Digital Image Processing

Light
Source
Display

Output
Sample
Imaging and Digital Digital Online Record
System Quantize Storage Computer buffer

Object Observe Digitize Store Process Refresh/

Store

A Typical Digital Image Processing Sequence

 Network

Image displays Computer Mass storage

Specialized
image processing Image processing
Hardcopy

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hardware

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Image sensors

Problem domain

COMPONENTS OF A GENERAL-PURPOSE IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM

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Types of Digital Image

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X-Ray Visible Region Infrared

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Ultrasound Mammogram
 Applications
Multimedia Medical Imaging

Forensic and Biometrics Video SurveillanceRemote sensing

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Image Fusion
 What is an analog image?
■ Electrical Signal, for example, the output of
a video camera, that gives the electric
voltage at locations in an image

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Representation of a Digital Image

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Image Sampling and Quantization

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What is a Digital Image ?

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Coordinate Conversion

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 What is a digital
■Image…..?
2D array of numbers
■ Pixel and Intensities
representing the sampled
version of an image
■ The image defined over a 16 18 19 20
grid, each grid location

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being called a pixel.

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■ Represented by a finite
grid and each intensity 21 21 22 30
data is represented a finite
number of bits.
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■ A binary image is
represented by one bit.
Gray-level image is
represented by 8 bits.
 Mathematically

■ We can think of an image as a function,

f, from R2 to R:

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◆ f( x, y ) gives the intensity at position ( x, y )

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◆ Realistically, we expect the image only to be
defined over a rectangle, with a finite range:
⧫ f: [a, b]x[c, d] 🡪 [0, 1]
Image as a Function

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Digital Image Definitions

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Parameter Symbol Typical values

Rows N 256,512,525,625,1024,1035

Columns M 256,512,768,1024,1320

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Gray Levels L 2,64,256,1024,4096,16384

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 Spatial Resolution

Checkerboard Effect

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R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley, 2008.

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False contouring in image (insufficient numbers of intensity
levels)

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 Image Types
RGB Grayscale Black & White

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What is a Colour Image?
A color image is
■ Three components: just a three –
R,G, B each usually component
represented by 8 bits
function. We can
We call 24-bit video
write this as a
■ These three primary are “vector-valued”
mixed in different
proportions to get function:
different colours
■ For different processing
r(x, y)
⎢⎡ ⎥⎤
applications other formats
(YIQ,YCbCr, HIS etc) are f (x, y) = ⎢ g(x, ⎥ y)
used ⎢
b(x, y)
⎣
⎥
⎦
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 Image Processing

❖ Digital Image processing deals with manipulation and analysis

of the digital image by a digital hardware, usually a computer.
❖ Emphasizing certain pictorial information for better
clarity (human interpretation)
❖ Automatic machine processing of the scene data.
❖ Compressing the image data for efficient utilization of
storage space and transmission bandwidth
Image Processing Examples

Enhance

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Image Processing Examples

Enhance

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Image Processing Examples

Deblur

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Image Processing Examples

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Image Processing
■An image processing operation typically defines a new
image g in terms of an existing image f. We can transform
either the range of f

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We can also transform the domain of f:
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Mapping