University of Greenwich

ASSIGNMENT 1
Networking Infrastructure

Nguyen Nhat Thanh

20-04-2022
 ASSIGNMENT 1

ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET

Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing

Unit number and

Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure
title

Date Received 1st

Submission date April 22, 2022
submission

Date Received 2nd

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Student Name Nguyen Nhat Thanh Student ID GCS210101

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I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences
of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.

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 Assignment 1
Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Computing
Student Name/ID Number:

Unit Number and Title:

Academic Year: 2022

Unit Assessor: Sam X. Nguyen

Assignment Title:

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Date:

Submission Format:

Format:

● The submission is in the form of an individual written report. This should be written in a concise, formal
business style using single spacing and font size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs
and subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using the
Harvard referencing system. Please also provide a bibliography using the Harvard referencing system.

Submission

● Students are compulsory to submit the assignment in due date and in a way requested by the Tutor.
● The form of submission will be a soft copy posted on http://cms.greenwich.edu.vn/.
● Remember to convert the word file into PDF file before the submission on CMS.

Note:

● The individual Assignment must be your own work, and not copied by or from another student.
● If you use ideas, quotes or data (such as diagrams) from books, journals or other sources, you must
reference your sources, using the Harvard style.
● Make sure that you understand and follow the guidelines to avoid plagiarism. Failure to comply this
requirement will result in a failed assignment.

Unit Learning Outcomes:

Assignment question

LO1: Short discuss one of the protocols (STMP, FTP, HTTP, etc.) and explain how it
works by using cisco packet tracer?

LO2: Investigate and analyse the selected protocol using Wireshark?

PREFACE: .................................................................................................................................................. 7
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Networking ................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1 Types of network .................................................................................................................. 8
1.1.2 Networking devices............................................................................................................... 8
1.2 HTTP............................................................................................................................................ 9
1.2.1 History................................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.2 The features of HTTP ......................................................................................................... 10
1.2.3 The characteristics of HTTP ............................................................................................... 11
1.2.4 Transaction .......................................................................................................................... 11
2. Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) ............................................................................................. 7
2.1 Cisco Packet Tracer ...................................................................................................................... 7
a Definition .............................................................................................................................. 8
b Example ................................................................................................................................ 8
REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 1: Router ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2: HTTP....................................................................................... 10
Figure 3: Evolution of HTTP .................................................................. 10
Figure 4: Transaction ............................................................................. 12
 Preface:
+ People's desire for knowledge and communication has risen in recent years, resulting in the
growth of websites. HTTP is one of the protocols used to build a website. The ubiquity and
simplicity of access of HTTP appealed to me in this piece.

1. Introduction
1.1 Networking
+ The informal social exchange of information and ideas among persons with a shared profession
or particular interest is referred to as networking. When it comes to networking, it's normal to
begin with a single point of agreement.
+ A network is a place that connects network devices, such as computers and servers, allowing
them to exchange and send data. The network has now nearly completely spanned the globe,
allowing everyone to connect and exchange information in the same place. A home network,
containing network equipment and PCs, is depicted here. (N. Definitions and C. Hope, 2022).

Figure 1: Home network

(Source:https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/n/network.htm)

+ There are some types of network devices:

• Personal computers, laptops.
• Servers, mainframes.
• Webcams
• Smartphone, tablets.
(Definitions, N. and Hope, C, 2022)

1.1.1 Types of network

+ There are 7 types of network:
• Personal area network (PAN)
• Local area network (LAN)
• Wireless local area network (WLAN)
• Metropolitan area network (MAN)
• Wide area network (WAN)
• Storage area network (SAN)
• Virtual private network (VPN)
(Guidi, 2022)

1.1.2 Networking devices

➔ Hub : A hub is not the same as a multiport repeater. A hub, such as the star topology
connection that connects various stations, connects several wires originating from
different branches. Because hubs cannot filter data, data packets are broadcast to all
connected devices. To put it another way, all Hub-connected hosts share the same
collision domain. In addition, they lack the intelligence to select the best data packet
route, leading in inefficiencies and waste.
➔ Switch : A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can increase the
efficiency and performance of the network (having a large number of ports means less
traffic). A switch is a data connection layer device. Before forwarding data, the switch
may check for faults, which makes it extremely efficient because it doesn't transport
packets with errors and only forwards good packets to the proper port. To put it another
way, the switch divides the collision domain of hosts while maintaining the broadcast
domain.
➔ Bride : A bridge acts at the data link layer. A bridge is a repeater with the added
capability of content filtering based on the source and destination MAC addresses. It may
also be used to join two LANs using the same protocol. It is a two-port device because it
only has one input and output port.
➔ Repeater : A repeater is a device that works at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate
the signal across the same network before it becomes too weak or garbled, allowing the
signal to be transmitted for longer distances on the same network. The fact that repeaters
do not enhance the signal is vital to remember. They replicate the signal bit by bit and
renew it at the original strength when it becomes faint. It's a device with two ports.
➔ Router : A router is a device that, like a switch, routes data packets based on their IP
addresses. The router is basically a device that performs network layer functions. Routers
connect LANs and WANs and decide how to route data packets using a dynamically
changing routing table. The router divides the broadcast domains of hosts connected
through it.
 Figure 1: Router

(Source: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-devices-hub-repeater-bridge-switch-router-gateways/)

➔ NIC : A network interface card (NIC) is a network adapter that links a computer to the
internet. To set up a LAN, it must be installed on the computer. The chip contains a
connection for connecting the cable to it, as well as a unique id written on it. The router
or modem is connected to the PC through the cable. A network interface card (NIC) is a
layer 2 device, meaning it can operate on the physical and data connection levels of the
network architecture.
➔ Brouter : A bridging router combines the functionalities of a bridge and a router into one
device. It has the ability to work at both the data connection and the network levels. It can
operate as a router or a bridge, routing packets across networks and filtering local area
network traffic.
➔ Gateway : A gateway joins two networks that may employ various networking
paradigms, as the name indicates. They effectively serve as messengers, conveying data
from one system to another after interpreting it. Gateways, also known as protocol
converters, can operate at any layer of the network. Gateways are more complicated than
switches and routers. A gateway is another name for a protocol converter.

1.2 HTTP
+ HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a set of internet protocols for sending text, pictures,
audio, video, and other multimedia components. When a user opens a web browser, HTTP is
used in a roundabout way. HTTP is an application protocol that sits on top of the internet's
backbone, the TCP/IP protocol stack. The most recent version of HTTP is HTTP/2, which was
introduced in May 2015. It's a good alternative to HTTP 1.1, but it's not the same.
+ The HyperText Transfer Mechanism, abbreviated as HTTP, is a protocol for transmitting
information on the World Wide Web that allows users to interact with it (www). (ExtraHop |
ExtraHop, 2022) HTTP Protocol - Definition & How it Works

Figure 1: HTTP
(Source: https://xuanthulab.net/giao-thuc-http-va-cau-truc-co-ban-cua-http-message.html)

1.2.1 History
+ HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Mechanism) is a protocol for transmitting information on the World
Wide Web that allows users to interact with that information (www). HTTP/0.9 was the original
version, and it was used to send raw data across the internet. Following versions are built on the
HTTP platform, such as HTTP / 1.0 and HTTP / 1.1. These versions were only created for a brief
time after the preceding version was changed. The HTTP / 2.0 version was not launched until
2015, and it is still in use today. (HTTP Evolution - HTTP | MDN, 2022)

Figure 2: Evolution of HTTP

(Source: https://http2.akamai.com/)

1.2.2 The features of HTTP

+ There are 3 basic features of HTTP:
• HTTP is media agnostic, which means it may deliver any media content as long as both
the server and the client can process it.
• HTTP is connectionless: It's a connectionless technique in which an HTTP client, such
as a browser, sends an HTTP request, then disconnects and waits for a response.
• HTTP is stateless: The client and server are only aware of one another for a single
request. After that, they both forget about each other. Due to the protocol's lack of state,
neither the client nor the server can maintain track of multiple requests across web pages.
 (HTTP – javapoint, 2022)

1.2.3 The characteristics of HTTP

+ There are 4 characteristics of HTTP:
• It's an internet protocol that allows web servers and browsers to interact.
• What it is is a request-response protocol.
• It uses trustworthy TCP connections on TCP port 80 by default.
• Each request is regarded as a new request since it is stateless. To put it another way, the
server does not recognize the user by default.
(HTTP - javatpoint, 2022)

1.2.4 Transaction
Step 1: Connection
The client establishes a link with the server.

Step 2: Request
The client makes a request to the server for information.

Step 3: Response
The server either gives the client the information or refuses to give it to the client.

Step 4: Close
The deal is ended by one or both parties.

(An HTTP Transaction, 2022)

2. Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)

 Figure 3: Transaction
(Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nj8pGsBvcmo)

2. Cisco Packet Tracer

a. Definition
+ Cisco Packet Tracer is Cisco router simulation software. It may be used to create complex
network types as well as test and simulate abstract network concepts. It acts as a classroom for
learning about computer networking.
 Figure 4: Cisco Packet Tracer
(Source: https://www.netacad.com/courses/packet-tracer)

b. Example:
+ I'll use a machine linked to an HTTP server as an example. This is a simple example of how to
create a wide-area network. The network is depicted in the diagram below.

Figure 5: Overview
Step 1:

First and foremost, I made a server, a computer, and a switch using the icons , , and .
An HTTP network model is made up of these core devices.
 Figure 6: 3 basic devices

Step 2:
Next, I'll alter the server's Gateway by clicking on the server icon, which will bring up an interface for
adjusting the server. From there, navigate to "config" > "setting." In the "Default Gateway" column, I
enter "192.108.1.1" as a random IP address.

Figure 7: Config a server

Because I'm using HTTP as an example, I've changed the "services" part.
 Figure 8: Config services

Step 3:
After modifying the server's Gateway, I moved on to the personal computer's settings (PC). I click on the
PC and proceed to "Desktop" > "IP Setup," which is similar to the server's configuration interface.
 Figure 9: IP Configuration
I changed the IP address of the PC to "192.108.1.2" after accessing the "IP Configuration" interface in the
"IPv4 Address" section.

Figure 10: Config IP

Step 4:
To connect gadgets, we'll need cables to link them so they can work together. I use a cable with a symbol
on it.
 Figure 11: Connect devices

Step 5:
We've almost arrived at the end of the procedure. We'll see if the PC can connect to the HTTP server or
not.
 Figure 12: Web browser
We'll launch the server with the IP "192.108.1.1" that we set in the "Gateway" section and hit "go."
 Figure 13: Run a server
Step 6:
We'll go to the "simulation" area to view all of the phases when the computer sends the request and the
server responds.

Figure 14: Simulation

 ➔ This is the figure for Wireshark

*Catch an HTTP packet with Wireshark*

+ In a web browser, I can obtain practically everything about the web server, from the Source IP to
the Destination IP, or I can see the Internet Protocol version of the website, and I'm quite certain I
can get the URL or maybe call a website link, as shown in first figure.

*This is the responses example of HTTP*

I'm going to perform the lab session in my web browser.

 *Server esponses information*

+ This is the outcome of my request to the server, which was received by a server response. And
there's a wealth of information to be obtained here.

*Server responses a lot of information about the server*

+ This is the outcome of my server's answer to my request. And there's a wealth of information
to be had.
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 04:03:05 GMT\r\n ( the time I received the response).
Expires: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 02:26:18 GMT\r\n
Age: 6707\r\n
 REFERENCE
[1] Developer.mozilla.org. 2022. Evolution of HTTP - HTTP | MDN. [online] Available at:
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/Evolution_of_HTTP>
[Accessed 19 April 2022].
[2]. Cs.cmu.edu. 2022. An HTTP Transaction. [online] Available at:
<https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~aist/www_paper/transaction.html> [Accessed 19 April 2022].
[3]. Guidi, S., 2022. 7 Types of Computer Networks Explained. [online] SierraExperts. Available
at: <https://www.sierraexperts.com/7-types-of-computer-networks-explained> [Accessed 19
April 2022].
[4]. Definitions, N. and Hope, C., 2022. What is a Network?. [online] Computerhope.com.
Available at: <https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/n/network.htm> [Accessed 19 April 2022].
[5]. Extrahop.com. 2022. HTTP Protocol - Definition & How it Works - ExtraHop | ExtraHop.
[online] Available at: <https://www.extrahop.com/resources/protocols/http/> [Accessed 19 April
2022].
[6]. www.javatpoint.com. 2022. HTTP - javatpoint. [online] Available at:
<https://www.javatpoint.com/http> [Accessed 19 April 2022].