PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32

SAMPLE PAPER TEST 08 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024

(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and
Section E contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.
1. A metallic shell has a point charge q kept inside a cavity. Which one of the following diagrams
correctly represents the electric lines of force?

Ans: (b) Electric field is zero within the metal, so there should be no line of force within metal
and lines are always normal to equipotential surface.

2. The potential difference across a cell in an open circuit is 8 V. It falls to 4 V when a current of 4
A is drawn from it. The internal resistance of the cell is :
(a) 4Ω (b) 3Ω (c) 2Ω (d) 1Ω
Ans: (d) 1Ω

3. A diamagnetic substance is brought near the north or south pole of a bar magnet. It will be :
(a) repelled by both the poles.
(b) attracted by both the poles.
(c) repelled by the north pole and attracted by the south pole.
(d) attracted by the north pole and repelled by the south pole.
Ans: (a) Repelled by both the poles.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 1-

4. A circular coil of radius 8 0 cm and 40 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with an angular
speed of 25/π rad s-1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 3.0 х 10-2 T. The
maximum emf induced in the coil is:
(a) 0·12 V (b) 0·15 V (c) 0·19 V (d) 0·22 V
Ans: (c) 0·19 V

5. For a metallic conductor, the correct representation of variation of resistance R with temperature
T is:

Ans: (d)

6. The variation of induced emf (E) with time t in a coil if a short bar magnet is moved along its
axis with a constant velocity is best represented as:

Ans: (b)

7. The mass density of a nucleus of mass number A is :

(a) proportional to A1/3 (b) proportional to A2/3
(c) proportional to A3 (d) independent of A
Ans: (d) independent of A

8. In the energy-band diagram of n-type Si, the gap between the bottom of the conduction band EC
and the donor energy level ED is of the order of :
(a) 10 eV (b) 1 eV (c) 0 1 eV (d) 0 01 eV
Ans: (d) 0.01 eV

9. An ac source of voltage is connected in series with a p-n junction diode and a load resistor. The
correct option for output voltage across load resistance will be :

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 2-

 Ans: (c)

10. Figure shows a rectangular conductor PSRQ in which movable arm PQ has a resistance 'r' and
resistance of PSRQ is negligible. The magnitude of emf induced when PQ is moved with a
velocity v does not depend on :

 
(a) magnetic field ( B ) (b) velocity ( v ) (c) resistance (r) (d) length of PQ
Ans: (c) resistance (r)

11. Three charges q, -q and q0, are placed as shown in figure. The magnitude of the net force on the
 1 
charge q0, at point O is  k  
 4 0 

2kqq0 2kqq0 1 kqq0

(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 2
a2 a2 2 a
2kqq0
Ans: (c)
a2

12. The diagram shows the energy levels for an electron in a certain atom. The transition that
represents the emission of a photon with the highest energy is

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 3-

 (a) I (b) II (c) III (d) IV
Ans: (c) III
In emission line I, energy is absorbed and not emitted. While in the emission lines II, III and IV,
energy is emitted. The line having maximum energy is III, because energy difference between
successive levels decreases rapidly with increase of n.

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.

13. Assertion (A): Bohr’s postulate states that the electrons in stationary orbits around the nucleus
do not radiate.
Reason (R): According to classical physics, all moving electrons radiate.
Ans: (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason ( R ) are true but reason ( R) is the not correct
explanation of the Assertion (A)
According to classical physics, all moving charged particle radiate electromagnetic radiation. So
moving electrons will also radiate energy. If we see the atomic structure we find that electrons
revolve around the nucleus in some particular orbits. Bohr termed these orbits as the stationary
orbits as the electrons do not radiate energy as long as they are moving in these orbits. This is
one of Bohr's postulates. This postulate is based on the fact that if the moving electrons radiate
thereby losing energy, they have got a chance to finally fall back onto the nucleus and the atom
will be collapsed.

14. Assertion (A): When a bar of copper is placed in an external magnetic field, the field lines get
concentrated inside the bar.
Reason (R): Copper is a paramagnetic substance.
Ans: (d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R ) is also false.

15. Assertion (A): The phase difference between any two points on a wavefront is zero.
Reason (R): All points on a wavefront are at the same distance from the source and thus
oscillate in the same phase.
Ans: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).

16. Assertion (A): Photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 4-

 Reason (R): Photoelectric current is proportional to intensity of incident radiation for
frequencies more than the threshold frequency.
Ans: (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason ( R ) are true but reason ( R) is the not correct
explanation of the Assertion (A)

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. A charged particle enters perpendicularly a region having either (i) magnetic field or (ii) an
electric field. How can the trajectory followed by the charged particle help us to know whether
the region has an electric field or a magnetic field? Explain briefly.
Ans: The path of the charged particle will be circular in a magnetic field. This is due to the
reason that the force acting on the particle will be at right angles to the field as well as direction
of motion, resulting in a circular trajectory.
In the case of electric field, the trajectory of the particle will be determined by the equation
1  qE  2  1 2
s  ut   t  s  ut  at 
2 m   2 
Where q and m are charge and mass of the particle, E is the electric field and s is the distance
travelled by the particle in time t. Thus, the trajectory will be a parabolic path.

18. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. What is the potential energy and kinetic
energy of an electron in the third excited state?
Ans:

Potential Energy = 2 х Total Energy = 2 х E4

= 2 х (-0.85) eV = - 1.70 eV
Kinetic energy = - (Total Energy) = -E4 = 0.85 eV

19. Distinguish between a metal and an insulator on the basis of energy band diagrams.
Ans:
Metals Insulators
(i) Conduction band and valence band There is large energy gap between
overlap each other. conduction band and valence band.
(ii) Conduction band is partially filled and Conduction band is empty. This is because
valence band is partially empty. no electrons can be excited to it from
valence band.
OR
Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Give reason why a p-type
semiconductor crystal is electrically neutral, although nh >> ne.
Ans:
Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor
1. Pure semiconductor. Semiconductor is Doped with impurities.
2. Low conductivity at room temperature. High conductivity at room temperature.
3. ne = nh ne ≠ nh
p-type semiconductor is electrically neutral because every atom, whether it is of pure
semiconductor (Ge or Si) or of impurity (Al) is electrically neutral.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 5-

20. Consider an induced magnetic field due to changing electric field and an induced electric field
due to changing magnetic field. Which one is more easily observed? Justify your answer.
Ans: Induced electric field due to changing magnetic field is easily observed. Induced electric
field due to changing magnetic field can be easily produced by various ways like
rotating/moving a coil in magnetic field, changing the shape of coil in magnetic field, bringing
bar magnet near a coil etc.

21. Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensities I and 4I superpose each other. Find the
ratio of maximum and minimum intensities in the resulting beam.
Ans:

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. (a) Twelve negative charges of same magnitude are equally spaced and fixed on the
circumference of a circle of radius R as shown in Fig. (i). Relative to potential being zero at
infinity, find the electric potential and electric field at the centre C of the circle.
(b) If the charges are unequally spaced and fixed on an arc of 120 of radius R as shown in Fig.
(ii), find electric potential at the centre C.

kq
Ans: (a) Electric potential due to point charge, V 
R
Value of each charge = - q , Total charge = -12q
k (12q) 12kq 12q
Total potential, V   
R R 4 0 R
By symmetry the resultant of all electric field vectors becomes zero.
So electric field is zero.
(b) Electric potential is a scalar quantity and does not depend on placement of charges
12kq 12q
Therefore, V  
R 4 0 R

23. In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates sinusoidally at a frequency of 2.0 x
1010 Hz and amplitude 48 V/m.
(i) What is the wavelength of a wave?

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 6-

 (ii) What is the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field?
(iii) Show that the average energy density of the electric field equals the average energy density
of the magnetic field. [c = 3 x 108 m/s]
c 3 108
Ans: (i) Wavelength,     1.5 102 m
v 2 1010
E 48
(ii) B0  0   1.6 10 7 tesla
c 3 108
1
(iii) Energy density of electric field is U E   0 E 2 …(i)
2
1 2
Energy density of Magnetic field is U B  B …(ii)
20
where ε0 is permittivity of free space and μ0 is permeability of free space
We have, E  cB ...(iii)
1 1 
∴ U E   0 (cB) 2  c 2   0 B 2 
2 2 
1
But c 
0 0
1 1 2 1 2
U E   0B   B  UE  UB
 0 0  2  20
OR
A parallel plate capacitor (fig.) made of circular plates each of radius R = 6.0 cm has a
capacitance C = 100 pF. The capacitor is connected to a 230 V ac supply with an angular
frequency of 300 rad/s.

(i) What is the rms value of the conduction current?

(ii) Is conduction current equal to the displacement current?
(iii) Determine the amplitude of magnetic field induction B at a point 3.0 cm from the axis
between the plates.
Ans: Given R = 6.0 cm, C=100 pF = 1 × 10–10 F, w = 300 rad/s, Vrms = 230 V
1
(i) Impedance of circuit Z = capacitance reactance, X C 
C
V
Root mean square current, I rms  rms  Vrms  C
Z
–10
= 230 × 300 × 10
= 6.9 × 10–6 A = 6.9 μA
(ii) Yes, the conduction current is equal to the displacement current.
(iii) The whole space between the plates occupies displacement current which is equal in
magnitude to the conduction current.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 7-

 0 Ir
Magnetic field, B 
2 R 2
Here r = 3 cm = 3×10–2 m, R = 6 cm = 6 × 10–2 m
Amplitude of displacement current = Peak value of conduction current = I 0  I rms 2
0 I 0 r 0 I rms 2r
Amplitude of magnetic field, B  
2 R 2 2 R 2
4  107  6.9  106  1.41 3  10 2
 2 2
 1.63  1011T
2  (6 10 )
24. Draw the circuit arrangement for studying the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in
forward bias and reverse bias. Show the plot of V-I characteristic of a silicon diode.
Ans:

25. A long solenoid of radius r consists of n turns per unit length. A current I = I0 sin t flows in the
solenoid. A coil of N turns is wound tightly around it near its centre. What is :
(a) the induced emf in the coil?
(b) the mutual inductance between the solenoid and the coil?
Ans: (a) magnetic field produced in the solenoid near the center

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 8-

26. How does Einstein's photoelectric equation explain the emission of electrons from a metal
surface? Explain briefly.
Plot the variation of photocurrent with :
(a) collector plate potential for different intensity of incident radiation, and
(b) intensity of incident radiation.
Ans: According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, An electron absorbs a quantum of energy
‘hυ’ of incident radiation. If the energy of absorbed quantum exceeds the minimum energy
needed by the electron to escape from the metal surface (work function φo ), the electron is
emitted.
Kmax = hυ – φo
(a)

(b)

27. Using Huygens' principle, draw a ray diagram showing ther propagation of a plane wave
refracting at a plane surface separating two media. Also verify the Snell's law of refraction.
Ans:

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 9-

 AB is incident wave front, incident at an angle i. Let τ be time taken by the wave front to travel
distance BC.
BC= v1 τ where v1 is speed of wave in medium 1.
To determine shape of refracted wave front, we draw a sphere of radius v2 τ, where v2 is speed of
wave in medium 2.
CE represents a tangent drawn from point C on sphere, CE is the refracted wave front.

28. Draw the energy level diagram for hydrogen atom. Mark the transitions corresponding to the
series lying in the ultraviolet region, visible region and infrared region.
Ans:

SECTION – D (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 29 to 30 carry 4 marks each.

29. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
Electron Drift
An electric charge (electron, ions) will experience a force if an electric field is applied. If we
consider solid conductors, then of course the atoms are tightly bound to each other so that the
current is carried by the negative charged electrons. Consider the first case when no electric field
is present, the electrons will be moving due to thermal motion during which they collide with the
fixed ions. An electron colliding with an ion emerges with same speed as before the collision.
However, the direction of its velocity after the collision is completely random. At a given time,
there is no preferential direction for the velocities of the electrons. Thus, on an average, the
number of electrons travelling in any direction will be equal to the number of electrons travelling
in the opposite direction. So, there will be no net electric current. If an electric field is applied,
the electrons will be accelerated due to this field towards positive charge. The electrons, as long
as they are moving, will constitute an electric current.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 10

-
 The free electrons in a conductor have random velocity and move in random directions. When
current is applied across the conductor, the randomly moving electrons are subjected to electrical
forces along the direction of electric field. Due to this electric field, free electrons still have their
random moving nature, but they will move through the conductor with a certain force. The net
velocity in a conductor due to the moving of electrons is referred to as the drift of electrons.

(i) Define the term drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor. Write its relationship with
current flowing through it.
(ii) A steady current flow in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section. Which of these
quantities is constant along the conductor: current, current density, drift speed?

(iii) A potential difference V is applied across the ends of copper wire of length l and diameter
D. What is the effect on drift velocity of electrons if (i) V is halved? (ii) I is doubled?
OR
(iii) Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in series
across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift
velocity of electrons in the two wires.
Ans: (i) Drift velocity is defined as the average velocity acquired by the free electrons in a
conductor under the influence of an electric field applied across the conductor. It is denoted by
vd.
Current, I = NeA vd
(ii) Current remains constant throughout the metallic conductor.
Current density J = I/A is not constant because cross-sectional area is a variable parameter.
I 1
Drift velocity vd  is not constant since vd 
neA A
(iii) (a) As vd  V when V is halved the drift velocity is halved.
1
(b) As vd  when l is doubled the drift velocity is halved.
l
OR
In series current is same,
So, I X  IY  I  neAvd
For same diameter, cross-sectional area is same
AX  AY  A
 I X  IY  nx eAvx  n y eAv y
vx n y ny 1
Given, nx  2ny    
v y nx 2n y 2

30. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
Strontium titanate is a rare oxide - a natural mineral found in Siberia. It is used as a substitute for
diamond because its refractive index and critical angle are 2.41 and 24.5⁰, respectively, which
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 11
-
 are approximately equal to the refractive index and critical angle of diamond. It has all the
properties of diamond. Even an expert jeweller is unable to differentiate between diamond and
strontium titanate. A ray of light is incident normally on one face of an equilateral triangular
prism ABC made of strontium titanate.

Answer the following questions based on the above :

(a) Trace the path of the ray showing its passage through the prism. [1]
(b) Find the velocity of light through the prism. [1]
(c) Briefly explain two applications of total internal reflection. [2]
OR
(c) Define total internal reflection of light. Give two conditions for it. [2]
Ans: a)

From fig. angle of incidence on second face ∠i = 60⁰

critical angle ∠ic = 24.5⁰
(∠i) > (∠ic)
∴ TIR takes place

c) Optical Fibre / Brilliance of diamond / mirage (any two)

OR
c) When light travels from optically denser medium to rarer medium at an interface and gets
reflected back into the same medium the phenomenon is called as total internal reflection.
Conditions for TIR
1. Light must travel from optically denser medium to rarer medium.
2. Angle of incidence at the interface must be greater than the critical angle for the pair of media.

SECTION – E
Questions 31 to 33 carry 5 marks each.

31. (i) Define electric flux. Write its SI unit.

(ii) “Gauss’s law in electrostatics is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size
is.” Justify this statement with the help of a suitable example.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 12

-
 (iii) A point charge + 10 C is at a distance 5 cm directly above the centre of a square of side 10
cm as shown in figure. What is the magnitude of the electric flux through the square?

Ans: (i) Total number of electric field lines crossing a surface normally is called electric flux. Its
SI unit is Nm2C–1 or Vm.
(ii) According to Gauss theorem, the electric flux through a closed surface depends only on the
net charge enclosed by the surface and not upon the shape or size of the surface.
For any closed arbitrary shape of the surface enclosing a charge the outward flux is the same as
that due to a spherical Gaussian surface enclosing the same charge.
Justification: This is due to the fact that
(a) electric field is radial and
1
(b) the electric field E  2
R
Thus, electric field at each point inside a charged thin spherical shell is zero.
(iii) Obviously the given square ABCD of side 10 cm is one face of a cube of side 10 cm. At
the centre of this cube a charge + q =10 μC is placed.

q
According to Gauss’s theorem, the total electric flux through the six faces of cube 
0
1 q 1 10 106
∴ Total electric flux through square    12
 1.88  105 Nm 2C 1
6  0 6 8.85  10
OR    
(i) Consider a system of n charges q1, q2, ... qn, with position vectors relative r1 , r2 , r3 ,.....rn to

some origin
 ‘O’. Deduce the expression for the net electric field E at a point P with position
vector rp , due to this system of charges.
(ii) Two charges of value 2 C and -50 C are placed 80 cm apart. Calculate the distance of the
point from the smaller charge where the intensity is zero.
Ans: Electric field due to a system of point charges.    
Consider a system of n charges q1, q2, ... qn, with position vectors relative r1 , r2 , r3 ,.....rn to some

origin ‘O’. We wish to determine the electric field at point P whose position vector is r .
According to Coulomb’s law, the force on charge q0 due to charge q1 is

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 13

-
  1 q1q0 
F1  r1 p
4 0 r1 p 2
where r1 p is a unit vector in the direction from q1 to P and r1P is the distance between q1 and P.

 F 1 q1 
Hence the electric field at point P due to charge q1 is E1  1  r1 p
q0 4 0 r1 p 2
 1 q2 
Similarly, electric field at P due to charge q2, E2  r2p
4 0 r2 p 2
According to the principle of superposition of electric fields, the electric field at any point due to
a group of point charges is equal to the vector sum of the electric fields produced by each charge
individually at that point, when all other charges are assumed to be absent. Hence, the electric
field at point P due to the system of n charges is
   
E  E1  E2  ......  En
 1 q1  1 q2  1 qn 
E r 
2 1p
r  ...... 
2 2p
r np
4 0 r1 p 4 0 r2 p 4 0 rnp 2
 1 n qi 
E  r ip
4 0 i 1 rip 2
(ii) The electric field cannot be zero at a point between the charges because the two charges are
of opposite signs. The electric field cannot be zero at a point to the right of B because magnitude
of charge at B is of opposite sign and is greater in magnitude than the charge at A.
Let the resultant electric field be zero at P located at a distance x metre to the left of point A.
∴ AP = x metre and BP = (x + 0.8) m
EA = EB
2 106 50 106 2 ( x  0.8) 2
k  k  x 
x2 ( x  0.8) 2 25
( x  0.8)
x ⇒ 5x = ±(x + 0.8)g
5
⇒ 5x = x + 0.8 or 5x = – x – 0.8 ⇒ 4x = 0.8 or 6x = –0.8
⇒ x = 0.2 m or x = –0.8/6 ⇒ x = 0.2 m = 20 cm
The negative answer is not possible because in that case P will lie between the charges.
Therefore, x = 20 cm.

32. (a) (i) State Biot-Savart's law for the magnetic field due to a current carrying element. Use this
law to obtain an expression for the magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop of radius 'a' and
carrying a current 'I'. Draw the magnetic field lines for a current loop indicating the direction of
magnetic field.
(ii) An electron is revolving around the nucleus in a circular orbit with a speed of 10-7 m s-1. If
the radius of the orbit is 10-10 m, find the current constituted by the revolving electron in the
orbit.
Ans: (i) The magnetic field at a point due to a current carrying element is proportional to
magnitude of current, element length and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
from the element.

Consider a circular coil of radius a carrying current I.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 14

-
 According to Biot-Savart’s law

OR
(b) (i) Derive an expression for the force acting on a current carrying straight conductor kept in a
magnetic field. State the rule which is used to find the direction of this force. Give the condition
under which this force is (1) maximum, and (2) minimum.
(ii) Two long parallel straight wires A and B are 2.5 cm apart in air. They carry 5.0 A and 2.5 A
currents respectively in opposite directions. Calculate the magnitude of the force exerted by wire
A on a 10 cm length of wire B.
Ans: (i) Consider a rod of uniform cross sectional area A and length l. Let the number density of
mobile charge carriers in it be n. Thus the total number of mobile charge carriers in it is n lA.
 For

steady current I, drift velocity of electrons vd , in the presence of external magnetic field B , the
force on these carriers is

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 15

-
 Fleming’s left hand Rule: If forefinger, middle finger and thumb are stretched in mutually
perpendicular directions, such that forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic field, middle
finger indicates the direction of current in the conductor, then thumb indicates the direction of
force on the conductor.
(ii)

33. (a) (i) (1) Write two points of difference between an interference pattern and a diffraction
pattern.
(2) Name any two factors on which the fringe width in a Young's double-slit experiment
depends.
(ii) In Young's double-slit experiment, the two slits are separated by a distance equal to 100
times the wavelength of light that passes through the slits. Calculate:
(1) the angular separation in radians between the central maximum and the adjacent maximum.
(2) the distance between these two maxima on a screen 50 cm from the slits.
Ans: (i) (1) (a) The interference pattern has a number of equally spaced bright and dark bands
while diffraction pattern has a central bright maximum which is twice as wide as the other
maxima.
(b) Interference pattern is obtained by superposing two waves originating from two narrow slits,
while diffraction pattern is a superposition of a continuous family of waves originating from each
point on a single slit.
(c) The maxima in interference pattern is obtained at angle λ l a , while the first minima is
obtained at same angle λ l a for diffraction pattern.
(d) In interference pattern the intensity of bright fringes remain same while in diffraction the
intensity falls as we go to successive maxima away from the center on either side.
(2) Factors affecting fringes width
Wave length (λ) / distance of screen from slits (D) / separation between slits (d).

OR
(b) (i) A spherical surface of radius of curvature R separates two media of refractive indices n1
and n2. A point object is placed in front of the surface at distance u in medium of refractive index
n1 and its image is formed by the surface at distance v, in the medium of refractive index n2.
Derive a relation between u and v.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 16

-
 (ii) A solid glass sphere of radius 6.0 cm has a small air bubble trapped at a distance 3.0 cm from
its centre C as shown in the figure. The refractive index of the material of the sphere is 1.5. Find
the apparent position of this bubble when seen through the surface of the sphere from an outside
point E in air.

Ans: (i) Assume that the aperture of the surface is small as compared to other distance involved,
so that small angle approximation can be made.

For small angles, for ∆NOC, i is the exterior angle

By Snell’s law, n₁ sin i = n₂ sin r ⇒ for small angles, n₂ i = n₂ r

substituting i and r from (i) and (ii) we get

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 17

-