SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE NAGA

A/Y 2023-2024
Subject: Earth Science
Paragraph - Greek word "paragraphos" natural order ( like first, second,
means "to write beside" or "written beside." next, and so on until the last. )
(Bargo, 2014) 2. Space Relationship - The
•A paragraph is a piece of writing that description shows movement or action from
focuses on one topic or idea. (Cidro, et al., a designated beginning to a logical or
2016) natural progression, from one descriptive
detail to the next.
I. Elements of a Paragraph 3. Particular to General
•Baker (1913)-formulated and popularized - An example is the presentation of pieces of
the acronym CUE-coherence, unity, and evidence or proofs,
emphasis. - lead to a conclusion or a general statement.
•Thomas (1917)-composed three (3) 4. General to Particular
questions to test the students' composition: - begins with a general statement to details
(1) Do all the parts stick together? or proofs of the statement.
(2) Do all these parts in combining say but 5. Cause-Effect Relationship
one main thing? - The writer may state the causes first, and
(3) Are the parts so apportioned and so then the subsequent effects of that incident.
placed as readily to make the strongest - or may enumerate first all the events that
appeal? happened
a- and then, collate them all to point
1. Unity towards the underlying cause.
- a clear reading
- clear discussion and no distractions of the 3. Coherence and Cohesion
topic -Cohesion is the connection of the sentences
- starts with the beginning sentence and and ideas in your text
ends with the last. - When a text is cohesive, the sentences
- sticks to the purpose appear as a single unit.
-Coherence is the overall understanding of
2. Order what you say or write. It
-The orderly movement of ideas -refers to the logic of ideas and how such
"relationships of the sentences" in the ideas are presented.
paragraph. -Simply, cohesion refers to sentence unity
•Five (5) types of orderly relationships of while coherence deals more with text unity.
sentences.

1. Time of Chronological
Relationships - Events are presented in the

Student: Rannie Glenn Garcia

 SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE NAGA
A/Y 2023-2024
• Common transitional words and finally, in brief, in farther along, under,
expressions to help you connect words and
closing upon
sentences smoothly and produce a coherent
and cohesive text.

Example Emphasis
Addition Cause-Effect
to illustrate, as an definitely, indeed,
and, also, as a result, then,
example, for in fact, no, yes
furthermore, therefore, thus,
example, for
moreover, besides, consequently, for
instance,
first, second, third, this reason,
particularly,
in addition, in the accordingly, and so,
specifically
first place, in the hence, so
second place, to Contrast Restatement
begin with, next, but, on the contrary, in short, in other
finally on the other hand, words, in simpler
however, in terms, that is, to put
Comparison Time
contrast, instead, it differently, to
by the same token, recently,
nevertheless, repeat
in similar fashion, meanwhile,
still,yet
likewise, similarly, previously,
in like manner, in simultaneously,
the same way afterward, at the
same time, then,
until now, in the 4. Emphasis
future, in the - highlight the idea/s you wish to emphasize.
meantime, in the Emphasis may also be secured by
past, later, (1) repetition;
currently, earlier, (2) by the development of important ideas
formerly, through supplying plenty of details;
immediately, (3) by the allotment of more space to the
subsequently more important ideas;
(4) by contrast, which focuses the reader's
Conclusion and Place attention;
Summary in back of, in front, (5) by selection of details important and
thus, in conclusion, nearby, on top of, to irrelevant ideas are excluded;
on the whole, to the left, to the right, (6) by climactic arrangement; and
conclude, to above, alongside, (7) by mechanical devices such as
summarize, and so, beneath, beyond, capitalization, italics, symbols, and different
after all, at last, colors of ink.

Student: Rannie Glenn Garcia

 SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE NAGA
A/Y 2023-2024

II. Parts of a Paragraph d. It can also be both at the beginning and at

A single paragraph contains three (3) basic the end, expressed in negative or affirmative
parts. (Bargo, 2014) ways, or just re-stated at the end.

1. Topic sentence -An expressed topic sentence clearly states

- This states the central idea being the ideas that will be elaborated in the
developed. paragraph.
- usually a generalization. -An implied topic sentence has a clear
- may be implied or expressed. controlling idea.
-Through this ideas, the reader will be able
a. A sample paragraph of topic sentence that to determine the focus of the paragraph
is placed in the first part (first or second because all of the details in the paragraph
sentence): are linked by an organizing theme.
Good fortune is likewise shared by (Tiongson & Rodriguez, 2016).
all. Mang Nano's winning in the jueteng, the
small-town lottery, is always a cause for 2. Supporting details
rejoicing. -Every paragraph needs supporting details to
elaborate on the topic sentence.
b. A sample paragraph of topic sentence - These may range from facts, examples, or
placed in the middle (preceded and followed instances.
by development sentence): - Good supporting details expound on the
In fact, people there take such pain main idea and act as adequate support; -they
to trace each other's family tree. They are specific and stem from the general idea
invariably manage to find a relationship, no established by the topic sentence.
matter how dubious or how far removed. - How much detail you should include in a
Indeed, in a small town, everyone is a part paragraph depends on the purpose and the
of a large family communal group and topic sentence (Tiongson & Rodriguez,
treated as such. 2016).

c. A sample paragraph of topic sentence that According to Bargo (2014), supporting

is placed in the end part (last second to the details show rather than tell about your
last sentence) of the paragraph. central idea.
• These are the supporting details of your
There, after another round of feasting, the paragraph, which can be classified as:
couple is left alone to settle down. Truly, a
wedding in the barrio is a joyous occasion a. Descriptive tells how something
for community interaction and looks, sounds, feels, smells or tastes;
cooperation.

Student: Rannie Glenn Garcia

 SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE NAGA
A/Y 2023-2024
observation and descriptive details are the III. How to Start and End a Paragraph?
means by which observations are reported.
b. Narrative - details give specific 1. Steps to consider when writing a
pieces of action which tell the sequence of paragraph:
what is taking place or what occurred. a. Start with a topic sentence. Ask
c. Illustrative details explain, and answer the question, "What is the main
illustrate with specific examples or idea of my paragraph?"
instances, define, interpret or paraphrase a b. Provide details and examples that
general statement to make its meaning show the main idea is correct.
clearer. c. Explain how the details and
examples you chose prove you topic
3. Concluding statement sentence is true.
-the final sentence of a paragraph. d. Check the length.
-The purpose is to summarize the key ideas, - atleast five (5) sentences long maximum of
provide comments or suggestions, and give 8 for enough number of thoughts.
the paragraph proper closure. - divide it into smaller paragraphs.
- The writer usually reiterates the topic
sentence by rephrasing it or rewording some 2. Starting and Ending a Paragraph
of its parts. (Bargo, 2014)
- The conclusion consists of one or two -A good beginning arouses the reader's
sentences. interest and curiosity "It is a COME ON"
It is also called as "culminating line." -; it invites a person to read right away
-This gives emphasis to the main idea and because it is irresistible.
provides a climax to your paragraph. -An effective ending on the other hand, fixes
the idea of the paragraph in the reader's
(Bargo, 2014) This is commonly found in mind.
independent paragraphs more than in related
paragraphs; it is however a necessary part of Ways to begin a paragraph
the concluding paragraph -In some cases, it 1. Using a quotation
is called as a clincher sentence " It reminds 2. Using an intriguing statement
reader what the main idea of the paragraph 3. Using an anecdote or an incident
is and what it means or why it is important." 4. Using a question

Ways to end a paragraph

-Clincher sentences can also be a transition
1. Using a brief summary
to the next paragraph. 2. Using a quotation
3. Using a challenge to act
4. Using a question

Student: Rannie Glenn Garcia