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Gen Chem Chapter 1 Lecture

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11 views48 pages

Gen Chem Chapter 1 Lecture

Uploaded by

sandpiper2nd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Essential Ideas
Top Hat!
What is due?
• Read Chapter 1 & 2 in OpenStax this week
• ALEKS: Initial Knowledge Check
• ALEKS: Review and Module 1 due 1/15/24
• Submit your About Me slide for extra credit
Welcome to class!
Why should we study
chemistry?
Why is Chemistry Important?
Chemistry in everyday life:
✓ What is in soap and how does it clean?
✓ Digesting food
✓ Synthesizing polymers for clothing, cookware, and credit cards
✓ Understanding product labels
✓ Household chemicals, dishwashing soap
✓ Baking
✓ Toasting bread
✓ Making coffee
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry: The science that seeks to understand the behavior of
matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules.
Matter: anything that occupies space and mass
Inorganic
Physical Chemistry
Organic
Chemistry Chemistry

Chemistry
Biochemistry
Analytical
Chemistry
Scientific Method
Use knowledge from experiments and it
must be reproducible
Classifying Matter and
Properties
Classifying Matter
Physical Properties
• Physical property
• Not associated with chemical composition
• Ex: density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical
conductivity
• Physical change
• Ex: Wax melts
Chemical Properties
• Chemical property
• Change of one type of matter into another type
• Examples: flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity, and heat of combustion.
• Chemical change
• Substance changing into an entirely new substance with a new chemical
formula
• Ex: copper reacting with nitric acid, combustion, food being cooked
Properties
• Extensive property: depends on the amount of matter present
• Ex. mass, volume
• Intensive property: does not depend on the amount of matter
present
• Ex. temperature
Discussion Question
Is dissolving sugar a physical or chemical change?
How do you describe chemical behavior?
Three domains of chemistry:
a) Macroscopic anything b) Microscopic c) Symbolic
large enough you can see visible by
or touch. microscope.
Units of Measurement
Measurements
Every measurement provides

1) A number: the size or magnitude of the measurement

2) A unit: A standard of comparison for the measurement


Units
International System of Units, or SI units is used in Chemistry
Base units of the SI system:
Property Name of Unit Symbol of Unit

length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
temperature kelvin K
electric current ampere A

amount of substance mole mol


Derived Units
• Velocity (m/s)
• Area (m2)
• Volume (L)
• m3
• cm3
• Density (g/mL)
Common Unit Prefixes

Prefix Symbol Factor


hecto h 102 100
kilo k 103 1000
mega M 106 1,000,000
giga G 109 1,000,000,000
Common Unit Prefixes

Prefix Symbol Factor


pico p 10–12 0.000000000001
nano n 10–9 0.000000001
micro µ 10–6 0.000001
milli m 10–3 0.001
centi c 10–2 0.01
deci d 10–1 0.1
Conversion Factors

Length Volume Mass


1 m = 1.0936 yd. 1 L = 1.0567 qt. 1 kg = 2.2046 lb
1 in. = 2.54 cm (exact) 1 qt. = 0.94635 L 1 lb = 453.59 g
1 km = 0.62137 mi 1 ft3 = 28.317 L 1 (avoirdupois) oz = 28.349 g
1 mi = 1609.3 m 1 tbsp = 14.1787 mL 1 (troy) oz = 31.103 g
Uncertainty in Measurement
Accuracy and Precision

Accurate: Very close to the true or accepted value


Precise: Very similar results when repeated in the same manner
Significant Figures

-->Not Significant

-->Not Significant
Significant Figures
These numbers are ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT:
• Nonzero digits
• Captive zeros
• Trailing zeroes
• When they are to the right of the decimal place
• When in scientific notation

These numbers are always NOT SIGNIFICANT:


• Leading zeros
• Trailing zeros
• When they are to the left of the decimal place
Exact numbers
• Have infinite number of sig figs
• 100 cm=1 m means 100.00000…. cm = 1.00000000….. m
SIG FIG RULES
Adding & Subtracting: least number of decimal places
Multiplying & Dividing: least number of sig figs
Sig Figs with Addition and Subtraction
Question: 0.987+125.1-1.22
Sig Figs with Addition and Subtraction
14.98+27,340+84.7593
Sig Figs with Multiplication and Division
Multiply 5.02 x 89.665 x 0.10
Sig Figs
88.5 − 87.57
45.13
Sig Fig Policy
• Absolutely in Lab Experiments
• On quizzes and exams
• Only required if asked for
• Do be reasonable.
• Usually 3-5 SFs
• Not every number in your calculator
• Don’t round until the end
• Round 4 down, 5 up
Density
Density
m
Density Formula: D =
V
Density Units:
• Density of solids and liquids: g/mL
• Density of gases: g/L
• Density of water (H2 O) = 1.00 g/mL

1 cm3 = 1 mL
Density
A sample of liquid has a volume of 22.5 mL and a mass of 27.2 g.
Find its density.
Density
What is the mass of 4.00 cm3 of sodium, density = 0.97 g/cm3?
Dimensional Analysis
What is dimensional analysis?
A method where a number or expression is multiplied but the value
does not change
Conversion Factors
Convert 34 inches to centimeters.

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