DAY 2

1. When filmmakers Douglas Gordon and Phillipe Parreno (0) set out to make an art house movie about the
legendary French footballer Zinedine Zidane, they chose to film just one match between Real Madrid, the club for
which he was playing at the (1)...... .and their great rivals Villareal. But instead of following the progress of the
match, the ninety-minute film would show something that had not been seen before; the (2)………. detailed
movements of one man during an entire top-level football match. They hoped that the audience would disengage
from the match itself, and focus on this portrait of greatness. Every (3)...... gesture would be captured and they
would see all of the player's grace, athleticism and competitiveness in great detail. The (4)...... film is a fascinating
work. Those who are not regular watchers of football will be astonished at how (6)...... Zidane becomes actively
involved in the game. For much of the ninety minutes he moves around the field relatively slowly; saying nothing,
expressing even less, and only occasionally (6)...... into a lethargic jog. And then the ball arrives at his feet, and
there is a flurry of bewildering activity. The cameras (and there are seventeen of them (7)...... on him) struggle to
keep up. The defenders don't (8)...... a chance. In a few touches, a couple of checks and feints, Zidane has (9)......
them all behind. He crosses from the tightest of(10)……… and his team-mate is left with the simplest of headers
to score a goal.
1. A point B. moment C. time D. occasion
2. A. clear B. steady C. precise D. slow
3. A one B. single C. lone D. sole
4. A following B. resulting C. concluding D. arising
5. A partly B. scarcely C. rarely D. hardly
6. A. breaking B. changing C. opening D. starting
7. A trained B. looking C. pointed D. staring
8. A gain B hold C. stand D. earn
9. A missed B left C lost D dropped
10. A. places B. positions C areas D. angles
2.A FUTURE IN THE DARK
For many of us, we are working, travelling, and shopping in hours that used to be (0)______ for relaxation and
sleep. But according to the results of tests being (1)______ by scientists, we are no longer getting enough darkness
in our lives. In fact, (2)______ shows that a growing number of health and environmental problems are due to a
loss of darkness.
Life has evolved with a day/night circle. People who go (3)______ this day/night rhythm will notice an adverse
impact on their immune systems, and that’s not a good sign. We are (4)______ a conflict between what our mind
wants, and what our internal body clock prepares us for. Some experts explain that our biological clock is similar
to the conductor of an orchestra, with the multiple rhythms of the body (5)______ the various orchestra sections.
The body clock is (6)______ on the light/dark cycle and it governs us for every (7)______ of activity and rest in our
lives. It ensures that all our various internal systems are working together – this is its sole (8)______. By moving to 24-
hour living, and not taking into (9)______ the dark side, we will effectively be throwing away the advantages of
evolution (10)______ we care to admit it or not.
1. A. carried up B. carried through C carried out D. carried off
2. A. discovery B. display C. research D. foundation
3. A. down B. without C. through D. behind
4. A. considering B. contributing C. giving D. creating
5. A. describing B. corresponding C. expressing D. representing
6. A. founded B. based C. decided D. established
7. A. prospect B. attitude C. position D. type
8. A. reason B. purpose C. project D. desire
9. A. interest B. importance C. detail D. account
10. A. so that B. whether C. unless D. in case
3. It can take a long time to become successful in your chosen field, however talented you are. One thing you have
to be (1) _______ of is that you will face criticism along the way. The world is
(2)_________ of people who would rather say something negative than positive. If you’ve made up your
(3)_______ to achieve a certain goal, such as writing a novel, (4)_________ the negative criticism of others
prevent you from reaching your target, and let the constructive criticism have a positive effect on your work. If
someone says you’re totally in the (5)______ of talent, ignore them. That’s negative criticism. If (6), __________,
someone advises you to revise your work and gives you a good reason for doing so, you should consider their
suggestions carefully. There are many film stars (7)__________ were once out of work . There are many famous
novelists who made a complete mess of their first novel – or who didn’t, but had to keep on approaching hundreds
of publishers before they could get it (8) ________. Being successful does depend on luck, to a (9)________
extent. But things are more likely to (10) ________ well if you persevere and stay positive.

Câu 1: A. alert B. clever C. intelligent D. aware

Câu 2: A. overflowing B. packed C. filled D. full
Câu 3: A. idea B. brain C. thought D. mind
Câu 4: A. shouldn’t let B. won’t let C. didn’t let D. don’t let
Câu 5: A. absentee B. shortage C. missing D. lack
Câu 6: A. hence B. whereas C. otherwise D. however
Câu 7: A. which B. whom C. they D. who
Câu 8: A. publish B. to publish C. publishes D. published
Câu 9: A. plenty B. numerous C. definite D. certain
Câu 10: A. sail through B. come into C. deal with D. turn out
4. THE FULFILLING GAP YEAR
Gap years are quite common in many parts of the world and most young people, upon leaving high school, feel (1)
________ to one. It’s plain to see how the idea would be (2) ________; taking a year off from studies to travel the
world and consider your future sound like bliss. Adverts for gap years contain (3) ________ that read ‘The best
year of my life’ and ‘Total adventure, Totally rewarding’, and offer the newly (4) ________ student the
opportunity to learn more about themselves while learning about the world. Of course, a gap year shouldn’t be (5)
________ as just a time to party, and as attractive as it may sound, one must not get (6) ________ in by that
notion. One way to make the most of this time is to get involved (7) ________ some inspiring voluntary work
abroad. There is more than a (8) ________ of truth in the idea that (9) ________ in a new culture will teach you
more about yourself than any classroom ever would. It will allow you to reach a level of emotional (10) ________
that will stay with you for a lifetime.
1. A. permitted B. entitled C. designated D. allowed
2. A. teasing B. touting C. tempting D. taunting
3. A. editions B. billboards C. jingles D. captions
4. A. emancipated B. liberated C. independent D. sovereign
5. A. dismissed B. denied C. denounced D. dissuaded
6. A. pulled B. sucked C. forced D. swept
7. A. in B. on C. at D. about
8. A. mark B. grade C. degree D. notch
9. A. immersion B. diversion C. compulsion D. emersion
10. A. wisdom B. ripeness C. adulthood D. maturity
5. WORK, WORK, WORK!
Stress, sleeplessness, depression, heart disease, shortness of temper, memory loss, anxiety, marital
breakdown, child delinquency, rudeness, suicide - a mere shortlist of some of the symptoms of the postmodern
malaise. The cause of all our woes? An avalanche of surveys, polls and expert commentaries show that we all
work too long, too hard, that our bosses are beastly; that we are insecure and afraid. You know all this stuff. We
seem to be workers on the verge of a nervous breakdown. So far, so bad. But there's plenty of good news about
work, too - even if it is not always shared with the same enthusiasm as the 'Work is Terrible' stories. Four out of
10 UK workers declare themselves 'very satisfied' with their jobs, more than in France, Germany, Italy or Spain.
Work has become our national obsession. Whether we are damning the impact of work on our health, our
families, our time, or celebrating its new-found flexibility, rewards and opportunities, we are talking, writing and
thinking about work like never before. As with so many obsessive relationships, the one with work is a love-hate
one. Mixed messages are everywhere - on the one hand, the government emphasises the importance of paid work,
and then cautions about the impact of too much paid work on families. Women celebrate the economic
independence work brings, then are made to feel guilty about their children. Salaries go up, but few of us feel
richer. We find a job we love and so work long hours at it, and then feel that we are failing to get our 'work/life'
balance right.
Why is work under the microscope? Perhaps because our work simply occupies a more important place
in our lives than it did. Maybe we care, and worry, more about work for the same reason we care and worry so
much about our children or our health - because it is important to us. Men and (for the first time in centuries)
women are placing work closer to the centre of their lives. And maybe that's no bad thing. The 'leisure society'
would probably have been a boring place in any case.
Our work fixation springs from a series of profound changes in the nature of employment, all of which
push work more deeply into our individual lives, our families and our communities. Work has become a more
important element of our personal identity; we have greater control and choice over the shape of our working
lives; women have entered and transformed the workplace; the nine-tofive has become more sociable; more of us
want or need the financial independence that a wage offers; and the economic rewards of working have increased
- work pays.
Work has become a more important personal identity tag, supplanting the three traditional indicators of
our uniqueness - place, faith and blood. As geographical roots have weakened, religious affiliations have
diminished and the extended family has dispersed, how we spend our labouring hours has become a more
important window into our souls. This trend reflects and reinforces a desire for work which brings personal
fulfilment, for work we are proud of. If work means not just income but identity, then the choice of job becomes
critical. This is why tobacco companies find it so hard to hire people - to work for them would be to taint your
own identity.
But the new salience of work has come with a price; fewer people are able to feel secure; the need to keep
pace with change is tiring and stressful; white-collar workers are putting in longer hours to try and keep a toehold
- with potentially damaging consequences for the children; and the deification of work threatens to push those
who are outside the paid workforce further towards the margins of society. This would not matter so much if work
did not matter so much. Not just in terms of income, but in terms of identity. When work becomes more than
simply a passport to a pay cheque, when it opens the door to friends, purpose, satisfaction and a place in the
world, its absence is more keenly felt. Once we admit the centrality of work to our lives, it might be harder to kid
ourselves that we are doing older employees a favour by 'letting them go'.
But we dare not admit work’s importance to us. We like to moan about it, preferably with work colleagues
just after work. The love of your job is now the only one that dare not speak its name. The idea of work as
intrinsically bad has poisoned us for too long. The poet and mystic Kahlil Gibran said that work was “love made
visible”. Wouldn't it be great if we could capture a bit of that spirit, even if just for a while?
1. In the first paragraph the writer implies that ______.
A. workers suffer from mental problems B. modern lifestyles can sometimes make us ill
C. working people are generally insecure people D. we exaggerate the negative effects of work
2. The word “damming” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.
A. criticizing strongly B. discussing widely C. debating fiercely D. appreciating greatly
3. In the second paragraph, the writer gives the impression that ______.
A. people have ambivalent attitudes to work B. women should not continue to work
C. people need a more balanced approach to life D. work has made us feel better about ourselves
4. How does the writer answer the question "Why is work under the microscope?" in the third paragraph?
A. Because we worry about it all the time B. Because it is as important as our children
C. Because it is a large part of our lives D. Because it can affect our health
5. The function of the fourth paragraph is ______.
A. explain the constant need of people to work
B. examine the changes in the nature of employment
C. show how work has become a focal point in our lives
D. summarise the changes in the workplace
6. The term “window into our souls” in the fifth paragraph can be best described as ______.
A. something that we really like and want B. something that we earn for a living C.
something that we don’t want to have D. something that we don’t care about 7. In talking about
the jobs we choose, the writer says that ______.
A. our families have become less important to us B. social change has made work more significant
C. the type of job is becoming less relevant D. money has become a more important
factor
8. According to the article, people who lose their jobs ______.
A. generally welcome the change B. may have fewer social relationships
C. identify strongly with each other D. have higher stress level
9. The word “intrinsically” in the seventh paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.
A. significantly B. fundamentally C. temporarily D. profoundly
10. From the article as a whole, we understand that the writer believes ______.
A. we should rethink our attitudes to work B. we should admit that work is a necessary evil
C. home life should pay a more important role D. we should widen our social circles
6. THE DIGITAL WORLD
It seems that a large percentage of today’s population is (1) _____ to all forms of digital media and no one seems
free of the (2) _____ phone that buzzes, rings or sings to its owners incessantly. Many people no longer trust their
own (3) _____ memories and commit every detail of their lives to some digital device or (4) _____ and are
completely lost without it. Generally speaking, it is the younger generation who are so addicted, but more and
more people seem to be having their way of life (5) _____ by the digital world. People ‘tweet’ the most (6) _____
of matters as well as the most interesting – in their world, having a cup of coffee is as exciting as climbing Mount
Everest! There is a grave (7) _____ that people are allowing technology to take (8) _____ over everything else in
their lives. And in educational circles, (9) _____ concern is growing over the influence of social media, which
seems to be (10) _____ affecting students’ progress in some cases.
1. A. appealing B. raring C. related D. addicted
2. A. unrelenting B. permeating C. nagging D. unwavering
3. A. fallible B. unassailable C. reducible D. uncontrollable
4. A. other B. another C. others D. the others
5. A. put down B. censored C. broken down D. eroded
6. A. tedious B. normal C. mundane D. common
7. A. suspicion B. threat C. danger D. jeopardy
8. A. precedence B. collaboration C. reinforcement D. consideration
9. A leagues B. circles C. cycles D. societies
10. A. unfavourably B. adversely C. reversely D. abnormally
7.
BEHAVIORISM
In the early 20th century, most approaches to psychology were introspective in nature. They focused on
the analysis of inner feelings and mental states, as well as the causes of those feelings. The emphasis that
psychologists such as Freud placed on the subconscious and the heavy use of dream analysis in therapy are both
reflections of this. Behaviorism, however, rejected this approach. Behaviorism focused entirely on the analysis on
observable behavior, completely rejecting any consideration of inner feelings. According to behaviorists, any
behavior could be explained as a response to an external stimulus.
Behaviorism was heavily influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov discovered that he could
condition the behavior of dogs through the use of rewards. Each time Pavlov fed his dogs, he rang a bell first.
Eventually, his dogs would get excited and begin to salivate when exposed to this stimulus, even in the absence of
food. If instinctual behavior, such as salivation, was influenced by external stimulus, it was reasoned that more
complex, voluntary behaviors were as well. Behaviorists were interested in answering two basic questions. First,
they wished to identify the exact stimulus that promted a particular behavior. Second, they wished to discover how
they could manipulate different stimuli in order to influence behavior.
The most prominent behaviorist of the 20th century was undoubtedly B. F. Skinner. Skinner wrote his
most portant papers on behaviorism during the 1940s and 1950s. While some of his ideas on society were highly
controversial and poorly received, his theories on behavior and behavior modification were widely hailed as
important breakthroughs. Skinner's most significant contribution to behaviorism was his theory of operant
conditioning, which he first proposed in his landmark book, The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental
Analysis.
Unlike earlier behaviorist theories, which focused on the stimuli that preceded a particular behavior,
Skinner's operant conditioning focused on stimuli which would result in the repetition of a behavior. According to
Skinner, any voluntary behavior, which he referred to an operant could be modified through the use of reinforcers
and punishers. A reinforcer was any stimulus that resulted in an increase in the frequency of a behavior, while
punishers decreased its frequency. According to Skinner, reinforcers were a far more effective means of
modifying behavior than punishers. Punishers generally did not truly result in the abandonment of a behavior, but
simply in the development of strategies to avoid the punishment. For example, a child who is punished for
fighting with a sibling is unlikely to stop such behavior. Instead, the child will simply learn not to fight in front of
his or her parents in order to escape punishment. On the other hand, a child who is rewarded for playing
peacefully with his or her sibling is more likely to repeat that behavior in the future.
Another discovery of Skinner's was that while reinforcement is the most effective method of behavior
modification, excessive reinforcement could have unintended consequences. Unlike other behaviorists, Skinner
was interested in the motivations for behavior, and he made a distinction between what he called intrinsic
motivation and extrinsic motivation. When a behavior is motivated by an inner desire to engage in that behavior,
that is an example of intrinsic motivation. The person does something because the person sees the action itself as
valuable. However, when a person engages in a behavior due to the desire for a reward, the motivation is extrinsic.
In this case it is the reward, not the action itself, which is seen as valuable. If reinforcers are used too frequently, a
shift is made to an entirely extrinsic motivation. The person no longer sees the value of that behavior but only in
the receipt of the reinforcer. Therefore, if the reinforcer is taken away the person no longer has any motivation to
engage in that behavior. If a child is rewarded for sharing his or her toys every time he or she does so the child
will fail to see the act of sharing itself as valuable and will only share if he or she sees the possibility of a reward.
Therefore, Skinner claimed that reinforcers must be used judiciously in behavior modification.
1. According to paragraph 1, why did behaviorists reject earlier forms of psychology?
A. They lacked respect for Freud and his work regarding the analysis of inner feelings
B. They found dream analysis to be unscientific because dreams are unobservable,
C. They were confident that behavior could be explained without considering inner feelings
D. They feared that their external stimuli could not be used to explain inner feelings.
2. Why is Ivan Pavlov mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. A To illustrate the practical applications of behaviorism
B. To provide a short background on the origins of behaviorism
C. To explain how behaviorism influenced other areas of science
D. To mention one of the greatest behaviorists in history
3. Which of the following can be inferred about instinctual behavior?
A. It is more easily modified than more complex behaviors
B. It is of no interest to behaviorists
C. It is involuntary in nature
D. It is only present in dogs and lower animals
4. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of Skinner?
A. His ideas and viewpoints were universally accepted in America
B. His theories on behaviorism were seen as groundbreaking
C. He differed from traditional behaviorists in a number of ways
D. He felt that some forms of stimuli were more useful than others for behavior modification
5. The word "hailed" in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. accepted B. praised C. quoted D. disseminated
6. What was the major difference between Skinner's theory of operant conditioning and earlier behaviorist
theories?
A. Skinner's operant theory was more popular and utilized more often
B. Skinner's theory focused on stimulus as a reaction to behavior.
C. Skinner's theory described the connections between behavior and stimulus more accurately
D. Skinner's theory only dealt with behaviors caused by repeated stimuli
7. According to the passage, why are reinforcers more effective than punishers?
A. Reinforcers are remembered for longer periods of time
B. Reinforcers have a stronger connection to behavior than punishers
C. Punishers result in an increase in negative behaviors
D. Punishers often only teach the avoidance of punishment
8. The term "intrinsic motivation" can be best described as _____.
A. a motivation meant to reinforce a behavior
B. a motivation that comes from outside an individual
C. a motivation that has no basic value
D. a motivation which only occasionally leads to behavior
9. The word "judiciously" in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. discreetly B. promptly C. sparingly D. judgmentally
10. What method would Skinner most likely have recommended for behavior modification?
A. Immediate and frequent punishment for incorrect behavior
B. Immediate and frequent reinforcement of correct behavior
C. Occasional punishment for incorrect behavior
D. Occasional reinforcement for correct behavior
8. Whenever we read about the natural world nowadays, it is generally to be (1) ___________ predictions about its
imminent destruction. Some scientists go so far as to assert that from now on, the world can no longer be called
natural, in so far as future processes of weather, (2) ___________ and all the interactions of plant and animal life
will no longer carry on in their time-honored way, unaffected by (3) ____________. There will never be such a
thing as ‘natural weather’again, say such writers, only weather affected by global warming. It is hard to know
whether to believe such (4) ___________of doom, possibly because what they are saying seems too terrible to be
true. There are other equally influential scientists who argue that climate, for example, has changed many times
over the (5) ___________, and that what we are experiencing now may simply be part of an endless cycle of
change, rather than a disaster on a global (6) ____________. One cannot help wondering whether these attempts to
wish the problem are simple. Underline the extent to which western industrialized countries are to blame for
upsetting the world’s (7) ____________. It is not our fault; they seem to be saying, because everything is all right,
really. One certain (8) _____________, which is chilling in its implications, is that there is no longer anywhere on
the earth’s surface, whether in the depths of the oceans or in the polar wastes, which is not (9) ____________ by
polluted air or (10) _____________ with empty cans and bottles. Now we are having to come to terms with
understanding just what that means, and it is far from easy.
1. A. made B. given C. told D. granted
2. A. change B. atmosphere C. climate D. even
3. A. beings B. men C. people D. humans
4. A. prophets B. champions C. warriors D. giants
5. A. top B. again C. centuries D. world
6. A. sense B. form C. existence D. scale
7. A. future B. balance C. ecology D. population
8. A. fact B. must C. fault D. and
9. A. full B. stained C. breathing D. only
10. 10. A. even B. recycled C. bothered D. littered
9. If Man conserves energy, it will reduce the depletion of fossil fuels. People’s attitudes have to be changed. It is
without doubt that renewable energy can solve the situation, but the developing countries will need help urgently.
Time is fast ticking away.
To maintain their current living standards the industrialized countries will have to be confronted with some
difficult decisions. Their high consumption of fossil fuels will need to be greatly curbed if drastic, catastrophic
changes in climate are to be avoided. New sources of energy have to be actively pursued and developed.
The first step in the right direction is the conversation of energy. The discovery of cavity-wall insulation and other
energy-saving measures in the home have an important impact on the country’s power needs. To tap potential
solar energy, energy-efficient houses need to position window areas carefully and control the airflow. The
advantages of these houses are that they stay warm in the winter months and cool in the summer, using a fraction
of the normal energy requirement. In industry, managers have already discovered the possibility of reducing
electricity consumption and saving funds for their companies when they included power conservation in their
factory layout.
There is a need to manufacture cars to rely on far less petrol than at present. However, cars lack efficiency when
compared to a full bus or train. Public transport should be revamped to look attractive to people who usually use
their cars to go about. However, conservation does not suffice. The world still needs large quantities of energy.
For long term projections, the source can only come from coal, nuclear and renewable energy supplies. Coal can
last for centuries, but at the expense of the ‘greenhouse effect’ on the atmosphere when carbon dioxide
accumulates in the air. Nuclear power can also be harnessed in the foreseeable future. However, nuclear waste
from reactors is deadly and it can stay radioactive for thousands of years. Besides, cars and buses cannot rely on
nuclear power. In solving greenhouse problem with nuclear energy alone, a transport fuel run by electricity has to
be sought. There is a possibility of using hydrogen as it is easily obtained from water by an electric current.
1. Renewable energy is derived from _________.
(A) geothermal energy (C) wood and dried dung
(B) fossil fuels (D) wind, water and sun
2. If the use of fossil fuels keeps on increasing, the warming of the Earth could ___
(A) lead to dangerous rises in sea level (C) hasten more moisture to fall (B) set more
sand adrift (D) help farmers to have good harvests 3. Energy conservation helps
to reduce _________ into the atmosphere.
(A) the release of carbon dioxide (C) the germs and bacteria rising (B) mists and
dews spewing (D) moisture evaporating
4. Factory managers and house owners can cut back on their energy needs by using _________.
(A) nuclear energy (C) energy-saving measures
(B) transport fuel (D) hydrogen
5. That energy conservation efforts are insufficient is obvious from the way people _________.
(A) maintain their high standard of living (C) pay for their fuels
(B) obtain coal from the mines (D) discover new energy sources
6. The writer says that nuclear energy is unsuitable for cars and buses because _________.
(A) it causes shift in rain fall (C) it pollutes the atmosphere
(B) they run on electricity (D) its radioactive waste is hard to dispose of
7. According to the passage, the danger in using nuclear energy comes from its _________.
(A) expensive outlay in building it (C) radioactive waste
(B) building (D) operation
8. The phase at present in the first line of the fourth paragraph refers to the _________.
(A) high consumption of petrol by cars (C) drop in petrol consumption by cars (B)
usefulness of fossil fuels (D) delay of new oil pipelines 9. A suitable title
for this passage is “_________” .
(A) Sustainable Fuels (C) Energy Needs (B) Energy Today
(D) Facing up to the Future
10. Coal is a useful fuel but it causes _________ .
(A) air pollution (C) islands to emerge
(B) agriculture to flourish (D) fewer hurricanes and cyclones
10. AIR POLLUTION, HEALTH AND TRANSPORT
Far more people are suffering from asthma than have been previously documented. Pollution originating from
exhaust (1)_____, factory emissions and even smoking are reportedly leading to (2)_____ air quality which in
turn is (3)_____ asthma symptoms. With more and more cars on the roads, we cannot deny being more exposed to
ever greater levels of air pollution. (4)_____, human respiratory health is being negatively impacted, with many of
those living in residential areas close to busy roads becoming more (5)_____ to asthma. As more and more of us
are taking to the roads, the key focus perhaps should be the promotion of cleaner fuels and vehicles that produce
(6)_____ emissions. However, the only way motorists will contemplate using either of them is if they are
(7)_____ an affordable and therefore viable option. Simultaneously, motorists should be discouraged from making
unnecessary journeys. If greater (8)_____were offered for car-sharing with colleagues or using park-and-ride
schemes, more people would be (9)_____to use these schemes. Although in all fairness, it would not do any harm
for public transport systems to be re-examined, as relying on them can be somewhat tough going and, in some
parts of the country, the service provided is simply
(10)_____ for people’s needs, which is why more people drive.
A. gases B. smoke C. fumes D. smog
A. downturning B. degrading C. failing D. deteriorating
A. provoking B. triggering C. generating D. activating
A. On the contrary B. As a matter of fact C. As a consequence D. On the other hand
A. inclined B. likely C. accustomed D. prone
A. lower B. fewer C. less D. smaller
A. considered B. regarded C. viewed D. referred
A. motives B. pressures C. profits D. incentives
A. mostly B. desirable C. possible D. likely
10. A. scarce B. incomplete C. inadequate D. lacking
11. Mark Zuckerberg was born in 1984, in New York, into a prosperous, professional family. He developed an
interest in computers at an early age and when he was twelve, created a messaging program which he named
"Zucknet". His dentist father used it in his surgery so that his receptionist could inform him of the arrival of a
patient without yelling across the room. Together with his friends, Mark spent much of his spare time as a boy
designing and making computer games just for fun.
In 2002, Mark enrolled at Harvard University. By his second year at the institution, he had acquired a reputation
on the campus as a developer of software. It was at that time he invented "Facemash" which compared pictures of
female students and allowed users to vote on which one was the most attractive. The program became very
popular on campus, but was later shut down by the university authorities who deemed it 'inappropriate'. Based on
the buzz of "Facemash", three of Mark's fellow students, Divya Narendra, and twins, Cameron and Tyler
Winklevoss, asked him to work with them on an idea for a social networking site called "Harvard Connection".
This site was designed to use information from Harvard's student networks to create a dating sitefor the
university's elite. Mark was initially enthusiastic about the complex project but boredom soon set in and he backed
out of it to work on his own social networking site. He created a site that allowed users to produce their own
profiles, upload photos, and communicate with other people beyond the confines of the university. He called the
site "Facebook" and he operated from one small college room until June 2004 when he finally abandoned his
studies to devote himself fully to Facebook and moved the company to California. By the end of 2004, Facebook
had one million users and Mark was climbing high. However, in 2006, the multi-millionaire business mogul faced
his first big hurdle. The creators of Harvard Connection claimed that he had used their idea, and insisted that he
should compensate them for their business losses. Mark maintained that the ideas were based on two very
different types of social networks but, after lawyers searched his records, incriminating emails revealed that he
may have intentionally stolen the intellectual property of his former partners. Although an initial settlement of $65
million was reached between the two parties, the legal dispute over the matter continued well into 2011, after the
Harvard Connection creators claimed they were misled with regards to the value of the Facebook stock. Since
amassing his sizeable fortune, Mark has used his millions to fund a variety of philanthropic causes. He has put lots
of money into the deteriorating schools system in deprived parts on New York and he actively encourages other
wealthy, young entrepreneurs to follow his example and put back something into society.
1. As a child, Mark Zuckerberg ______.
A. created a software package for dentists B. developed a communications program
C. sold computer programs to his friends D. was mainly interested in playing computer games
2. According to the passage, during his time at university, Mark ______.
A. was known for developing unsuitable software
B. made a program that was disliked by the authorities C. developed an unsuccessful
program
D. produced education programs.
3. The Harvard Connection network was ______.
A. originally Mark's idea B. a site for all university students
C. for exchanging academic information D. not interesting enough for Mark
4. The Facebook social network developed at Harvard ______.
A. was a collaborative project with other students
B. could only be accessed by Harvard students
C. became Mark's full-time job after completing university
D. became really successful after June 2004
5. What does the word “mogul” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to?
A. tycoon B. thief C. manager D. inventor
6. The creators of Harvard Connection were unhappy because ______.
A. Mark was more successful than they were
B. they had lost a lot of business
C. they thought Mark had used their original concept
D. Mark had stopped working for them
7. Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Mark did not copy the idea behind Harvard Connection
B. The two parties in dispute were unable to come to an agreement
C. Mark stated that the two websites were not in any way alike
D. The Harvard Connection team were unaware of the value of Mark's company
8. The word “philanthropic” in paragraph 5 can best be replaced by ______.
A. failing B. moral C. problematic D. humanitarian
9. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the passage?
A. Some of the creators of Harvard Connection used to be Mark’s fellow students.
B. Mark has deliberately taken the ideas of the creators of Harvard Connection.
C. Mark has been investing in improving education in less developed areas of New York.
D. The legal dispute that Mark faced started in 2006 and continued well into 2011.
10. Which of the following best serves as the title for the passage?
A. The Inventor Of Facebook B. The Legal Dispute Over Facebook
C. The Harvard Connection Creators D. The Success of Facebook
12. The back of the human eye, called the retina, contains cells known as photoreceptors. Much human blindness is
due to retina disease or photoreceptor destruction, and once sight is (1)_____ for either of these two reasons, it cannot
be (2)_____. Until recently, experts had thought there were only two types of photoreceptors – rods and cones. But
experiments on mice, which have had both of these (3)_____, reveal that other cells also have (4)_____ form of light
response. Scientists have found how to make eye cells (5)_____ to light by activating a protein called melanopsin, and
have thus (6)_____ new ways to treat some forms of blindness. The researchers are now working with engineers to
(7)_____ prosthetic retinas that might help people with sight disorders see more clearly. In addition, the current
research suggests (8)_____ possible line of therapy. It is possible that melanopsin genes could be (9)_____ into intact
cells in diseased retinas, turning them into functional photoreceptors. (10)_____, making cells in the eye responsive to
light is no cure for blindness and the resulting ‘vision’ may be little more than black and white light sensitivity.
A. spoiled B. lost C. declined D. missing
A. reformed B. restored C. replaced D. responsive
A. destroyed B. decreased C. receptors D. reduced
A. some B. any C. no D. the
A. sensitive B. exposed C. due D. correspond
A. formed B. accepted C. discovered D. proved
A. discover B. offer C. contain D. develop
A. one B. that C. another D. some
1. A. contained B. inserted C. entered D. included
2. A. Therefore B. Besides C. However D. Indeed
13. INVASIVE SPECIES
Species that are considered part of the flora and fauna composing the biodiversity of the region they inhabit are
called endemic species. Some have a limited geographic range, while others are found throughout one or more
continents. Invasive species, on the other hand, are those that have moved or been introduced into an area outside
their natural range, an area where they would not normally be found. According to leading ecologists, invasive
species are the second most significant threat to biodiversity after habitat loss. Provided they adapt to their new
ecosystems, alien species can become predators and competitors of native plants and animals. It takes the right
conditions for an alien species to flourish, though. In fact, the majority of them either don't find the appropriate
conditions for their long-term survival or don't produce enough offspring to maintain a viable population.
However, some do manage to thrive in their new environments. A striking example is the Asian longhorn beetle,
which has recently joined the ranks of the zebra mussel, the gypsy moth and hundreds of other unwanted
foreigners to the US. Ecologists claim that these unwanted invaders now pose a significant threat to endemic flora
and fauna and cost $123 billion annually. Although the Asian longhorn poses few problems in the natural forests
of its native China, it has become a pest elsewhere in Asia as it has spread through poplar tree plantations
cultivated for the manufacture of shipping crates. Experts believe the invasion of the Asian longhorn into the US
occurred when the creatures hitchhiked from Asia in crates carrying machinery parts for a water treatment facility
in New York. Within two years, authorities banned the import of goods in wooden crates that weren't sprayed
with pesticides, but experts feared that the infection had already begun. Indeed, in 1998, a Chicago resident
notified authorities of the second Asian longhorn invasion to hit America, after finding strange-looking beetles
crawling out of imported firewood he had just bought. To date, firewood importers in 20 states have reported
signs of the Asian longhorn. The Asian longhorn reproduces prolifically, with the female depositing around 60
eggs under the bark of a tree. The larvae burrow into the tree, feeding on the wood as they go. After
metamorphosing into adults, the beetles tunnel out in spring to reproduce. Individual trees are often home to
successive generations of beetles, which carry on eating through the wood until the tree dies. Authorities in
affected states have been scouring infested areas, battling to keep the beetle population in check. The greatest fear
in New York is the threat to Central Park, where its 26,000 trees are being inspected branch by branch. The
infested trees are cut down and then incinerated. In the last three years 5,000 trees have been felled in New York
alone, 3,500 of which were growing in Central Park. In Chicago, 1,500 trees have met their untimely death this
way, bringing the nation's total of felled trees to 15,000. In the meantime, scientists are looking into less
destructive solutions. A team at NYU is experimenting with beetle pheromones, natural chemicals that attract
beetles, in the hope that they will discover one that draws the Asian longhorn out of its habitat. And researchers
from the US Department of Agriculture have made a breakthrough that will soon be exploited: they have
discovered that the Asian longhorn is vulnerable to wasps when it is still a grub living under the bark of the tree,
where conventional pesticides have difficulty reaching. Unfortunately, the Asian longhorn is just the tip of the
iceberg. Nevertheless, experts are confident their research will eventually curb not only the Asian longhorn, but
future invasive species as well. They admit that we will never be able to completely close the door to them, but
maintain that if appropriate research is carried out and action is taken, their effects on our nation's biodiversity can
be mitigated.
1. What best defines the ‘biodiversity’ of a region?
A. the geographic area the region covers
B. the plants and animals that naturally inhabit the region
C. the ecosystem a specific species inhabits
D. the species that have been introduced to the region
2. What happens to most species when they are introduced to a new environment? A. They
manage to change its ecosystem.
B. They reproduce and spread quickly.
C. They fail to permanently establish themselves.
D. They cause significant problems for native species.
3. Why does the author mention the zebra mussel and gypsy moth?
A. to show which native species the Asian longhorn beetle threatens
B. as examples of the many alien species that now thrive in the USA
C. to show which invasive species cost the country $123 billion each year
D. as examples of species that compete with the Asian longhorn beetle
4. The Asian longhorn beetle probably first entered the USA
A. in untreated wooden crates
B. through imported poplar trees from Asia
C. in 1998
D. hidden in machinery parts
5. What can be inferred from paragraph 3?
A. Treating wooden crates will stop the spread of the beetle.
B. The beetle can now be found across the USA.
C. Wooden crates should be treated with water.
D. The USA exports firewood to Asia.
6.Which of the following is closest in meaning to ‘keep the beetle population in check’ in
paragraph4?
A. eradicate all the beetles
B. confirm how many beetles there are
C. control the number of beetles
D. find out how the beetle population is spreading
7. How many trees have been destroyed in New York and Chicago?
A. 5,000
B. 6,500
C. 10,000
D. 20,000
8. What does the word ‘they’ refer to in paragraph 5?
A. NYU scientists
B. beetle pheromones
C. natural chemicals
D. beetles
9. What will authorities probably use next to try kill off the beetle?
A. a chemical that is found in nature
B. another invasive species
C. new pesticides
D. an insect that feeds on young beetles
10. What is believed about invasive species in the US?
A. Experts can do little to lessen their negative impacts.
B. There are far more of them than local authorities realize.
C. Some states have managed to escape invasion.
D. They will somehow always find a way into the country.
14. It’s not just budding young entrepreneurs who start up new businesses. Fifty-year-old Jane
Owers, from London, has left her job in education to make her (1.....) as a florist. Jane believes she (2 ....) a better
chance of success than someone half her age, as she has life experience and financial collateral in the form of (3.....).
As she explains, ‘It’s often the fear of financial failure that (4 ....) others from starting up on their own. With me, it was
more of a (5 ....) risk. If the worst (6 ....) to the worst, I can always (7.....) losses and return to my previous profession.
Hopefully, though, that’s just a worstcase (8 ....). Jane’s business plan was a modest one. Her bank manager was (9 ....)
over by her realistic outlook and convinced that with Jane there would be no rash or self-indulgent spending (10....). As
a result he was happy to loan her the money she needed.
1. A mark B stamp C niche D sign
2. A represents B supports C holds D stands
3. A poverty B property C currency D cash
4. A deters B avoids C curbs D cautions
5. A figured B calculated C weighed D gauged
6. A gets B takes C comes D puts
7. A cut B count C let D lift
8. A situation B eventuality C occurrence D scenario
9. A won B charmed C swept D caught
10. 10. A binges B sprees C revels D feasts
15. Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same speakers. In English, at
least three have been identified and described. Standard usage includes those words and expressions
understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the
level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries.
Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of
a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations.
Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions
understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority.
Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both
colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing. Colloquial speech often passes into
standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary
popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but
nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words
to describe familiar objects and events. It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural
conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and
acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of
subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population. Finally, it is worth noting that
the terms ‘standard,’ ‘colloquial,’ and ‘slang’ exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language.
Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang
expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of
expressions.

1. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

A. Standard speech B. Idiomatic phrases
C. Different types of vocabulary D. Dictionary usage
2. How is slang defined by the author?
A. Words and phrases accepted by the majority for formal usage.
B. Words and phrases understood by the majority but not found in standard dictionaries.
C. Words and phrases that are understood by a restricted group of speakers.
D. Words and phrases understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as formal usage.
3. The word ‘obscurity’ in line 20 could best be replaced by
A. disappearance B. influence C. qualification D. tolerance
4. The word ‘appropriate’ in line 14 is closest in meaning to
A. old B. large C. correct D. important
5. The word ‘them’ in line 22 refers to
A. words B. slang phrases C. memories D. the majority
6. Where in the passage does the author explain where colloquial language and slang are most commonly
used?
A. Lines 4-6 B. Lines 16-17 C. Lines 24-26 D. Lines 33-35
7. What does the author mean by the statement in line 8-11” “Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar
words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or
writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations”?
A. Familiar words and phrases are found in both speech and writing in formal settings.
B. Familiar situations that are experienced by most people are called colloquialisms. C. Informal
language contains colloquialisms, which are not found in more formal language.
D. Most of the speakers of a language can use both formal and informal speech in appropriate situations.
8. Which of the following is true of standard usage? A. It can
be used in formal and informal settings.
B. It is limited to written language.
C. It is only understood by the upper classes.
D. It is constantly changing.
9. The author mentions all of the following as requirements for slang expressions to be created EXCEPT
A. new situations B. a new generation
C. interaction among diverse groups D. a number of linguists
10. It can be inferred from the passage that the author
A. does not approve of either slang or colloquial speech in any situation.
B. approves of colloquial speech in some situations, but not slang C. approves of slang and
colloquial speech in appropriate situations D. does not approve of colloquial usage in
writing.