DADCOM

DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

Course Code: DADCOM Credit Units: 3.0
Course Name: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Pre-Requisites: FUELEC

Course Description:
This course focuses on the fundamentals of data communications and digital communications; data
representations, transmission modes, computer networks, network topology, categories of a network, protocols, and
standard in networking and also includes; digital transmission of data, parallel and serial transmission, serial-parallel
conversion, data conversion, over sampling and under sampling, D/A converters, A/D converters, pulse modulation.
This course introduces and engages the students in hands on activities by group or individual graded and not
graded.

Learning Outcomes:
 Understand data and digital communications concepts, techniques and methods in a digital world.
 Familiarize different communication techniques, devices, and or methods use in electronic communication
system.
 Recognize the different communication techniques, principles, and methods use in digital communication.
 Compare and contrast data communication and digital communication in a communication system.

Tools or Application to Use:

 Student Achievement Monitoring System (SAMS)  Facebook Group
 Facebook Messenger  Google Meet, Zoom

Mode of Assessment:
 Quiz
 Oral questioning via messenger, Google meet, zoom

References:
 Data Communications and Networking: 5TH Edition. Behrouz A. Forouzan
 Understanding Data Communications. Gilbert Held
 LESSON 1 COMPONENTS, DATA REPRESENTATION, AND DATA FLOW

Lesson Overview
In this lesson, it discusses data communications components or elements, how data is represented, and data
flow in a communication.

Specific Learning Outcomes:

 Understand the concept of data communication, networks, and standards.
 Differentiate OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite.
 Understand how data is represented and communicated in an electronic system or in a digital system.
 Recognize the importance of data flow in a data communications.
 Understand the work of physical layer as first layer in OSI model.

Additional Reference/s:
 Electronic Communications System. Wayne Tomasi

Key Terminologies:
 data communication  refers to the exchange of data between a source and a receiver via form
of transmission media
 message  information that is communicated

 sender  device that sends data or messages

 receiver  device that receives data or messages

 medium  the path through which data is sent or transmitted from one
location to another
 encoder  device that converts the original signal to an appropriate signals feed to
the medium
 decoder  device that converts the signals that out from the medium and convert
it back to original signal

Data Communications

Data communication refers to the exchange of data between a source and a receiver via form of
transmission media such as a wire cable.

Communication means the exchange of information or messages. When we talk with each other, we are
exchanging information. Data communication can be defined as: “By using the transmission media, data or
information is transmitted from one location to another.” For data communication, computers, telephones,
and wireless devices that are linked in a network are used. Physical transfer of data over a point-to-point
(communication connection between two nodes or end points) or point-to-multipoint (communication which
is accomplished via distinct type of one-to-many connection) channel is called data transmission.
Five elements of data communication systems
1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Medium (or communication channel)
5. Encoder and Decoder

Message
Is the information or data that is communicated. It may consist of text, numbers, images, sound, video,
etc.

Sender
The computer or device that sends the data or messages. In data communication system, computer is
usually used as a transmitter; it is also called a sender. A sender may be a computer, workstation, telephone,
video camera, etc.

Receiver
The device that receives the data or messages. Receiver is also known as sink. The receiver can be a
computer, workstation, printer or a fax machine.

Medium (or Communication Channel)

The path through which data is sent or transmitted from one location to another. If receiver and
sender are within a building, a wire may be the communication channel. If they are located at different
locations, the channel may be the telephone lines, fiber optics, satellite or microwaves.
Encoder
The computer works with digital signals. The communication channels usually use analog signals.
Therefore, to send data through a communication channel, the digital signals are encoded (or converted) into
analog signals or into a form which can be transmitted through transmission medium. This is called encoding.
The device that carries out this function is called encoder.

Decoder
The computer works with digital signals. The communication channels usually use analog signals.
Therefore, to receive data from a communication channel, the coded analog signals or any other encoded
form are converted back to digital signals. This is called decoding. The device that carries out this function is
called decoder.

Data Representation
Data representation is defined as the methods used to represent information in computers. Different
types of data can be stored in the computer system.

This includes numeric data, text, executable files, images, audio, video, etc. all these will look different to us as
human.

Methods of Data Representation in Data Communication

1. Decimal Numbers
2. Binary Numbers
3. Hexadecimal Numbers
4. Text
5. Graphics

However, all types of information or data stored in the computer are represented as a sequence of 0s and 1s.

Decimal Numbers
As human we are used to writing numbers using digits 0 to 9. This is called base 10. This number
system has been widely adopted, in large part because we have 10 fingers.
However, other number systems still persist in modern society.

Binary Numbers
Any positive integer (whole number) can be represented by a sequence of 0s and 1s. Numbers in this
form are said to be in base 2, and are called binary numbers.
Computers are based on binary (base 2) number system because electrical wire can only be of two
states (on or off).

Hexadecimal Numbers
Writing numbers in binary is tedious since this representation uses between 3 to 4 times as many
digits as the decimal representation. The hexadecimal (base 16) number system is often used as shorthand
for binary. Base 16 is useful because 16 is a power of 2, and numbers have roughly as many digits as in the
corresponding decimal representation. Another name for hexadecimal numbers is alpha decimal because
the numbers are written from 0 to 9 and A to F. where A is 10, B is 11 up to F that is 15.
Text
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII code) defines 128 different symbols. The
symbols are all the characters found on a standard keyboard, plus a few extra. Unique numeric code (0 to
127) is assigned to each character. In ASCII, “A” is 65, “B” is 66, “a” is 97, “b” is 98, and so forth. When a file
is save as “plain text”, it is stored using ASCII. ASCII format uses 1 byte per character 1 byte gives only 256
(128 standard and 128 non-standard) possible characters. The code value for any character can be converter
to base 2, so any written message made up of ASCII characters can be converted to a string of 0s and 1s.
Graphics
Graphics on computer screen are consists of pixels. The pixels are tiny dots of color that collectively
paint a graphic image on a computer screen. It is physical point in a raster image, or the smallest
addressable element in an all points addressable display device. Hence it is the smallest controllable
element of a picture represented on the screen. The address of a pixel corresponds to its physical
coordinates. LCD pixels are manufactured in two-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or
squares, but CRT pixels correspond to their timing mechanism and sweep rates. The pixels are organized
into many rows and columns on the screen.

Data Representation Examples

Example

Convert 4110 to binary or base 2.

Solution

Given Quotient (Integer) Remainder

42/2 20 1
20/2 10 0
10/2 5 0
5/2 2 1
2/2 1 0
1/2 0 1
 To get the answer is by collecting the remainder from bottom to top, so therefore the answer for the
conversion of 4110 is (101001)2.

Decimal to Octal Conversion

In converting decimal to octal it has the same process or technique as the previous conversion but by
division of 8.
- Base 10 to base 8
- Repeated division by 8

Examples

1. Convert 10010 to octal or base 8.

Solution

Given Quotient (Integer) Remainder

100/8 12 4
12/8 1 4
1/8 0 1

So by getting the remainder from bottom to top, the answer is 144 8.

2. Convert 50010 to octal or base 8.

Solution

Given Quotient (Integer) Remainder

500/8 62 4
62/8 7 6
7/8 0 7

So the answer is 7648.

Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

- Base 10 to base 16
- Repeated division by 16

Examples

1. Convert 50010 to hexadecimal or base 16.

Solution

Given Quotient (Integer) Remainder

500/16 31 4
31/16 1 15
1/16 0 1
 Again to determine the answer collect all the remainder from the bottom to top, so therefore the
answer is 1F416.

2. Convert 100010 to hexadecimal or base 16.

Solution

Given Quotient (Integer) Remainder

1000/16 62 8
62/16 3 14
3/16 0 3

So the answer is 3E816.

Binary to Decimal Conversion

In converting binary to decimal or from base 2 to base 10, the best way to solve this is to use the
positional weights.
- Base 2 to base 10
- Positional weights

Example

Convert 1011101 to decimal or base 10.

Solution

1 0 1 1 1 0 1

From the right or from the radix point the position of 1 is 0.

6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 1

So as you can see, by using multiple of 2 since this is binary, we get this from the right copy the original
element and add all these.

1 x 26 + 0 x 25 + 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20

Simplifying the terms, we get

1 x 64 + 0 x 32 + 1 x 16 + 1 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 0 x 2 + 1 x 1

64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1

93, So conversion from 10111012 (binary) is 9310 (decimal).

Alternate solution or Shortcut

As you can see; 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 is multiple of 2 starting at the radix point, so this is what we called
as the weights of every digit (binary digit).

64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1

All you have to do is add only the weights that have a one bit (1 bit), so 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1, and that
equals to 93.

Octal to Decimal Conversion

- Base 8 to base 10
- Positional weights but multiple of 8

Example

1. Convert 3378 to decimal or base 10.

Solution

3 3 7

2 1 0
3 3 7

3 x 82 + 3 x 81 + 7 x 80
3 x 64 + 3 x 8 + 7 x 1
192 + 24 + 7
223

Alternate Solution
3378 to base 10, since this is a multiple of 8, so weights is 64, 8, and 1.

3 x 64 + 3 x 8 + 7 x 1
223

Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

- Base 16 to base 10
- Positional weights by multiple of 16

Example

Convert 3A016 to decimal or base 10.

Solution

3 A 0

2 1 0
3 A 0

3 x 162 + 10 x 161 + 0 x 160

3 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 0 x 1
768 + 160 + 0
928

So the general rule here, conversion from base n (where n is either binary, octal, or hexadecimal) to
decimal (base 10) always remember to use repeated division. And converting decimal (base 10) to base n
(where n is, binary, octal, or hexadecimal) always remember to use positional weights.

Binary to Octal Conversion

To convert binary into octal, group the binary digits into 3 bits starting at the radix point then give the
octal equivalent. Remember that octal is represented only by 8 useful information (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and, 7) so
7 is the highest number.

Example

Convert 101101112___________8

The radix point always starts from the right if the number is integer.

The grouping of bits is like this;

1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

Recall binary to decimal conversion using positional weight, but this time individual because of the groupings.

So therefore the answer is 2678.

Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

To convert binary into hexadecimal, group the binary digits into 4 bits starting at the radix point then
give the hexadecimal equivalent. Remember that hexadecimal is represented only by 16 useful information (0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F) so F is the highest number in hexadecimal (15 in decimal).

Example

Convert 101110001102__________16
Solution

1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

5 12 6 in decimal

5 C 6

So therefore, the answer is 5C616.

Octal to Binary Conversion, and Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion, is the reverse process of the
above conversion, all you have to extract given octal or hexadecimal number into three (3) bits for octal and
four (4) bits for hexadecimal.

Octal to Hexadecimal and Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion, is a two or three steps process, first
convert octal or hexadecimal number to decimal or binary then to the desired base; or convert hexadecimal to
decimal or binary then to the desired base.

Then conversion from base n to other bases such as; base 7, base 5, and etc., can be done by all of the above
conversion.

Data Flow
Buses and networks are designed to allow communication to occur between individual devices that are
interconnected. The flow of information, or data, between nodes, can take a variety of forms:

Simplex Communication

With simplex communication, all data flow is unidirectional: from the designated transmitter to the
designated receiver. BogusBus is an example of simplex communication, where the transmitter sent
information to the remote monitoring location, but no information is ever sent back to the water tank.

If all we want to do is send information one-way, then simplex is just fine. Most applications, however,
demand more:
Duplex Communication

With duplex communication, the flow of information is bi-directional for each device. Duplex can be
further divided into two sub-categories:

Half-Duplex
A type of communication may be likened to two tin cans on the ends of a single taut string: Either can
may be used to transmit or receive, but not at the same time.

Full-duplex communication is more like a true telephone, where two people can talk at the same time
and hear one another simultaneously, the mouthpiece of one phone transmitting the earpiece of the other,
and vice versa.

Full-Duplex
Full-duplex is often facilitated through the use of two separate channels or networks, with an
individual set of wires for each direction of communication.

It is sometimes accomplished by means of multiple-frequency carrier waves, especially in radio links,

where one frequency is reserved for each direction of communication.
 WORKSHEET IN <Components, Data Representation, and Data Flow>

Student’s Name: Section:

Instructor’s Name: BENJIE GABIANA Date Submitted:

General Instructions:
 Read the following statement given and write your answer in a one whole sheet of paper and scan it or take
picture for the submission and sent it to my email account.

1. Draw a data communication in a form of a block diagram.

2. Convert the following numbers based on its desired bases to represent the data.
a. 10910__________8
b. 100111012__________10
c. 1011101002__________16
d. 3E0F16__________8
e. 12358__________2
3. The message written in ASCII codes
“436F6D707574657220456E67696E656572206D676120677761706F206C69776174207361206D61657374726F
2E”. What is the message?
4. Give at least three example of half duplex device.
5. Give at least three example of full duplex device.