Computer System

Servicing
Quarter 2: Module 1
Types of Operating Systems
Target
You dealt with the different computer hardware, assembling computer hardware and
preparing bootable devices on the previous quarter. In this quarter, you will mostly deal with
software such as operating systems, application software and peripheral drivers.

After accomplishing this module, you are expected to:

• identify the different operating systems and their features

The learning objective is anchored from the Most Essential Learning Competency:
Install Operating System (OS) in accordance with established installation procedures
and to comply with end-user requirements.

Discover
An Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer hardware
resources and provide common services for application software. The operating system is a
vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs require
an operating system which are usually separate programs, but can be combined in simple
systems.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may
also include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and
other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer
hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and
will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating
systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer from cellular phones and
video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.
Types of Operating System
1. Real Time
A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-
time applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized scheduling algorithms
so that they can achieve a deterministic nature of behavior. The main objective of real-time
operating systems is their quick and predictable response to events. They have an event-
driven or time-sharing design and often aspects of both. An event-driven system switches
between tasks based on their priorities or external events while time-sharing operating
systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
2. Multi User
A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer system
concurrently. Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable a
multiple user access to a computer through the sharing of time.
3. Single User
Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating system, are
usable by a single user at a time. Being able to use multiple accounts on a Windows
operating system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather, only the network
administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating system, it is possible for two
users to login at a time and this capability of the OS makes it a multi-user operating system.
Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking
When only a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped under a
single-tasking system. However, when the operating system allows the execution of multiple
tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of
two types: pre-emptive or co-operative. In preemptive multitasking, the operating system
slices the CPU time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating
systems such as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking, as does Amiga OS.
Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the other
processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-
tasking. 32bit versions, both Windows NT and Win9x, used pre-emptive multi-tasking. Mac
OS prior to OS X used to support cooperative multitasking.
4. Distributed
A distributed operating system manages a group of independent computers and makes them
appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be
linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed
computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a group work
in cooperation, they make a distributed system.
5. Embedded
Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They
are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to
operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by
design. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.
The Operating System's Job
Computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the
computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer programs running at the
same time, and they all need to access your computer's central processing unit (CPU),
memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all of this to make sure each
program gets what it needs.
How OS Works
The figure shows below describe the sequential arrangement

Examples of Operating Systems

Operating systems usually come preloaded on any computer that you buy. Most
people use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it is possible to
upgrade or even change operating systems.
The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft
Windows, Apple Mac OS X, and Linux.

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface, or GUI (pronounced

"gooey"). A GUI lets you use your mouse to click on icons, buttons, and menus, and
everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text.
Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a
different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating
systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic principles are the same.
Before GUIs, computers had a command-line interface, which meant the user had to type
every single command to the computer, and the computer would only display text.
1. Microsoft Windows
At the moment, the latest Windows Operating System is Windows 10. Microsoft created the
Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the years, there have been many different
versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows
8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes pre-loaded on most
new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world.
The table below shows the development of the Windows Operating Systems
Windows 1.0 The first independent version of
Microsoft Windows, version 1.0,
released on November 20, 1985,
achieved little popularity.
Windows 2.0
Microsoft Windows version 2 came out
on December 9, 1987, and proved
slightly more popular than its
predecessor.
Windows 3.0
Windows 3.0, released in May 1990,
improved capabilities given to native
applications. It also allowed users to
better multitask older MS-DOS based
software compared to Windows/386,
thanks to the introduction of virtual
memory.
OS/2 During the mid to late 1980s, Microsoft
and IBM had cooperatively been
developing OS/2 as a successor to
DOS. OS/2 1.0, released in 1987,
supported swapping and multitasking
and allowed running of DOS
executables.
WIndows 3.1 In response to the impending release of
OS/2 2.0, Microsoft developed
Windows 3.1 (first released in April
1992), which included several
improvements to Windows 3.0, such as
display of TrueType scalable fonts
(developed jointly with Apple), improved
disk performance in 386 Enhanced
Mode, multimedia support, and
bugfixes.
Windows NT Windows NT is a family of operating
systems produced by Microsoft, the
first version of which was released in
July 1993. It is a processor-
independent, multiprocessing, multi-
user operating system. The first version
of Windows NT was Windows NT 3.1
and was produced for workstations and
server computers.
Windows 95 Windows 95 (codenamed Chicago) is a
consumer-oriented operating system
developed by Microsoft. It was released on
August 24, 1995, and was a significant
improvement over the company's previous DOS-
based
Windows products.
Windows NT 4.0 Windows NT 4.0 was the successor of
3.51 (1995) and 3.5 (1994). Microsoft
released Windows NT 4.0 to
manufacturing in July 1996, one year
after the release of Windows 95
Windows 98 On June 25, 1998, Microsoft released
Windows 98 (codenamed Memphis). It
included new hardware drivers and the
FAT32 file system which supports disk
partitions that are larger than 2 GB
(first introduced in Windows 95 OSR2)
Microsoft Windows 2000 Microsoft released Windows 2000 in
February 2000. It has the version
number Windows NT 5.0. Windows 2000
has had four official service packs
Windows 2000 was available in four
editions:
• Windows 2000 Professional
• Windows 2000 Server
• Windows 2000 Advanced Server
• Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
Windows ME In September 2000, Microsoft released
a successor to Windows 98 called
Windows ME, short for "Millennium
Edition". It was the last DOS-based
operating system from Microsoft.
Windows XP
On October 25, 2001, Microsoft
released Windows XP (codenamed
"Whistler"). The merging of the
Windows NT/2000 and Windows
95/98/Me lines was finally achieved
with Windows XP. Windows XP uses
the Windows NT 5.1 kernel, marking
the entrance of the Windows NT core to
the consumer market, to replace the
aging 16/32-bit branch.

Windows Server 2003

On April 25, 2003 Microsoft launched
Windows Server 2003, a notable update
to Windows 2000 Server encompassing
many new security features, a new
"Manage Your Server" wizard that
simplifies configuring a machine for
specific roles, and improved performance.
Windows XP x64 and Server 2003 x64 On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released
Editions Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and
Windows Server 2003, x64 Editions in Standard,
Enterprise and Datacenter SKUs. Windows XP
Professional x64 Edition is an edition of Windows
XP for x86-64 personal computers. It is designed
to use the expanded 64-bit memory address space
provided by the x86-64 architecture.
Windows Server 2003 R2 Windows Server 2003 R2, an update of Windows Server 2003,
was released to manufacturing on December 6,
2005. It is distributed on two CDs, with one CD
being the Windows Server 2003 SP1 CD. The
other CD adds many optionally installable
features for Windows Server 2003.
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PC In July 2006, Microsoft released a thinclient
version of Windows XP Service Pack 2, called
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (WinFLP).
It is only available to Software
Assurance customers. The aim of WinFLP is to
give companies a viable upgrade option for older
PCs that are running Windows 95, 98, and Me
 that will be supported with patches and updates
for the next several years.
Windows Home Server Windows Home Server (codenamed Q,
Quattro) is a server product based on
Windows Server 2003, designed for
consumer use. The system was
announced on January 7, 2007 by
Russel Adolfo. Windows Home Server
can be configured and monitored using
a console program that can be installed
on a client PC.

Windows Vista Windows Vista was released on

November 8, 2006 to business
customers - consumer versions
followed on January 30, 2007.
Windows Vista intended to have
enhanced security by introducing a
new restricted user mode called User
Account Control, replacing
the "administrator-by-default" philosophy of
Windows XP.
Windows Server 2008 Windows Server 2008, released on
February 27, 2008, was originally
known as Windows Server Codename
"Longhorn". Windows Server 2008
builds on the technological and
security advances first introduced with
Windows Vista, and is significantly
more modular than its predecessor,
Windows Server 2003

Windows 7
Windows 7 (codenamed Vienna,
formerly Blackcomb is a personal
computer operating system developed
by Microsoft. It is a part of the
Windows NT family of operating
systems. Windows 7 was released to
manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and
became generally available on October
22, 2009, less than three years after
the release of its predecessor, Windows
Vista. Windows 7's server counterpart,
Windows Server 2008 R2, was released
at the same time.

Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows Server 2008 R2 is a server
operating system produced by
Microsoft. It was released to
manufacturing (RTM) on July 22, 2009
and launched on October 22, 2009
Windows Home Server Windows Home Server 2011 code
named 'Vail'[25] was released on April
6, 2011. Windows Home Server 2011 is
built on the Windows Server 2008 R2
code base and removed the Drive
Extender drive pooling technology in the
 original Windows Home Server release.
Microsoft decided to kill WHS 2011 on
July 5, 2012 while including its
features into Windows Server 2012
Essentials.
Windows Home Server 2011 is
supported until April 12, 2016
Windows Thin PC In 2011, Microsoft introduced Windows
Thin PC or WinTPC, which is a feature-
and size-reduced locked-down version
of Windows 7 expressly designed to
turn older PCs into thin clients.
WinTPC is
available for software assurance customers and
relies on cloud computing in a business
network.
Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 On October 26, 2012, Microsoft released
Windows 8 to the public. One edition,
Windows RT, runs on some system-ona-
chip devices with mobile 32-bit ARM
(ARMv7) processors. Windows 8
features a redesigned user interface,
designed to make it easier
for touchscreen users to use
Windows. Windows 8 Release
Preview and
Windows Server 2012 Release
Candidate were both released on May
31, 2012. Product development on
Windows 8 was completed on August 1,
2012, and it was released to
manufacturing the same day. Windows
Server 2012 went on sale to the public
on September 4, 2012. Windows 8 went
on sale October 26, 2012.
Windows 8.1 and Windows Server Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012
2012 R2 R2 were released on October 17, 2013.
Windows 10
Windows 10 is the current release of
the Microsoft Windows operating
system. Unveiled on August 30, 2014,
it was released on July 29, 2015. It was
distributed without charge to Windows
7 and 8.1 users for one year after
release.
Windows Server 2016 Windows Server 2016 is a server
operating system developed by
Microsoft as part of the Windows NT
family of operating systems, developed
concurrently with Windows 10. The
first early preview version (Technical
Preview) became available on October
1, 2014 together with the first technical
preview of System Center. Windows
Server 2016 was released on
September 6, 2016 at Microsoft's Ignite
 conference and became generally
available on October 12, 2016.

Windows Server 2019

Windows Server 2019 was announced
on March 20, 2018, and the first
Windows Insider preview version was
released on the same day. It was
released for general availability on
October 2, 2018
Windows 10 Redstone 5 The Windows 10 October 2018 Update
(also known as version 1809 and
codenamed "Redstone 5") is the sixth
major update to Windows 10 and the
fifth in a series of updates under the
Redstone codenames. It carries the
build number 10.0.17763.
The first preview was released to
Insiders on February 14, 2018. The
update was made available to public
consumers on October 2, 2018. On
October 6, 2018, Microsoft halted the
public rollout of the update due to a
serious bug that deletes user's files
after updating. On October 9, 2018,
Microsoft re-released the update to
Insiders, stating that all known issues
in the update (including file deletion
bug) were identified and fixed

Windows 10 (19h2)
Windows 10 version 1903 (codenamed
"19H1") is the seventh major update to
Windows 10 and the first to use a more
descriptive codename (including the
year and the order released) instead of
the "Redstone" or "Threshold"
codename. The first preview was
released to Insiders who opted in to the
exclusive Skip Ahead ring on July 25,
2018.

Windows 10 Codename 19H2

The next feature release of Windows 10,
codenamed "19H2", is the eighth major
update to Windows 10 and the second
to use a more descriptive codename. No
builds from this version have been
released to Insiders as Microsoft needs
a longer lead time for the development
of a further feature release, which is
codenamed "20H1". Microsoft stated
that builds from 19H2 will be released
later in spring 2019 when Version 1903
is ready.

Windows 10 Codename 20H1 The next feature release of Windows

10, codenamed "20H1", is the ninth
major update to Windows 10 and the
third to use a more descriptive
 codename. The first preview was
released to Insiders
who opted in to the exclusive Skip
Ahead ring on February 14, 2019
Windows 10 (1903) The latest Windows 10 1903
(10.0.18362.116) released on (May 19,
2019)
Support Status
All editions except LTSB and LTSC: Versions
1507, 1511, 1607, 1703 & 1709 are
unsupported.
Versions 1803, 1809, & 1903 are supported

2. MacOS
Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It comes preloaded on all new
Macintosh computers, or Macs. All of the recent versions are known as OS X (pronounced O-
S Ten), and the specific versions include El Capitan (released in 2015), Yosemite (2014),
Mavericks (2013), Mountain Lion (2012), and Lion (2011).
Brief History of MacOS
Kodiak On September 13, 2000 Apple released
a $29.95 "preview" version of Mac OS X
(internally codenamed Kodiak) in order
to gain feedback from users.
Cheetah
On March 24, 2001, Apple released
Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed
Cheetah)
Puma
Later that year on September 25, 2001,
Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed
Puma) was released
Jaguar
On August 23, 2002, Apple followed up
with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first
release to use its code name as part of
the branding.
Panther Mac OS X 10.3 Panther was released on
October 24, 2003
Tiger
Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on
April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger
contained more than 200 new features.
Leopard Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released
on October 26, 2007. It was called by
Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X".

Snow Leopard Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was

released on August 28, 2009, the last
version to be available on disc.
Lion Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on
July 20, 2011. It brought developments
made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily
 navigable display of installed
applications (Launchpad) and (a greater
use of) multi-touch gestures, to the
Mac.
Moutain Lion OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released
on July 25, 2012. It incorporates some
features seen in iOS 5, which include
Game Center, support for iMessage in
the new Messages messaging
application, and Reminders as a to-do
list app separate from iCal (which is
renamed as Calendar, like the iOS
app).
Mavericks
OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on
October 22, 2013, as a free update
through the Mac App Store worldwide.
Yosemite
OS X Yosemite was released to the
general public on October 16, 2014, as
a free update through the Mac App
Store worldwide. It featured a major
overhaul of user interface, replaced
skeuomorphism with flat graphic
design and blurred translucency
effects, following the aesthetic
introduced with iOS 7.
El Capitan
OS X El Capitan was revealed on June
8, 2015, during the WWDC keynote
speech. It was made available as a
public beta in July and was made
available publicly on September 30,
2015. Apple described this release as
containing "Refinements to the Mac
Experience" and "Improvements to
System Performance" rather than new
features.

macOS 10.12 Sierra

macOS Sierra was revealed on June 13,
2016, during the WWDC keynote
speech. It was released publicly on
September 20, 2016.
macOS 10.13 High Sierra It was released to the public on
September 25, 2017. Like OS X El
Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion, High
Sierra is a refinement-based update having very
few new features visible to a user, including
updates to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other
changes.
The major change under the hood is the switch
to the Apple File System, which is optimized for
solid-state storage used in most new Mac
computers.
 macOS 10.14 Mojave It was released on September 24, 2018.
The update introduced a system-wide
dark mode and several new apps lifted
from iOS, such as Apple News.

macOS Catalina It is the sixteenth major release of macOS,

10.15 Apple's desktop operating system for
Macintosh computers. It is the successor to macOS
Mojave and was announced at WWDC 2019 on
June 3, 2019. Catalina is the first version of
macOS to exclusively support 64-bit applications.

3. Linux
Linux is a family of open source operating systems, which means that they can be modified
and distributed by anyone around the world. This is very different from proprietary software
like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it (Microsoft). The
advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions (or
versions) that you can choose from. Each distribution has a different look and feel, and the
most popular ones include Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora. Linux is named after Linus Torvalds,
who created the Linux kernel in 1991. The kernel is the computer code that is the central
part of an operating system.