, HIM, HER, IT
Plural : OUR, YOUR, THEIR Plural : OUR, YOUR, THEIR

PLURAL OF NOUNS
RULES EXAMPLES
1 general rule add « S » to single Books, Bags, Friends,
nouns
2 Words ending in « s,ss,o,ch,sh,x,z » Boxes, Churches, Glasses,
Add « ES »
3 words ending in « Y » change Y in Cities, ladies, enemies, countries
« IES »
4 words ending in « F,FE » change in Leaves, knives, wives, thieves
« VES »

COMPARATIVES
1 Comparative of inferiority : Form (Less= moins…….Than= que)
Eg : Swahili is less important Than English
Films are less interesting than documentaries
2 Comparative of equality : form (as= aussi……as=que), comme
Eg : Gaby is as tall as Nathan
Paris is so beautiful as London
3 Comparative of Superiority :
Adjective+r Nice, nicer large, larger ripe, riper
Adjective+er Cold, colder small, smaller sick, sicker
Adj ending in Y=ier Busy, busier lazy, lazier easy, easier
Double the consonant Sad, sadder big, bigger fat,fatter

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 4 superlative : Adj+est
Eg : Cheap, cheapest high, highest young, youngest

FEW and LITTLE

Few : used for countable nouns
Eg ; I have few friends
Few people are interested by english
Little : used for uncountable nouns
Eg ; In the forest there are little hope to survive
Put little salt
DAILY ACTIVITIES
QUESTIONS :
 WHAT DO YOU DO EVERY DAY ?
 WHEHE DO YOU USUALY GO ?
 WITH WHO DO YOU OFTEN TALK ?
 WHAT DO YOU OFTEN EAT ?
 WHAT’S YOUR PLAN ?

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 II. GRAMMAR
GERUNDS
What is a gerund?
A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the
verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement,
or the object of a sentence.
Eg:
 Reading helps you learning English.

 Her favorite hobby is reading.

 I enjoy reading.

Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."

Eg:
He enjoys not working.
The best thing for your health is not smoking.
PRESENT and PAST PERFECT TENSE
Present perfect tense:
We use this tense to express facts that happened in the past and still
having effects in the present.
Form: Subject+have;has+ past participle of verb

Eg:
 You have won the game
 They have promised to come
 She has cooked nice food
 It has worked when I bought it
 Glory and me have succeeded the exam

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 Past perfect tense:
This tense is used to express facts that happened in the past and
completely finished
Form: Subject+had+ past participle of verb

Eg:

 The machine he had brought me doesn’t work

 He had traveled 3 weeks ago
 That Dog had bit me last month
 I had lost lot of ressources

Other ways to talk about the future :

- be about to+ verb
(We can also use : be on the verge fo,,,brink of,,, point of,,,)
Eg:
 Glory is about to earn money

 DRC is on the verge of getting developed

 the police are on the brink of discovering the guilty

 He was exhausted mentally and physically so he was at the point of

collapsing.

Talking about reasons:

 (due to+ noun, because fo+noun)

Eg:
 John is panished due to his bad behaviors.

 Because of God, i accept every mockeries

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  Reason why, that’s why, it explains why…

Eg:

Some Africans are weak reason why they risk to go abroad

He’s not patient that’s why he lost money

Lies, robbery, not working for the people this explains why we don’t trust
politicians

EITHER… OR…/NEITHER… NOR…

 Either or:
Eg:
They drink either water or juice
Bring me either cow meat or pig meat
For transport I prefer either a taxi or a moto bicycle

 Neither nor:
Eg : I drink neither beer nor win
He will eat neither Okra nor eggplants

ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It
expresses manner, place, time or degree.
Adverbs in –ly :
Adjectives ending Form adjective adverb
Most adjectives Add –ly Quick Quickly
Nice Nicely
careful carefully
-able or -ible Change –e to –y Regrettable Regrettably
Horrible Horribly
-y Change –y to –ily happy happily
-ic Change –ic to -ically Economic Economically

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 POSITION OF ADVERBS
Adverbs Sentences Position of adverbs
Manner He speaks gently and correctly END
Place This man lived here END
Time(definite) I’ll finish the job today END
Frequency Congolese often eat bukari every day MIDDLE
Degree The movie was terribly funny Before adjective
Degree He works really fast Before adverb

SOME ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

They answer to the question : How often ? How many times ?
 Once, twice, three times, daily, weekly, yearly
 Often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, usually, occasionally

CONDITIONAL TENSE
 First conditional :
Form : If condition result
Simple present Simple future
Eg : If I win the lottery, I will buy a car
If you pray, God will answer you !
 Second conditional :
Form : If condition result
Simple past Would+verb
Eg : If I worked hard at school, I would succed
If money was easy to find, every one would be rich

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  Third conditional :
Form : If condition result
Past perfect Would have+ past participle
Eg : If I had gone, I would have found money
If mary had prayed, she would have won this battle
 Zero conditional
Form : If condition result
Simple present Simple present
Eg : If I’m late for work, my boss gets angry
If you eat too much, you sin
Wish and if only
 The present:
We can use wish/if only + a past form to talk about a present situation we
would like to be different.
Eg:
I wish I knew more people here
If only drivers paid more attention to pedestrians...
 The past:
We can use wish/if only + a past perfect form to talk about something we
would like to change about the past.

Eg:
 I wish I hadn't stayed out so late last night. I'm really tired today.

 If only we'd known this company was going to close, we wouldn't have
recommended them.

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  The future:
Note that we don't use wish to talk about our wishes for a future event. But
some thing that we want to see happening.
Eg:
 I wish you pass the exam.

 My teacher wishes i get married soon

As if/as though
We can use as if and as though to talk about how a situation appears or seems.
As if is more common than as though.
Eg:
 Some people behave as if their actions had no consequences.

 It was as though she hadn't heard me.

Would rather
Would rather is used to express preference about actions.
Eg:
I'd rather buy less, but better quality.
MODAL AUXILIARIES

Express Modal auxiliaries Phrases

PERMISSION Can You can use your phone
May May I eat while going ?
could Could you help me ?
OBLIGATION Must You must work hard
Should You should come early
Ought You ought to study daily
PROHIBITION Mustn’t They mustn’t give up
Shouldn’t He shouldn’t smock

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 TAG QUESTIONS
Affirmative: ( tag question interronegative)
Eg:
 I'm a man : am i not ?

 you are a congolese : aren't you ?

 David is a pastor : isn't he ?

 She will speak English soon: won’t she?

 Henoc teaches 3 days per week: doesn’t he?
 Mom cooked my favorite food: didn’t she?
 I have a dream: haven’t I?

Negative = ( tag question interrogative)
Eg:
 I’m not a catholic: am i?

 Ruth and peter are not married : are they ?

 They have not much money: have they?

 I will not stop until I improve my fluency: will I?
 You never teach on Monday: do you?

For an order, invitation or suggestion:

Eg:
 speak slowly: won't you ?

 don't spend that money : will you ?

 plz give me that glass : won't you ?

 take a seat: won't you ?

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 III. TEXTS and TOPICS
1 Disappearing of some species

Have you heard a bee buzzing recently ? or seen a butterfly ? these

species are mysteriously disappearing in many parts of the word. Most of the
people ignore this problem, some north American beekeepers lost about 80%
of their hives, bees in Africa, Italia and Australia are disappearing too. A bee
sting hurts and some people are allergic to bee venom, but did you know that
they are very important to humans ? honey bees do more than just making
honey.
They pollinate flawers, plants and trees, our fruits, nuts, vegetables rely
on these pollinators. One third of American food is pollinated by honey bees,
the disappearing of bees is a serious problem and it affects many foods.
Imagine losing you favourite ice cream, your favourite fruit. Some sources say it
due to the climate changing but scientists are trying to find out main reasons of
this myterious disappearing. Butterfly and other species are disappearing as
well, share with your neighbors and your family about this problem so that
they can be aware.
Topics for discussions :
 Do you think humans survive without honeybees ? put a comment
 Do you think scientists will invent mechanical pollinators that works as
hard as honeybees ?

2 Water, Air and Soil contamination

Pollution is an environmental concern for people throughout the world,

one university study suggests that pollution in the air, water and soil cause up
to 40% of the premature deaths in the world’s population.
Water in many countries is contaminated with toxic chemicals, the world
health organization (WHO) estimates that 1.1 billion people have little or no
access to clean water. In many of these regions the water that is used for
drinking,cooking, and washing is the same water that is used for dumping
sewage and hazardous wast. Air pollution is a growing problem throutout the

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 world. Indoor air pollution is one of the leading causes of lung cancer. In Africa
particulary in DRC many companies polluate air and water by spearding toxic
gases, in some ereas pure water is tough to be found. Soil pollution is also a
major concern, this type of pollution reduces the amount of land suitable for
agricultural production and contributes to global food shortages.
Topics for discussion :
 What is much contaminated in your erea ? water,air or soil
 How does citizens contaminate lubumbashi ? propose a solution to that

3 WHERE IS THE TRUTH ?

Bought by collonisators, europeen religion was spreaded all over the

Africa, before europeens arrive africans had their god, although they were
praying differently. Our ancestors used to make offerings either animals or
foods, some times products of their harvest, in order to honor theit gods.
Things start moving when christianism was tought to them, some behaviors
could change, the life style as well.
Due to the preachings they recieved the mental of africans was fixed on
heaven, Having the ever lasting life was the purpose.
Troubled by mashrooming of churches and religions, to choose a religion
becomes harder nowadays.religion aims to conquer another religion, leaders
are fighting to have the maximum of believers as possible, conflict is one of the
main problem that religions are facing in the entire world.
Topics for discussion :
 What’s the impact of europeen religion ?
 Can religion bring social development ? prove it
 Guess how Africa could be in 21st century without europeen religion ?
 Why are you christian, muslim, boudist ?

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 4. ON THE WAY TO CHANGE
We want to share our knowledge and experience with people in
different countries of big lakes region, by doing so they can realise their
potential, both in Africa and elsewhere. The target is not only the inhabitants of
African countries, but also African migrants, starting in the netherlands. Our
ambition is global support for Africans in the world through showing and
sharing their cultures and prospect. Mentality is the source of development but
it does not fit to get there. Africa is talentfull, a young boy in ivoiry cost made
an helicopter yet in did not go to the high school see how Africans are amazing,
studies proved that the equatorial forest produces about 80% of pure Oxygen
for the entire Africa[]
Topics for discussion :
 What do you do to develope yourself ?
 What does Africa miss to be like other continents ?
 Propose some ways to develope your country
5. TECH in 21st century
Today, technology is a subject of debate because it is considered to be a double
edge sword. While it has helped humaity in extending its potential with out
studing inventious, wars have become more and more devastating due to
technological inventions. The human species’ use of technology began with the
conversion of natural resources into simple tools. Likewise the invention of the
whell helped humans to travel. To evoid contamination of corona virus,in some
countries such as china, russia and rwanda drones were used to share food and
medecins. Robots are now acting like humans, some of them have even
sensation and feeling, thanks to technology thyings are numerique, just with a
computer or a smart phone the world is your hands. Business on line is the new
system to sell and buy,medecin and other fields improved as well.
Topics for discussion :
 Can robots replace humans one day ? comment
 Technology is changing africans they’re now forgeting their culture and
origines, how should they behave to preserve their origines and culture

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 IV. BRITISH Versus AMERICAN ENGLISH

Differnce betwen British and American

BRITISH AMERICAN
« -ISE » « -IZE »
 Organise  Organize
 Apologise  Apologize
 Symbolise  Symbolize
 Realise  Realize
 Capitalise  Capitalize
 Equalise  Equalize
« -OUR » « -OR »
 Flavour  Flavor
 Colour  Color
 Behaviour  Behavior
 Saviour  Savior
 Rumour  Romor
 Neighbour  Neighbor
 Labour  Labor
« -GUE » « -OG »
 Dialogue  Dialog
 Analogue  Analog
 Catalogue  Catalog
 Monologue  Monolog
« -ll » « -l »
 Skilful  skillful
 Wilful  willful
 Enrol  Enroll
 Distil  Distill
 Fulfil  Fulfill
 Enthral  Enthrall
 instil  instill
 Paediatric  Pediatric
 Leukeamia  Leukemia
 Manœuvre  Maneuvre
 Fœtus  Fetus
 Caesarean  Cesarean
 Anaemia  Anemia

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 SOME PHONETICS
 AL, ALL=/O:/
Eg : -Animal
-All
-Plural
 ER, IR, UR =/Ə:/
Eg : -Better -Birth -Burn
-Center -Bird -Burst
-Winner -Third -Turn
 « Ed » at the end of the word
« ed »/id/ after (t, d)
Eg : wanted, Promoted, Needed, Reminded
« ed »/ :d/ after ( b, e, n, l, g, r, w, y, z)
Eg : Loved, discovered, rubbed, joined, enjoyed, changed, killed, filled
« ed »/ :t/ after ( k, s, h, p)
Eg : Looked, smocked, blessed, stopped, finished
« ed »/ :st/ after (x, c)
Eg : fixed, mixed, reduced
 Plosives
These are consonants that are pronounced by blocking the airway with
your teeth, mouth, lips, or palate and releasing the air afterward. Here are the
common symbols for plosives:
P (sound) – happen, program, keep, play, pay
b (sound) – but, before, best, maybe, job
t (sound) – take, tell, time, study, talk
d (sound) – day, idea, decide, friend, do
k (sound) – can, require, think, take, school

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 g (sound) – give, go, group, agree, good.

 Fricatives
These are consonants where the sound is produced by blocking the airway that
causes friction when you pronounce it. Here are the common symbols for
fricatives:
f (sound) – from, phone, self, fact, family
v (sound) – move, value, live, provide, even
θ (sound) – thing, month, thank, health, truth
ð (sound) – with, smooth, brother, they, then
z (sound) – these, reason, those, zone, citizen
ʃ (sound) – push, show, sure, wish, finish
ʒ (sound) – decision, pleasure, television, vision, version
h (sound) – whole, help, perhaps, who, hello

 SHORT VOWELS
-æ (sound) – pass, back, have, had, contact
-ɛ (sound) – every, ever, never, necessary, end
-ʌ (sound) – cup, flood, love, come, thumb
-ʊ (sound) – book, foot, woman, full, would
-ɒ (sound) – of, often, office, squat, offer
-ə (sound) – mother, ago, never
 LONG VOWELS
-i:(sound) be, need, feel, she, free
-ɜ: (sound) – her, word, turn, world, girl
-ɔ: (sound) – your, more, also, small, sure
-u: (sound) – new, too, value, school, you

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 -ɑ: (sound) – ask, party, father, star, bar
 Diphthong vowels:

-ɪə (sound) – here, period, idea, career, clear

-eə (sound) – care, share, where, there, hair
-eɪ (sound) – later, eight, day, play, age
-ɔɪ (sound) – voice, enjoy, join, boy, choice
-aɪ (sound) – life, buy, why, guy, high, five
-oʊ (sound) – open, only, follow, home, hold
V. READ and RECORD

READ AND RECORD N°1

Standing all alone in the whale of time, There is no one to support me. No one to share my
pain, I did try to reframe my life But everything looks like a bane Seems like some curse on me,There
are many things I do not want to see, Life will change I know it well, But the past forces me to dwell
in. I am reeling under some kind of fear Which is just not letting me near. I am afraid to trust people,
I want to remain in silence of the dark, Life has become like a distant spark.

READ AND RECORD N°2

There’s a bluebird in my heart that wants to get out, but I’m too tough for him, I say, stay in there,
I’m not to let anybody see you.

There’s a bluebird in my heart that wants to get out, but I pour whiskey on him and inhale cigarette
smoke

And the whores and the bartenders, and the grocery clerks never know that he’s

in there.

There’s a bluebird in my heart that wants to get out, but I’m too tough for him I say, stay down , do
you want to mess me up?

You want to screw up the works? You want to blow my book sales in Europe?

There’s a bluebird in my heart that wants to get out, but I’m too clever, I only let him out at night
sometimes. When every body’s asleep. I say, I know that you’re there, so don’t be sad.

Then I put him back, but he’s singing a little in there, I haven’t quite let him die; and we sleep
together like that with our secret pact, and it’s nice enough to make a man weep, but I don’t weep,
do you?

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 READ AND RECORD N°3

Artist NANCY

Nancy Lee looks forward to a future filled with opportunities after her painting wins the Artist Club
scholarship. Later, she finds out that the Artist Club committee has rescinded her award after
discovering that she is a student of color. Nancy Lee decides to fight to ensure that the discrimination
she faced doesn’t happen to anyone else.

READ AND RECORD N°4

One of the fundamental anxieties explored in science fiction is the loss of humanity in the face of
technological advancement. The fear of becoming obsolete or indistinguishable from machines has
been a recurring theme from Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein” to contemporary works like Alex
Garland’s “Ex Machina.” This anxiety plays into the rapid progress of artificial intelligence and its
potential to reshape human existence. These concerns have never been more relevant as our present
and future are technology-driven.

READ AND RECORD N°5

Although the Swahili word safari means “journey,” children need not travel far to experience
international culture. Whether it’s to observe wild animals or learn about ethnic food and music,
reading can offer young children colorful insights into far-away lands. As they become aware of their
own identities within a family and community, they are naturally curious about how other families
and communities work. Diversity exposure in early childhood not only helps children acquire stronger
social skills, it also improves their potential for future academic success.

READ AND RECORD N°6

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of
former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of
injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and
justice.

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged
by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.

I have a dream that one day down in Alabama with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips
dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, one day right down in Alabama little Black
boys and Black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and
brothers. I have a dream today.

I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low,
the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of
the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.

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 READ AND RECORD N°7

I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in
harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal for which I hope to live for and to see realised.
But my lord, if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.

« Nelson Mandela »

VI. EXPRESSIONS

« It's (high) time »

We can use the expression it's (high) time + subject + past verb to say it is time
to do something now that should have been done a long time ago.
Eg:
 It's high time we went to bed.

 It's time we took responsibility for our planet

Expressions must be understood in their contexts not literally.

“Give someone the tea”
Telling fresh news or exciting news (as part of sentence)

“Off the record”

Let it be a secret (by itself)
“A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush”
What you have is worth more than what you might have later (by itself)
“A picture is worth 1000 words”
Better to show than tell (by itself)
“Actions speak louder than words”
Believe what people do and not what they say (by itself)
“Add insult to injury”
To make a bad situation worse

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 “Barking up the wrong tree”
To be mistaken, to be looking for solutions in the wrong place
“Birds of a feather flock (fly) together”
People who are alike are often friends
“Break the ice”
Make people feel more comfortable
“Costs an arm and a leg”
Very expensive as part of a sentence
“Don't cry over spilt milk”
There's no reason to complain about something that can't be fixed (by itself)
“Don't put all your eggs in one basket”
What you're doing is too risky (by itself)
“Every cloud has a silver lining”
Good things come after bad things (by itself)
“Get a taste of your own medicine”
Get treated the way you've been treating others (negative) (as part of a
sentence)
“Give someone the cold shoulder”
Ignore someone (as part of a sentence)
“He has bigger fish to fry”
He has bigger things to take care of (by itself)
“He's a chip off the old block”
The son is like the father/like his parents (by itself)
“Hit the nail on the head”
Get something exactly right (by itself)
“It takes one to know one”
You're just as bad as I am (by itself)

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 “It's a piece of cake”
It's easy (by itself)
“It's raining cats and dogs”
It's raining hard (by itself
“Kill two birds with one stone”
Get two things done with a single action (by itself)
“Let the cat out of the bag”
Give away a secret(as part of a sentence)
“Live and learn”
I made a mistake (by itself)
“Look before you leap”
Take only calculated risks/think before you act (by itself)
“On thin ice”
On probation. If you make another mistake, there will be trouble. (as part of
a sentence)
“Once in a blue moon”
Rarely (as part of a sentence)
“Play devil's advocate”
To argue the opposite, just for the sake of argument (as part of a sentence)
“Rain on someone's parade”
To spoil something (as part of a sentence)
“Saving for a rainy day”
Saving money for later (as part of a sentence)
“Slow and steady wins the race”
Reliability is more important than speed (by itself)

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 “Spill the beans”
Give away a secret (as part of a sentence)
“Take it with a grain of salt”
Don’t take it too seriously (as part of a sentence)
“The ball is in your court”
It's your decision (by itself)
“The best thing since sliced bread”
A really good invention (as part of a sentence)
“The devil is in the details”
It looks good from a distance, but when you look closer, there are problems
(by itself)
“The early bird gets the worm”
The first people who arrive will get the best stuff (by itself)
“The elephant in the room”
The big issue, the problem people are avoiding (as part of a sentence)
“There are other fish in the sea”
It's ok to miss this opportunity. Others will arise (by itself)
“There's a method to his madness”
He seems crazy but actually he's clever (by itself)
“Throw caution to the wind”
Take a risk (as part of a sentence)
“Break a leg”
Good luck (by itself)

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