9/7/2020 Integration of Rational Functions, Resulting in Logarithmic or Arctangent Functions

Next: About this document ...

THE INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS, RESULTING IN LOGARITHMIC

The following problems involve the integration of rational functions, resulting in logarithmic or inverse tangent
functions. We will assume knowledge of the following well-known differentiation formulas :

where represents the natural (base e) logarithm of x and

where represents the inverse function of . These formulas lead immediately to the following
indefinite integrals :

1. ,

2. .

Because the integral

where a is any positive constant, appears frequently in the following set of problems, we will find a formula for
it now using u-substitution so that we don't have to do this simple process each time. Begin by rewriting the
function. Then

Now let

u= x/a
https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcTwoDIRECTORY/logarctandirectory/LogArctan.html 1/6
9/7/2020 Integration of Rational Functions, Resulting in Logarithmic or Arctangent Functions

so that

du = (1/a) dx ,

or

(a)du = dx .

Now substitute into the original problem, replacing all forms of x, and getting

We now have the following variation of formula 1 :

3.

Recall also the method of algebraically "completing the square". For example to complete the square with x2+6x
we divide 6 by 2, square it getting 9, add and subtract 9, so that

x2+6x = (x2+6x+9) - 9 = (x+3)2 - 9 .

To complete the square with x2+Bx , divide B by 2, square it getting (B/2)2=B2/4, add and subtract B2/4, so that

x2+Bx = (x2+Bx+B2/4) - B2/4 = (x+(B/2))2 - B2/4 .

As you do the following problems, remember these three general rules for integration :

where n is any constant not equal to -1,

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcTwoDIRECTORY/logarctandirectory/LogArctan.html 2/6
9/7/2020 Integration of Rational Functions, Resulting in Logarithmic or Arctangent Functions

where k is any constant, and

Most of the following problems are average. A few are challenging. Knowledge of the method of u-substitution
will be required on many of the problems. Make precise use of the differential notation dx and du and always be
careful when arithmetically and algebraically simplifying expressions. There is a very high emphasis on
arithmetic and algebra in this problem set. AVOID MAKING THE FOLLOWING VERY COMMON
ALGEBRA MISTAKE :

THIS IS FALSE : .

Convince yourself that this is generally INCORRECT by plugging numbers in for A, B, and C (Try A=4, B=2,
and C=2 .).

PROBLEM 1 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 1.

PROBLEM 2 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 2.

PROBLEM 3 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 3.

PROBLEM 4 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 4.

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcTwoDIRECTORY/logarctandirectory/LogArctan.html 3/6
9/7/2020 Integration of Rational Functions, Resulting in Logarithmic or Arctangent Functions

PROBLEM 5 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 5.

PROBLEM 6 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 6.

PROBLEM 7 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 7.

PROBLEM 8 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 8.

PROBLEM 9 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 9.

PROBLEM 10 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 10.

PROBLEM 11 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 11.

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcTwoDIRECTORY/logarctandirectory/LogArctan.html 4/6
9/7/2020 Integration of Rational Functions, Resulting in Logarithmic or Arctangent Functions

PROBLEM 12 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 12.

PROBLEM 13 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 13.

PROBLEM 14 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 14.

PROBLEM 15 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 15.

PROBLEM 16 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 16.

PROBLEM 17 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 17.

PROBLEM 18 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 18.

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcTwoDIRECTORY/logarctandirectory/LogArctan.html 5/6
9/7/2020 Integration of Rational Functions, Resulting in Logarithmic or Arctangent Functions

PROBLEM 19 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 19.

PROBLEM 20 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 20.

PROBLEM 21 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 21.

PROBLEM 22 : Integrate .

Click HERE to see a detailed solution to problem 22.

Click HERE to return to the original list of various types of calculus problems.

Your comments and suggestions are welcome. Please e-mail any correspondence to Duane Kouba by clicking on
the following address :

[email protected]

About this document ...

Duane Kouba
1999-05-20

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcTwoDIRECTORY/logarctandirectory/LogArctan.html 6/6